Effect of preoperative neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) on functional outcome after total knee replacement: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial
verfasst von:
Erika O Huber, Ewa M Roos, André Meichtry, Rob A de Bie, Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari
Improving functional status preoperatively through exercise may improve postoperative outcome. Previous knowledge on preoperative exercise in knee osteoarthritis is insufficient. The aim of the study was to compare the difference in change between groups in lower extremity function from baseline to 3 months after Total Knee Replacement (TKR) following a neuromuscular exercise programme (NEMEX-TJR) plus a knee school educational package (KS) or KS alone.
Methods
45 patients (55–83 years, 53% male, waiting for TKR) were randomized to receive a minimum of 8 sessions of NEMEXTJR plus 3 sessions of KS or 3 sessions of KS alone. Function was assessed with the Chair Stand Test (CST, primary endpoint) and the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) subscales focusing on daily living function (ADL) and pain (secondary endpoints). Assessments were performed immediately before and after the intervention, and at 6 weeks, 3 months and 12 months after surgery by a physiotherapist, blinded to group allocation.
Results
After intervention before surgery we observed a small improvement for primary and secondary endpoints in both groups, which did not differ significantly between groups: comparing the exercise to the control group the treatment effect for the CST was −1.5 seconds (95% CI: −5.3, 2.2), for KOOS ADL and KOOS pain the treatment effect was 1.3 points (−10.1, 12.8) and −2.3 (−12.4, 7.9) respectively. At 3 months after surgery we observed a small improvement in the primary endpoint in the control group and a significant improvement in the secondary endpoints in both exercise and control groups, which did not differ significantly between groups: comparing the exercise group to the control group the treatment effect in the CST was 2.0 seconds (−1.8, 5.8), for KOOS ADL and KOOS pain the treatment effect was −4.9 points (−16.3, 6.5) and −3.3 points (−13.5, 6.8) respectively.
Conclusions
A median (IQR) of 10 (8, 14) exercise sessions before surgery showed an additional small but non-significant improvement in all functional assessments compared to patient education alone. These benefits were not sustained after TKR. Our trial doesn’t give a conclusive answer to whether additional preoperative exercise on postoperative functional outcomes is beneficial.
The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-015-0556-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
EOH, EMR, RAB and HBF were responsible for concept and design. EOH was responsible in collection and assembly of data and drafting of the article. EOH and AM were responsible for the analysis of the data. EOH, EMR, AM, RAB and HBF were responsible for the interpretation of the results. EMR, AM, RAB and HBF were responsible for critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the second most common diagnosis made in older adults seeking medical care [1] and the leading cause of disability at older age [2]. For sufferers from severe knee OA, Total Knee Replacement (TKR) is the preferred treatment option to significantly improve function and pain [3,4]. Given the growing segment of the senior population in the Western World, the rate of these procedures will rise exponentially over the next decade. This will result in high health-care expenditures, due to an absolute increase in TKR surgery [5].
Most patients undergoing TKR experience pain-relief [6,7], but up to 30% of patients continue to have significant pain and functional problems after TKR [8-12]. These continuing problems might be addressed through, (a) fostering postoperative functional recovery by offering a preoperative exercise program to optimise the preoperative functional status of patients awaiting TKR [13] and (b) modifying patients’ expectations by offering an educational program before surgery [14].
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The most recent review and meta-analysis on preoperative exercise on functional recovery after joint replacement was published in 2012 and included 12 trials [15]. The authors concluded that “preoperative therapeutic exercise for total joint replacement did not demonstrate beneficial effects on postoperative functional recovery. However, poor therapeutic validity of the therapeutic exercise programmes may have hampered potentially beneficial effects”.
Exercise programs should include mixed activities, including aerobic, strength and proprioceptive exercises [16]. Sensorimotor deficiencies, in terms of lower limb muscle weakness and altered muscle activation patterns, should be addressed specifically [17]. A well-described exercise programme that addresses these deficiencies, and previously found to be feasible in OA patients waitlisted for TKR, is the neuromuscular exercise programme-total joint replacement (NEMEX-TJR) [18].
Alternatively, patients may have to be better informed and take more responsibility for their care and need to be prepared for both the surgical procedure and the recovery period in advance [19]. An educational program during the waiting period for TKR may help patients to prepare themselves for their rehabilitation after surgery [20] and modify patients’ preoperative expectations [14].
Objectives
To study the effect of a preoperative neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) plus knee school educational program (KS) compared to the KS alone on lower extremity function and pain in individuals aged 55–90 years on a waiting list for TKR due to severe knee OA.
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Hypothesis
Primary endpoint: we hypothesize that patients undergoing the NEMEX-TJR in addition to the KS will be quicker in performing the Chair Stand Test (performance test of lower extremity function) compared with those receiving the KS alone, both when measured immediately after the intervention and 3 months after TKR surgery.
Secondary endpoints: we hypothesize that patients undergoing the NEMEX-TJR in addition to the KS will have a greater improvement in the patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure KOOS (subscales ADL function and pain) compared with those receiving the KS alone, when measured immediately after the intervention as well as 6 weeks, 3 months and 1 year after TKR surgery.
Methods
Study design
The study design was an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial. Outcomes were measured at baseline (6–12 weeks preoperative), 1 week preoperative, 6 weeks postoperative, 3 months postoperative and 12 months postoperative, with the primary endpoint being 3 months postoperative. Ethical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Cantons Aargau and Solothurn, Switzerland, approval number 2009/12 and the trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier: NCT00913575.
Participants and randomization
Participants were eligible when: they were on a waiting list for primary TKR at the Cantonal Hospital Olten or the Cantonal Hospital Aarau and sufficient time existed before the operation date in order to take at minimum 8 sessions of the training program; aged 55 to 90 years; understood German; and lived at home. Originally it was planned to only include patients aged 60 and above. However, during the recruitment phase the age was lowered to 55 to increase the number of participants. The Ethics Committee accepted an amendment under the same approval number. Exclusion criteria were: revision surgery; history of inflammatory arthritis; cognitive impairments; absence before or after surgery; and inability to walk at least 3 meters with or without a walking aid. Although our last exclusion criteria defined a low threshold for functionality to be enrolled in the trial, none of the study participants was unable to perform the lower extremity tests defined in the protocol. Recruitment and eligibility assessment were conducted by the orthopaedic surgeon at the time the patient was placed on the waiting list. Eligible patients were referred to the study centre (Centre on Aging and Mobility, University of Zurich) by fax. After confirming their interest, eligible individuals received detailed participant information about the study procedure. Informed written consent was obtained on the day of baseline assessment.
Allocation was concealed and conducted by a study nurse of the independent randomization centre after baseline assessment. Participants were randomized using block allocation with a block size of four from a computer generated list. Allocation to the intervention or control group was performed by telephone.
Surgical and rehabilitation procedure
All operations were performed by four senior orthopaedic surgeons, using a standard anterior skin incision followed by medial parapatellar arthrotomy, in an effort to minimize disruption in the medial lymphatic and saphenous nerve branches. The implants used were all a posterior cruciate ligament-retaining system performed in a femur first technique with measured femoral sizing and rotation. The implants were fully cemented using a second generation sandwich technique.
The post-surgical rehabilitation process followed an individualised treatment plan. In the acute care hospital, physiotherapy treatments aimed to improve passive and active range of motion, to reduce swelling and to improve walking capacity with canes. Patients were discharged after 7–10 days. The post-acute rehabilitation took place either in an outpatient physiotherapy practice (ranging from 9–18 treatment sessions) or in an inpatient rehabilitation clinic (on average 2–3 weeks, corresponding to 10–15 treatment days with at least two treatment sessions per day). At both sites treatments aimed to improve active range of motion, muscle strength and activities of daily living, such as walking capacity and climbing stairs”.
Interventions
Patients of the intervention group attended knee school preoperatively (starting about 4 weeks before surgery) and a neuromuscular training program (for 4–12 weeks, depending on their location on the waiting list for surgery). Patients of the control group attended only the three sessions of knee school.
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The neuromuscular training followed the principles of neuromuscular and biomechanical training as described in the neuromuscular training method (neuromuscular exercise programme-total joint replacement, NEMEX-TJR) [18]. The programme is feasible in patients with severe hip or knee OA, in terms of safe self-reported pain following training, decreased or unchanged pain during the training period, few joint-specific adverse events, and achieved progression of training level during the training period. In a controlled before-and-after study NEMEX-TJR (mean 12 weeks (SD 5.6) of training) improved self-reported outcomes (7-20%) and physical function (5-19%) (p < 0.005) [21]. Between 39% and 61% of knee patients displayed a clinically meaningful improvement (≥15%) in KOOS subscales through the training.
The training took place in groups under the supervision of an experienced, specially-trained physiotherapist and consisted of a 10-minute aerobic warm-up on a stationary exercise bike, followed by a four-exercise circuit programme, and finishing with a cool down period of about 10 minutes.
The key elements of the circuit programme were stability/postural function, functional alignment, lower-extremity muscle strength and functional exercises. Each exercise was performed for 10–15 repetitions and for 2–3 cycles, with rest between each exercise and cycle. To allow progression, three levels of difficulty were defined. Progression was provided by varying the number, direction and velocity of the movements, by increasing the load and/or by changing the support surface. Progression was made when an exercise could be performed with 15 repetitions and 3 cycles with good neuromuscular control and good quality of performance (based on visual inspection by the physiotherapist) and with minimal exertion and control of the movement (perceived by the patient). Training programme documentation included the number of training sessions, level of difficulty per session, pain on a 0 to 10 scale before and after each session and 24 hours after each session.
The knee school was taught by an experienced and specially-trained physiotherapist over 3 individual or group sessions, one session per week, starting about 4 weeks before the operation. Knee school sessions were separately organised for participants of the intervention group and those of the control group to avoid contamination. The content of the knee school included information on anatomy of the knee joint and adjacent functional structures, recommended activities with prosthesis and post-operative pain management, and details on the post-operative rehabilitation phase. Didactical elements included models of the knee joint and the lower extremity, working sheets, photos and videos, handouts, PowerPoint presentations and peer discussions.
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A description of the intervention has been published previously, where the details of the program are described in the additional file [22].
Assessment
Outcomes were measured at baseline (6–12 weeks preoperative, all measures), 1 week preoperative (after the intervention, all measures), 6 weeks postoperative (PROs only), 3 months postoperative (all measures) and 1 year postoperative (PROs only). A special clinical examination room with standardized equipment was used to perform all the measures at all time-points at both sites. Two experienced physiotherapists (assessors), not working at the recruitment sites and not involved in the neuromuscular training and the knee school, had been specifically trained for the assessments in this study and were blinded to group allocation. Participants were instructed not to mention the allocation.
Outcomes
The effect of the intervention on lower extremity function was evaluated by performance tests and by PRO measures. In the trial registration we chose as primary endpoints the Chair Stand Test and the KOOS subscales ADL and pain. During the recruitment phase we made adaptions in our endpoints for clearer interpretability, keeping only the Chair Stand Test as primary endpoint. The KOOS subscales became secondary endpoint and all other measures became additional outcome measures.
Primary outcome measure
The primary outcome is the Chair Stand Test, also known as the repeated sit-to-stand test. It is commonly used as a measure of lower extremity strength, balance and reaction time [23-25]. The time required for five repetitions of rising from a chair and sitting down again was performed according to the OsteoArthritis Initiative manual, including detailed standardization and instructions (available from: http://oai.epi-ucsf.org). Patients sat on a standard chair without armrests. Feet were placed comfortably on the floor with knees flexed slightly greater than 90 degrees. Patients were asked to stand up to a fully erect standing position five times as quickly as possible without using their hands (arms folded across the chest). Timing with a stopwatch started on “Go” (after a countdown from 3) and ended on the fifth stand. After an exercise phase, the test was performed once. The Chair Stand Test is easy to perform in clinical practice and has shown excellent intra- and inter-rater reliability (ICC, 0.89) in patients with severe hip or knee OA [26]. The Chair Stand Test was also found to predict disability across populations accurately [27].
Secondary outcome measure
Secondary outcomes are knee pain and function, assessed by the KOOS questionnaire. The KOOS is a commonly used patient-reported outcome with overall acceptable psychometric properties to evaluate patients with knee injury and knee OA [28], including those having TKR [29]. KOOS contains 5 subscales with a total of 42 items: 1) pain; 2) other symptoms; 3) function in daily living (ADL); 4) function in sport and recreation (Sport/Rec); and 5) knee-related quality of life (QOL). Each question receives a score from 0 to 4 and the scores are transformed to a 0 to 100 score (0 = extreme symptoms, 100 = no symptoms). Since exercise training is aiming to improve function, we are particularly interested in the KOOS ADL subscale for the functional outcome measure.
The German version of the KOOS was used in this trial [30]. The User’s Guide, including scoring instructions, are available from http://www.koos.nu.
Additional outcome measures
Lower limb function:
KOOS subscales other symptoms, Sport/Rec and QOL, assessed by the KOOS questionnaire [30]. Isometric muscle strength of knee flexors and extensors, measured with a hand-held pull gauge [31,32].The ability to alternate rapidly between concentric and eccentric work of the extensor muscles of the hip and knee is impaired in many patients with knee OA [33]. The ability of rapid alternation between concentric and eccentric function is measured using maximal number of knee-bending in 30 seconds, which is a valid and reliable test (ICC, 0.96) [34]. Range of Motion is measured with a long-arm goniometer [35]. Walking speed is assessed with the 20 m walk test (ICC, 0.93) [26], a reliable modification of the short walk test used in many epidemiological and clinical studies. The test measures the time it takes to walk 20 meters at the participant’s usual walking pace, along with the number of steps that they take to walk 20 meters [36]. Lower extremity mobility is further assessed with the Timed Up and Go test, which requires a person to rise from a standard stair, walk to a line that is 3 meters away, turn 180 degrees, return to the chair and sit down [37].
Physical activity and health-related quality of life:
Physical activity is measured by the SenseWear armband, a device for quantifying physical activity in daily life [38,39]. It collects the following data: energy expenditure, average MET’s, physical activity duration, steps per day and the physical activity distribution (sedentary, moderate, vigorous and very vigorous). In addition, physical activity is measured by 10 activity questions in NHANES III [40], from which MET values can be calculated [41]. Health-related quality of life is measured by the generic questionnaire SF-36 [42,43]. General health status is measured by the EuroQoL (EQ-5D, including EQ-VAS). The EQ-5D is used to complement the SF-36, allowing health economic evaluation and comparison to other knee OA populations [44].
Sample size calculation
The sample size calculation is based on the primary endpoint - the Chair Stand Test. We assume that the mean difference in change over time between groups is 7.3 seconds (corresponding to means of 8.3 and 1.0, respectively) and the common within-group standard deviation is 7.3. This effect was selected based on pilot data of an uncontrolled trial in knee OA patients, assuming that our control group (without exercise training) would not improve over time while awaiting TKR. It is also assumed that the effect size is reasonable, in the sense that an effect of this magnitude could be anticipated in this field of research. Alpha value has been set at 0.05 and the power has been set at 0.9. In each group 25 patients are needed. Assuming a drop-out rate of 12%, we will include 40 patients per group.
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Statistical analysis
The data for primary, secondary and additional outcomes were analysed according to the intention-to-treat principle, including all randomized individuals. Descriptive statistics were evaluated for patient characteristics. For baseline between-group comparisons, we performed the Wilcoxon-RankSum Test for continuous and the Chi squared test for categorical variables.
For each outcome, we fitted a linear mixed model (LMM) to the data with time, group and group-time interaction as fixed effects and subject as a random intercept. In a primary analysis we adjusted for gender, BMI and age. Random intercept models are equivalent to repeated measures ANOVA and take into account the correlation between repeated measurements. In contrast to classical repeated measures ANOVA, they can deal better with missing observations while retaining power. For the details of the model see Additional file 1.
Our primary interest was in the treatment effects, which are equivalent to the group-time interactions. Likelihood ratio tests for nested models were performed for model selection. We controlled for the potential confounding factors and tested whether age, gender or BMI could be removed from the model. Specific contrasts such as within-group changes and group-time interactions between specific time points were estimated. All simultaneous inference procedures controlled the family-wise error rate of α = 0.05. Residual analysis was performed to check model assumptions.
All analyses were conducted with R version 2.14.1 software [45,46].
Results
From May 2009 to June 2012 a total of 72 patients were eligible, of those 27 declined participation and 45 patients were assessed and randomized to the two groups. The 22 patients in the exercise group and the 23 patients in the control group were comparable with respect to age, gender, BMI, time to surgery and baseline assessments without significant differences in any of the baseline characteristics outlined in Table 1.
Table 1
Baseline characteristics of study participants
Intervention group (n = 22)
Control group (n = 23)
p-value
Age – years
68.8 ± 8.0
71.9 ± 8.1
0.198
Females (%)
11 (50)
10 (43.5)
0.889
BMI – kg/m2
30.8 ± 4.9
29.9 ± 5.5
0.507
Time to surgery - weeks
8.9 ± 3.6
8.5 ± 3.0
0.790
Primary and secondary outcome measures
Chair Stand Test
16.3 ± 8.3
16.0 ± 4.7
0.581
KOOS pain
48.1 ± 17.6
47.3 ± 16.8
0.864
KOOS ADL
51.7 ± 17.8
49.9 ± 19.1
0.716
Additional outcome measures
KOOS symptoms
47.4 ± 13.5
49.1 ± 15.1
0.982
KOOS sport and recreation
18.3 ± 17.5
16.9 ± 17.6
0.680
KOOS quality of life
26.4 ± 14.5
26.8 ± 15.3
0.900
Muscle strength
Knee extension op
244.8 ± 91.7
247.6 ± 100.5
1.000
Knee extension contra
285.0 ± 97.8
315.4 ± 123.1
0.386
Knee flexion op
165.4 ± 61.9
151.9 ± 53.8
0.447
Knee flexion contra
176.6 ± 65.6
185.4 ± 66.9
0.525
Knee-bendings/30s
13.1 ± 3.9
11.4 ± 5.5
0.406
ROM of the knee
Flexion op
115.7 ± 11.5
115.0 ± 12.0
0.748
Flexion contra
119.5 ± 8.0
122.9 ± 11.5
0.219
Extension op
6.6 ± 4.7
6.7 ± 4.4
0.708
Extension contra
1.6 ± 2.8
3.0 ± 3.9
0.203
20 m walk test
17.6 ± 2.9
17.9 ± 4.8
0.658
Timed up and go
9.7 ± 2.4
11.5 ± 7.2
0.329
Physical activity level
METs (kcal/h/kg)
28.5 ± 4.5
29.3 ± 4.5
0.617
Steps (daily average)
6158.7 ± 3317.4
6145.0 ± 2810.9
0.967
Adapted NHANES III METs
24.4 ± 23.6
21.2 ± 29.0
0.244
SF 36
Physical functioning
43.4 ± 17.5
44.1 ± 19.1
0.906
Role physical
43.2 ± 45.8
35.2 ± 44.8
0.575
Bodily pain
41.9 ± 15.5
43.7 ± 14.3
0.706
General health
62.6 ± 15.2
64.4 ± 17.4
0.467
Vitality
57.1 ± 20.3
52.3 ± 19.4
0.723
Social functioning
87.5 ± 18.1
83.5 ± 22.6
0.580
Role emotional
77.3 ± 40.4
62.1 ± 47.5
0.305
Mental health
79.5 ± 14.2
73.6 ± 16.6
0.215
EQ-5D
Mobility
1.7 ± 0.5
1.7 ± 0.5
0.755
Self-care
1.0 ± 0.0
1.1 ± 0.4
0.081
Usual Activities
1.4 ± 0.5
1.3 ± 0.5
0.764
Pain/discomfort
2.1 ± 0.4
2.0 ± 0.2
0.335
Anxiety/Depression
1.2 ± 0.4
1.2 ± 0.4
0.724
EQ-VAS
64.6 ± 18.2
67.7 ± 16.0
0.684
RAPT
9.4 ± 1.5
9.4 ± 1.4
0.298
Values are the mean ± SD for continuous variables (Wilcoxon Rank Sum test) and the number (percentage) for categorical variables (Chi-square test). There were no significant between group differences for all variables.
Legend:
BMI, body mass index; op, operated leg; contra, contralateral leg; ROM, range of motion; MET, metabolic equivalent task; KOOS, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score; NHANES, National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey; SF 36, Short Form-36 health survey; EQ-5D, EuroQol – 5 dimensions; EQ-VAS, EuroQol - Visual Analog Scale; RAPT, Risk Assessment and Prediction Tool.
Figure 1 shows the flow diagram of patients participating in this study.
Figure 1
Flow diagram. Flow diagram of patients participating in this study.
×
Description of exercise program performance
Progression
The mean training level at the first session was 1.17 (±0.4) and at the last session 1.40 (±0.6). In total, 28.6% of the patients increased their training level, 71.4% stayed at the start level and none deteriorated.
Self-reported pain before and after training sessions
The mean self-reported pain on a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10 was 2.79 (±1.7) immediately before training, 2.8 (±1.7) immediately after training and 3.1 (±1.7) one day after training. 63.6% of the patients in the exercise group reported increased pain twenty-four hours after training (3.4 (±1.6)). One patient had increased pain > 5 and missed the subsequent two sessions of training.
Adherence and joint-specific adverse events
The median number of attended sessions was 10 (IQR: 8, 14). 76.2% of the patients attended the pre-defined goal of 8 or more treatment sessions, while 23.8% attended less. The reasons for attending less than 8 sessions, were pre-scheduled surgery or in one patient withdrawal on the day of the first training session. In total, 231 (82%) of 282 sessions were attended and one patient missed 2 sessions due to increased pain, which was determined as a joint-specific adverse event.
Additional objectively assessed physical activity
Besides the NEMEX-TJR, these patients reported an average activity performance of 17.9 hours per week (74% ADL activity, 25% endurance and strength, 1% sport).
Treatment effects in the primary and secondary endpoints
After intervention but before surgery
We observed a small improvement for all primary and secondary endpoints in both exercise and control groups (see Table 2), which did not differ significantly between groups. Comparing the exercise to the control group the treatment effect for the Chair Stand Test was −1.5 seconds (95% CI: −5.3, 2.2), for KOOS ADL and KOOS pain the treatment effect was 1.3 points (−10.1, 12.8) and −2.3 (−12.4, 7.9) respectively.
Table 2
Estimated treatment effects
Baseline to 1 week pre-op
Baseline to 6 weeks post-op
Baseline to 3 months post-op
3 months to 12 months post-op
Primary endpoint
Chair Stand Test°
−1.5 (−5.3, 2.2)
Not assessed
2.0 (−1.8, 5.8)
Not assessed
Secondary endpoints
KOOS ADL function°°
1.3 (−10.1, 12.8)
−2.0 (−13.3, 9.3)
−4.9 (−16.3, 6.5)
3.6 (−8.5, 15.7)
KOOS pain°°
−2.3 (−12.4, 7.9)
−6.4 (−16.5, 3.6)
−3.3 (−13.5, 6.8)
2.3 (−8.5, 13.0)
Additional outcomes
Lower limb function
KOOS symptoms°°
2.2 (−7.4, 11.8)
2.4 (−7.2, 11.9)
4.6 (−5.0, 14.2)
3.8 (−6.4, 14.0)
KOOS sport and recreation°°
−5.1 (−24.5, 14.4)
12.2 (−8.8, 33.2)
1.0 (-19.9, 21.8)
−4.1 (−25.6, 17.5)
KOOS quality of life°°
5.5 (−7.2, 18.1)
6.1 (−6.6, 18.7)
−5.9 (−18.5, 6.8)
5.9 (−7.5, 19.3)
Muscle strength (Newton)°
Not assessed
Not assessed
Knee extension op
8.8 (−40.0, 57.8)
−3.5 (−52.7, 45.6)
Knee extension contra
14.2 (−29.8, 58.2)
35.4 (−8.9, 79.4)
Knee flexion op
23.2 (−0.1, 46.5)
−12.7 (−36.2, 10.8)
Knee flexion contra
2.0 (−20.8, 24.7)
−6.7 (−29.7, 16.2)
Knee-bending/30s°
3.8 (−0.5, 8.0)
Not assessed
−3.3 (−7.4, 0.8)
Not assessed
ROM of the knee (degrees)°
Not assessed
Not assessed
Flexion op
1.9 (−4.4, 8.2)
−3.9 (−10.2, 2.4)
Flexion contra
0.1 (−3.4, 3.7)
−1.6 (−5.2, 1.9)
Extension op
0.8 (−2.4, 4.0)
1.4 (−1.8, 4.5)
Extension contra
1.2 (−0.5, 2.8)
1.4 (−0.2, 3.0)
20 m walk test°
−0.6 (−2.0, 0.9)
Not assessed
−0.5 (−2.0, 1.0)
Not assessed
Timed up and go°
0.2 (−1.5, 2.0)
Not assessed
1.6 (−0.1, 3.3)
Not assessed
Physical activity
METs 7 day (kcal/h/kg)°
0.3 (−2.2, 2.7)
Not assessed
0.3 (−2.3, 2.9)
Not assessed
Steps (daily average)°
−687.2 (−2172, 798)
Not assessed
165.7 (−1288, 1620)
Not assessed
Adapted NHANES III METs°
10.0 (−12.6, 32.7)
1.6 (−20.9, 24.0)
0.4 (−22.3, 23.0)
2.6 (−21.3, 26.4)
Health-related quality of life
SF 36 Physical functioning°°
7.1 (−5.3, 19.5)
0.5 (−11.8, 12.7)
−6.6 (−8.5, 17.5)
4.5 (−8.5, 17.5)
Role physical°°
−10.8 (−39.9, 18.3)
−5.2 (−34.2, 23.9)
−3.2 (−32.2, 25.9)
−1.1 (−31.7, 29.5)
Bodily pain°°
4.9 (−7.2, 17.0)
2.8 (−9.2, 14.9)
−3.4 (−15.5, 8.7)
4.9 (−7.8, 17.7)
General health°°
3.3 (−5.9, 12.4)
3.4 (−5.7, 12.5)
−2.8 (−12.0, 6.3)
2.5 (−7.2, 12.1)
Vitality°°
−2.3 (−13.9, 9.3)
−1.0 (−12.5, 10.5)
−8.3 (−20.0, 3.3)
3.3 (−8.9, 15.5.)
Social functioning°°
5.0 (−7.1, 17.2)
2.4 (−9.7, 14.4)
−1.6 (-13.7, 10.5)
−0.7 (−13.4, 12.1)
Role emotional°°
−10.8 (−34.3, 12.7)
−11.1 (−34.5, 12.3)
−10.2 (−34.0, 13.5)
−9.3 (−34.2, 15.7)
Mental health°°
2.6 (−6.6, 11.7)
−1.6 (−10.7, 7.5)
−3.0 (−12.2, 6.1)
0.4 (−9.2, 10.0)
EQ-5D Mobility°°°
0.1 (−0.3, 0.4)
0.0 (−0.3, 0.4)
−0.1 (−0.4, 0.2)
0.1 (−0.3, 0.4)
Self-care°°°
−0.0 (−0.2, 2.2)
0.1 (−0.2, 0.3)
0.1 (−0.1, 0.3)
0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
Usual Activities°°°
−0.0 (−0.4, 0.4)
−0.1 (−0.5, 0.2)
0.0 (−0.4, 0.4)
−0.1 (−0.4, 0.3)
Pain/discomfort°°°
−0.1 (−0.4, 0.2)
0.1 (−0.3, 0.4)
−0.0 (−0.5, 0.3)
−0.1 (−0.4, 0.3)
Anxiety/Depression°°°
−0.1 (−0.3, 0.3)
0.0 (−0.2, 0.2)
−0.0 (−0.3, 0.3)
0.1 (−0.2, 0.3)
EQ-VAS°°
7.1 (−2.5, 16.7)
2.1 (−7.4, 11.6)
1.2 (−8.4, 10.8)
−0.1 (−10.2, 10.0)
Values are differences in mean changes between intervention and control group. Results from a linear mixed model and adjusted for age, gender and BMI.
°° Scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating fewer problems.
°°° Scores range from 1 to 3 with lower score indicating fewer problems.
6 weeks after surgery
Comparing the exercise to the control group the treatment effect for KOOS ADL and KOOS pain was −2.0 points (−13.3, 9.3) and −6.4 (−16.5, 3.6) respectively.
Three months after surgery
Comparing the exercise to the control group the treatment effect in the Chair Stand Test was 2.0 seconds (−1.8, 5.8). For KOOS ADL and KOOS pain the treatment effect was −4.9 points (−16.3, 6.5) and −3.3 points (−13.5, 6.8) respectively.
12 months after surgery compared to three months after surgery
Comparing the exercise to the control group the treatment effect for KOOS ADL and KOOS pain was 3.5 points (−8.5, 15.7) and 2.3 (−8.5, 13.0) respectively.
All results are presented in Table 2, Figures 2 and 3.
Figure 2
Primary endpoint results. Observed means +/− 1 Standard Error of the Chair Stand Test values for the two groups, at baseline, prior to surgery and 3 months after surgery. Baseline is treated as outcome, making no assumptions about group differences in the mean response at baseline, adjusted for age, gender and BMI.
Figure 3
Secondary endpoint results. Observed means +/− 1 Standard Error of the KOOS ADL and KOOS pain scores for the two groups, at baseline, prior to surgery, 6 weeks, 3 months and 12 months after surgery. Baseline is treated as outcome, making no assumptions about group differences in the mean response at baseline, adjusted for age, gender and BMI.
×
×
Treatment effects in the additional outcome measures
At all time-points, comparing the exercise to the control group we found no significant treatment effect in any additional outcome measures.
In within groups we observed at 1 week preoperatively a significant improvement in the isometric muscle strength of the knee flexors of the operated leg in the exercise group (23.0 (−4.8, 50.8) and in the range of motion of the knee extension of the contralateral leg in the control group (−1.5 (−3.4, 0.5).
At 6 weeks postoperatively a significant improvement in all KOOS subscales beside symptoms was seen (KOOS ADL: 16.6 (0.7, 32.5) in the intervention group and 18.6 (2.9, 34.4) in the control group; KOOS pain: 13.2 (−1.0,27.3.) and 19.6. (5.6, 33.6) respectively; KOOS Sport/Rec: 38.3 (10.2, 66.3) and 26.1 (−4.7, 56.8) respectively; KOOS QOL: 25.5 (7.9, 43.1) and 19.4 (1.7, 37.2) respectively) as well as in some dimensions of the SF 36 (bodily pain: 15.8 (−1.0, 32.5) and 13.0 (−3.9, 29.8) respectively; general health: 11.2 (−1.4, 23.9) in the intervention group) and in EQ-5D mobility (−0.4 (−0.9, 0.1) and −0.4 (−0.9, 0.1) respectively).
At 3 months postoperatively we identified in both groups a significant improvement in all KOOS subscales beside symptoms in the control group (KOOS ADL (24.0 (8.1, 39.9) and 28.9 (12.9, 44.9) respectively; KOOS pain: 23.4, (9.3, 37.5) and 26.7 (12.5, 40.9) respectively; KOOS Sport/Rec: 35.7 (7.2, 64.2) and 34.7 (4.9, 64.6) respectively; KOOS QOL: 32.6 (15.0, 50.2) and 38.5 (20.8, 56.2) respectively; KOOS symptoms: 9.9 (−3.5, 23.3) in the intervention group), as well as in some dimensions of the SF-36 (physical functioning: 22.4 (5.3, 39.4) and 29.0 (11.5, 46.4) respectively; bodily pain: 24.5 (7.8, 41.2) and 27.9 (10.8, 45.0) respectively; general health: 11.8 (−0.8, 24.5) and 14.7 (1.8, 27.6) respectively; role physical: 31.2 (−9.9, 72.2) in the control group; vitality: 13.9 (−2.5, 30.3) in the control group; mental health: 9.5 (−3.5, 22.4) in the control group), the EQ-5D mobility (−0.5 (−1.0, −0.0) and −0.4 (−0.9, 0.1) respectively) and the EQ-VAS (13.9 (0.6, 27.1) in the intervention group.
Between 3 and 12 months postoperatively booth groups improved significantly in KOOS pain (15.2 (−0.0, 30.3) and 12.9 (−2.0, 27.7) respectively) and the intervention group improved also significantly in SF 36 bodily pain (13.9 (−4.1, 31.9).
Results from a linear mixed model and adjusted for age, gender and BMI. Values are the mean (95%CI). CI not containing zero indicate statistical significance.
****p <0.0001 ***p ≤ 0.001 **p ≤ 0.01 *p ≤ 0.05.
°Continuous variable (time in seconds, Newton, degree, number, METS, steps).
°°Scores range from 0 to 100 with higher scores indicating fewer problems.
°°°Scores range from 1 to 3 with lower score indicating fewer problems.
Discussion
This randomized, assessor-blinded, controlled trial evaluated the effect of a preoperative neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) in addition to patient education compared to patient education alone of patients undergoing TKR on functional outcomes at 3 months postoperatively. We could not confirm our hypothesis that patients undergoing the NEMEX-TJR have improve in functional outcome at 3 months after surgery. We observed no improvement in the primary endpoint and a significant improvement in the secondary endpoints in both exercise and control groups, which did not differ significantly between groups. Noticeably, after the intervention but before surgery we observed a small improvement for all primary and secondary endpoints in both exercise and control groups, which also did not differ significantly between groups.
The programme was well tolerated based on our adverse event assessment and probably offered some benefit to the patients.
After the intervention but before surgery we found a small and non-significant benefit in favour of the exercise group. In support, a Danish trial using the same exercise intervention with a higher average number of training sessions (13 compared to 10) found a moderate and significant effect in favour of the exercise group. However this trial included both hip and knee patients and a sub group analysis revealed that the improvement in the hip patients was driving the overall effect [47]. Our results are in line with a meta-analysis of four trials with 240 participants [48], which provided moderate quality of evidence that exercise interventions compared with standard care were effective in reducing pain from knee osteoarthritis prior to knee replacement. In addition, our trial showed improvement in performed function which is in disagreement with the meta-analysis.
At 6 weeks postoperatively we found no between-group differences in KOOS ADL and pain which is in contrast with the Danish trial, where the authors found significantly greater improvements in ADL and pain from exercise [49]. Other studies showed comparable within group results for pain and self-reported function in their exercise and control groups from preoperative time point through 6–8 week postoperative follow up [50,51].
At 3 months postoperatively (primary endpoint), no additional benefits were seen from the preoperative neuromuscular training. This is consistent with the Danish trial where the faster post-operative improvement in ADL and pain from exercise was blunted after surgery at 3 months follow-up [49]. Two other RCTs, evaluating the effect of preoperative training on post-operative outcome, also reported only within group changes without between group differences [52,53]. Interestingly the positive trajectory of self-reported KOOS ADL scores in both groups does not reflect the non-improvement or the worsening in the objective CST. Several studies confirm these results, noting improvement in self-reported measures but not in performance tests [54-56].
We formulated no hypothesis for 12 months postoperative because, based on literature, we did not expect a significant difference between-groups mean changes, since, over the long term, the effects of exercise and control group on functional performance seem to converge [57]. Yet, we found significant within-group improvements in both groups, but no between-group difference in KOOS pain from 3 months to 12 months postoperatively.
The performance level of our study population with respect to the Chair Stand Test was similar to other studies with the same patient group at baseline (16.3 ± 8.3 in our study compared to 14.3 ± 6.8 and 13.5 ± 5.9) [21,49]. It was therefore unexpected, that Chair Stand Test performance did not improve significantly in the exercise group at 3 months compared to baseline. An explanation might be that patients used the contralateral leg as a compensation to complete the function task [58]. Also, the KOOS showed similar results in all five subscales at baseline compared with other studies of the same patient population [21,49,59]. 3 months postoperatively, we identified statistically significant differences between groups in KOOS ADL, pain and QOL of 3 – 6 points in favour of the exercise group. The question is whether this difference at group level calls for the implementation of preoperative exercise in clinical practice. It is increasingly recognized that minimal important change (MIC) is dependent on context factors, such as patient characteristics, type of intervention, time to follow-up, dimension evaluated, method applied to calculate the MIC, and cut-off chosen for the anchor question [60]. As a consequence, “there is no universal MIC, despite the appeal of the notion” [60]. Additionally it should be kept in mind that the MIC can be calculated both at an individual level for use in clinical decision making, and at a group level for use in research. In research, hypothesis testing and statistical analysis is used to determine the result, and in this study the average minimal important difference (MID) between groups ranged from 3–6 points. These between-group differences of 3–6 points are greater than the smallest detectable differences reported on a group level (1.3-2.4) in the only available study giving these data relating to the KOOS [61], indicating that the current study is most probably powered to detect between group differences significantly different from zero. It should be kept in mind, however, that there is a lack of studies stating the measurement error in terms of the smallest detectable difference for groups in older patients or those having a TKR.
In our study, four senior orthopaedic surgeons performed all operations, but surgical procedures were not optimally standardized, which might be a possible cause of bias. It was also not possible to standardize the rehabilitation procedure in an optimal form, meaning that some of the patients were discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility and others were discharged home and received treatment in an outpatient physiotherapy practice. That could also be a source of bias.
Our study has several strengths. First, our RCT was conducted according to the CONSORT statement [62,63] with a rigorous study design, a clinically feasible intervention and good adherence to the programme. Inclusion criteria were kept broad to reflect daily clinical practice as far as possible. Second, the blinding of the assessor was ensured through restriction of access to obtained data and patient discretion. Third, we assessed outcomes over the entire time period from baseline to 1 week preoperative and 6 weeks, 3 months and 12 months postoperative respectively. Further, the conducted intervention was safe. Moreover, to control of attention bias, we offered a knee school for all participants.
There are also some limitations to our trial, including the relatively small recruited sample size of 45 patients instead of the planned 80 patients. Because of a change in the reimbursement system in the acute care hospitals, a reduction in preoperative waiting-time occurred during the recruitment phase, thus, our trial is underpowered due to logistical recruitment problems that we had to adapt to. Additionally, our assumptions made in November 2008 for calculating the sample size seem, in retrospect, and in the light of several recently published studies, too optimistic [21,47]. The presented p-values und confidence intervals in this study will help the reader to interpret our data realistically. Further, we assumed that functional status of all patients was reduced and a chance of improvement plausible. However, only 16 out of 21 patients started at the lowest exercise level when starting with the NEMEX-TJR. This may have been avoided by excluding patients with higher functional levels. On the other hand the preoperative KOOS scores of our participants are consistent with the literature of patients undergoing TRK [21,47,49]. Also, due to slow recruitment, most training did not take place in groups and the expected positive effect of group training, in terms of more effective learning compared with individual practice sessions, was therefore diminished [64]. Moreover, the median of completed sessions in our study was 10, which is at the lower limit in terms of adequate dosage [15] and only 19% of patients progressed to a more difficult training level, although self-reported pain seemed not to be a limiting factor. In comparison to previous studies in the Scandinavian countries [21,49], very few patients progressed to more difficult training levels. This may reflect a cultural difference among patients or therapists in the role of exercise as osteoarthritis treatment. Delivering a sham exercise instead of a knee school educational programme would have been optimal, but was not realistic due to the difficulty in designing a credible placebo intervention.
Conclusions
Viewed over the entire period from baseline to 12 months postoperatively, a median (IQR) of 10 (8, 14) exercise sessions (NEMEX-TJR) before surgery showed only a small and non-significant improvement in all functional assessments compared to patient education alone. Also, this benefit was not maintained after surgery.
Out trial doesn’t give a conclusive answer to whether additional preoperative exercise on postoperative functional outcome is beneficial. However, we acknowledge the small size of our trial as a limitation that may have prevented us to document small and sustained benefits.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the patients for their willingness to participate. We acknowledge Dr Christoph Schwaller, Ursula Nauer, Hanspeter Studer, Evelyn Kurmann, Samuel Gerber, Mirjam Hafner, Andrea Blaser and André Steiger, Kantonsspital Olten, Olten, Dr Marc Zumstein, Ilona Märki-Wettstein, Lorenz Moser, Irene Knecht, Manuela Huber and Ruth Winkler, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, and the independent assessors Manuela Lüthi-Tuor and Madeleine Salathe, Olten and Liestal, Switzerland, for their support by the conducting of this trial.
The project was supported by the Albert Böni Stiftung, Zurich, Switzerland, a foundation for research in Rheumatology and Physical Medicine.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
EOH, EMR, RAB and HBF were responsible for concept and design. EOH was responsible in collection and assembly of data and drafting of the article. EOH and AM were responsible for the analysis of the data. EOH, EMR, AM, RAB and HBF were responsible for the interpretation of the results. EMR, AM, RAB and HBF were responsible for critical revision of the article for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Effect of preoperative neuromuscular training (NEMEX-TJR) on functional outcome after total knee replacement: an assessor-blinded randomized controlled trial
verfasst von
Erika O Huber Ewa M Roos André Meichtry Rob A de Bie Heike A Bischoff-Ferrari
