Background
Methods
Ethical statement
Study subjects
Questionnaire survey regarding neck and shoulder pain, back pain and low back pain
Body composition measurements
Statistical analyses
Results
Prevalence of neck and shoulder pain, back pain and low back pain
Values | |
---|---|
Age (y) | 64.3 ± 13.2 |
Gender (F/M) | 179/94 |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 39.6 ± 8.1 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 15.2 ± 5.9 |
Total body water (kg) | 30.2 ± 5.5 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 26.5 ± 8.4 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 53.1 ± 5.1 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 17.1 ± 4.0 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 6.7 ± 2.3 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 22.4 ± 4.3 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 8.5 ± 3.7 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.9 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 6.9 ± 1.0 |
BMR (kcal) | 1179.2 ± 216.5 |
Present pain | |
neck and shoulder pain (n, %) | 152, 55.6 |
VAS of neck and shoulder pain (mm) | 24.1 ± 28.2 |
back pain (n, %) | 75, 27.4 |
VAS of back pain (mm) | 10.3 ± 20.7 |
Low back pain (n, %) | 168, 61.5 |
VAS of low back pain (mm) | 22.9 ± 25.1 |
Chronic pain | |
Neck and shoulder pain (n, %) | 63, 23.0 |
Back pain (n, %) | 25, 9.1 |
Low back pain (n, %) | 62, 22.7 |
The association between the presence of pain and body composition
Model 1a
| Model 2b
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI |
P-value* | OR | 95 % CI |
P-value* | |
Neck and shoulder pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 0.96 | 0.94 - 0.98 |
<0.001
| - | - | - |
Gender (F/M) | 1.84 | 1.11 - 3.05 |
<0.05
| - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 0.98 | 0.95 - 1.01 | 0.24 | 0.98 | 0.92 - 1.05 | 0.74 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 1.03 | 0.99 - 1.07 | 0.11 | 1.02 | 0.97 - 1.06 | 0.32 |
Total body water (kg) | 0.96 | 0.92 - 1.00 | 0.11 | 0.96 | 0.89 - 1.03 | 0.27 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 1.03 | 1.00 - 1.06 |
<0.05
| 1.02 | 0.98 - 1.06 | 0.16 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 0.93 | 0.88 - 0.97 |
<0.01
| 0.94 | 0.88 - 0.99 |
<0.05
|
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 0.50 | 0.92 - 1.04 | 0.50 | 0.97 | 0.86 - 1.10 | 0.71 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 1.12 | 1.00 - 1.24 |
<0.05
| 1.05 | 0.93 - 1.18 | 0.38 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 0.95 | 0.90 - 1.01 | 0.11 | 0.98 | 0.88 - 1.10 | 0.82 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 1.04 | 0.97 - 1.11 | 0.24 | 1.59 | 0.93 - 2.72 | 0.08 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.98 | 0.91 - 1.07 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 0.93 - 1.10 | 0.75 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 0.83 | 0.65 - 1.06 | 0.14 | 0.80 | 0.55 - 1.17 | 0.26 |
BMR (kcal) | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.62 | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.95 |
Back pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 0.98 | 0.96 - 0.99 |
<0.05
| - | - | - |
Gender (F/M) | 1.07 | 0.61 - 1.87 | 0.81 | - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 1.00 | 0.97 - 1.03 | 0.82 | 0.99 | 0.92 - 1.06 | 0.86 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 0.35 | 0.96 - 1.05 | 0.85 | 1.00 | 0.95 - 1.05 | 0.84 |
Total body water (kg) | 0.99 | 0.95 - 1.04 | 0.88 | 0.97 | 0.90 - 1.05 | 0.51 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 1.00 | 0.97 - 1.03 | 0.66 | 1.01 | 0.97 - 1.06 | 0.45 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 0.97 | 0.99 - 1.02 | 0.29 | 0.96 | 0.90 - 1.02 | 0.24 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 1.01 | 0.95 - 1.08 | 0.66 | 0.98 | 0.86 - 1.12 | 0.83 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 1.02 | 0.91 - 1.13 | 0.73 | 1.00 | 0.88 - 1.14 | 0.93 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 1.00 | 0.94 - 1.06 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.87 - 1.12 | 0.91 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 1.00 | 0.93 - 1.07 | 0.93 | 0.98 | 0.54 - 1.77 | 0.96 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.05 | 0.80 - 1.36 | 0.99 | 1.01 | 0.92 - 1.10 | 0.80 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 0.99 | 0.85 - 1.16 | 0.98 | 1.01 | 0.67 - 1.51 | 0.96 |
BMR (kcal) | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.71 | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.82 |
Low back pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 1.00 | 0.98 - 1.02 | 0.57 | - | - | - |
Gender (F/M) | 0.80 | 0.47 - 1.35 | 0.40 | - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 1.01 | 0.98 - 1.04 | 0.53 | 1.00 | 0.94 - 1.06 | 0.63 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 0.98 | 0.94 - 1.02 | 0.32 | 1.02 | 0.94 - 1.02 | 0.43 |
Total body water (kg) | 1.00 | 0.96 - 1.05 | 0.76 | 0.98 | 0.91 - 1.06 | 0.72 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 0.98 | 0.95 - 1.01 | 0.32 | 0.98 | 0.94 - 1.02 | 0.48 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 1.01 | 0.96 - 1.06 | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.95 - 1.06 | 0.84 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 1.01 | 0.95 - 1.08 | 0.59 | 1.00 | 0.89 - 1.13 | 0.89 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 0.95 | 0.86 - 1.05 | 0.35 | 0.96 | 0.86 - 1.08 | 0.55 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 1.02 | 0.96 - 1.08 | 0.49 | 1.00 | 0.88 - 1.12 | 0.93 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 0.96 | 0.90 - 1.03 | 0.31 | 0.97 | 0.90 - 1.03 | 0.37 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 1.00 | 0.79 - 1.28 | 0.34 | 0.95 | 0.88 - 1.03 | 0.28 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 1.01 | 0.87 - 1.16 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.62 - 1.29 | 0.56 |
BMR (kcal) | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.70 | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.91 |
Model 1a
| Model 2b
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95 % CI |
P-value* | OR | 95 % CI |
P-value* | |
Chronic neck and shoulder pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 0.97 | 0.95 - 0.99 |
<0.01
| - | - | - |
Gender (F/M) | 1.93 | 1.01 - 3.67 |
<0.05
| - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 0.98 | 0.94 - 1.02 | 0.38 | 1.02 | 0.94 - 1.10 | 0.54 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 1.01 | 0.96 - 1.06 | 0.59 | 1.03 | 0.97 - 1.10 | 0.27 |
Total body water (kg) | 0.97 | 0.92 - 1.02 | 0.35 | 1.01 | 0.92 - 1.10 | 0.81 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 1.01 | 0.97 - 1.04 | 0.56 | 0.98 | 0.94 - 1.03 | 0.63 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 0.98 | 0.92 - 1.03 | 0.48 | 1.01 | 0.92 - 1.10 | 0.81 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 0.97 | 0.90 - 1.04 | 0.49 | 1.01 | 0.87 - 1.16 | 0.87 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 1.07 | 0.95 - 1.20 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.88 - 1.15 | 0.89 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 0.96 | 0.90 - 1.03 | 0.31 | 1.06 | 0.93 - 1.22 | 0.36 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 1.00 | 0.93 - 1.08 | 0.94 | 0.99 | 0.91 - 1.07 | 0.89 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.96 | 0.87 - 1.06 | 0.48 | 0.98 | 0.89 - 1.08 | 0.81 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 0.83 | 0.62 - 1.11 | 0.22 | 0.87 | 0.55 - 1.37 | 0.57 |
BMR (kcal) | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.66 | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.58 |
Chronic back pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 0.98 | 0.95 - 1.01 | 0.45 | - | - | - |
Gender (F/M) | 1.39 | 0.55 - 3.45 | 0.47 | - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 0.99 | 0.94 - 1.04 | 0.82 | 1.02 | 0.92 - 1.14 | 0.63 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | 0.99 | 0.93 - 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.98 | 0.91 - 1.06 | 0.77 |
Total body water (kg) | 0.98 | 0.91 - 1.06 | 0.78 | 1.01 | 0.89 - 1.14 | 0.83 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 1.00 | 0.95 - 1.05 | 0.86 | 0.99 | 0.93 - 1.05 | 0.81 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 0.99 | 0.91 - 1.07 | 0.79 | 1.00 | 0.91 - 1.09 | 0.95 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 0.99 | 0.89 - 1.09 | 0.85 | 1.02 | 0.84 - 1.26 | 0.78 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 1.02 | 0.86 - 1.20 | 0.81 | 0.98 | 0.81 - 1.19 | 0.88 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 0.98 | 0.89 - 1.08 | 0.81 | 1.05 | 0.87 - 1.28 | 0.56 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 0.98 | 0.88 - 1.10 | 0.79 | 0.97 | 0.87 - 1.10 | 0.71 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.96 | 0.84-1.11 | 0.63 | 0.97 | 0.84 - 1.12 | 0.73 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 0.9 | 0.59 - 1.38 | 0.63 | 0.93 | 0.49 - 1.77 | 0.84 |
BMR (kcal) | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.91 | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.72 |
Chronic low back pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 1.00 | 0.98 - 1.02 | 0.75 | - | - | - |
Gender (F/M) | 0.65 | 0.36 - 1.17 | 0.15 | - | - | - |
Total muscle mass (kg) | 1.02 | 0.98 - 1.05 | 0.19 | 1.01 | 0.94 - 1.08 | 0.74 |
Total fat mass (kg) | 0.97 | 0.92 - 1.02 | 0.30 | 0.98 | 0.93 - 1.03 | 0.54 |
Total body water (kg) | 1.03 | 0.98 - 1.08 | 0.19 | 1.01 | 0.93 - 1.10 | 0.66 |
Total fat ratio (%) | 0.97 | 0.94 - 1.00 | 0.11 | 0.97 | 0.93 - 1.02 | 0.34 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 1.04 | 0.98 - 1.10 | 0.11 | 1.03 | 0.97 - 1.09 | 0.29 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 1.04 | 0.97 - 1.12 | 0.18 | 1.03 | 0.90 - 1.18 | 0.59 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 0.94 | 0.83 - 1.06 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.85 - 1.12 | 0.72 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 1.04 | 0.97 - 1.10 | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.88 - 1.14 | 0.95 |
Trunk fat mass (kg) | 0.95 | 0.88 - 1.03 | 0.29 | 0.96 | 0.89 - 1.05 | 0.44 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.97 | 0.88 - 1.07 | 0.56 | 0.96 | 0.87 - 1.06 | 0.96 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 0.28 | 0.88 - 1.53 | 0.36 | 1.03 | 0.68 - 1.57 | 0.85 |
BMR (kcal) | 1.00 | 0.99- 1.00 | 0.25 | 1.00 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.78 |
The association between the intensity of present pain and body composition
Model 1a
| Model 2b
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Standardised β | 95 % CI |
P-value* | Standardaised β | 95 % CI |
P-value* | |
Neck and shoulder pain | ||||||
Age (y) | −0.16 | −0.06 - -0.01 |
<0.01
| - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | −0.13 | −0.09 -0.007 |
<0.05
| −0.26 | −0.17- -0.008 |
<0.05
|
Total body fat mass (kg) | 0.03 | −0.04 - 0.72 | 0.58 | −0.007 | −0.06 - 0.05 | 0.91 |
Total body water (kg) | −0.17 | −0.15 - -0.03 |
<0.01
| −0.27 | −0.23 - -0.04 |
<0.01
|
Total body fat ratio (%) | 0.09 | −0.009 - 0.07 | 0.13 | 0.04 | −0.03 - 0.06 | 0.57 |
Total body water ratio (%) | −0.15 | −0.14 - -0.01 |
<0.05
| −0.11 | −0.13 0.007 | 0.07 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | −0.13 | −0.17 -0.008 |
<0.001
| −0.29 | −0.36 - -0.04 |
<0.05
|
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | 0.05 | −0.08 - 0.20 | 0.39 | −0.02 | −0.19 - 0.12 | 0.67 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | −0.13 | −0.16 - -0.01 |
<0.05
| −0.16 | −0.25 - 0.04 | 0.16 |
Trunk fat amount (kg) | 0.02 | −0.07 - 0.10 | 0.73 | 0.004 | −0.08 - 0.09 | 0.94 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.08 | −0.19 - 0.03 | 0.16 | −0.05 | −0.16 - 0.05 | 0.33 |
AMI (kg/m2) | −0.16 | −0.81 - -0.14 |
<0.01
| −0.24 | −1.18 -0.20 |
<0.01
|
BMR (kcal) | −0.11 | −0.003 - 0.00 | 0.05 | −0.19 | −0.005 - 0.000 | 0.05 |
Back pain | ||||||
Age (y) | −0.09 | −0.033 - 0.004 | 0.11 | - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | −0.02 | −0.03 - 0.02 | 0.74 | −0.12 | −0.09 - 0.03 | 0.31 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | −0.01 | −0.04 - 0.03 | 0.83 | −0.01 | −0.05 - 0.03 | 0.79 |
Total body water (kg) | −0.05 | −0.06 - 0.02 | 0.41 | −0.15 | −0.12 - 0.01 | 0.12 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | 0.01 | −0.02 - 0.03 | 0.84 | 0.02 | −0.03 - 0.04 | 0.75 |
Total body water ratio (%) | −0.05 | −0.07 - 0.02 | 0.33 | −0.06 | −0.08 - 0.02 | 0.31 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | −0.01 | −0.06 - 0.05 | 0.80 | −0.13 | −0.18 - 0.05 | 0.25 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | −0.002 | −0.106 - 0.103 | 0.98 | −0.02 | −0.13 - 0.09 | 0.75 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | −0.02 | −0.06 - 0.04 | 0.69 | −0.08 | −0.15 - 0.07 | 0.47 |
Trunk fat amount (kg) | −0.02 | −0.07 - 0.05 | 0.74 | −0.01 | −0.07 - 0.06 | 0.81 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.04 | −0.11 - 0.05 | 0.48 | −0.03 | −0.10 - 0.06 | 0.61 |
AMI (kg/m2) | −0.033 | −0.31 - 0.17 | 0.58 | −0.09 | −0.57 - 0.16 | 0.27 |
BMR (kcal) | −0.01 | −0.001 - 0.001 | 0.76 | −0.1 | −0.003 - 0.001 | 0.29 |
Low back pain | ||||||
Age (y) | 0.06 | −0.01 - 0.03 | 0.28 | - | - | - |
Total body muscle mass (kg) | 0.02 | −0.02 - 0.04 | 0.67 | 0.03 | −0.06 - 0.08 | 0.79 |
Total body fat mass (kg) | −0.05 | −0.07 - 0.02 | 0.34 | −0.05 | −0.07 - 0.03 | 0.41 |
Total body water (kg) | 0.02 | −0.04 - 0.06 | 0.69 | 0.01 | −0.07 - 0.09 | 0.84 |
Total body fat ratio (%) | −0.04 | −0.04 - 0.02 | 0.44 | −0.05 | −0.06 - 0.03 | 0.52 |
Total body water ratio (%) | 0.05 | −0.03 - 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.04 | −0.04 - 0.08 | 0.47 |
Appendicular muscle mass (kg) | 0.03 | −0.05 - 0.09 | 0.58 | 0.09 | −0.08 - 0.20 | 0.43 |
Appendicular fat mass (kg) | −0.06 | −0.19 - 0.06 | 0.30 | −0.04 | −0.19 - 0.90 | 0.47 |
Trunk muscle mass (kg) | 0.01 | −0.05 - 0.08 | 0.77 | −0.03 | −0.15 - 0.11 | 0.79 |
Trunk fat amount (kg) | −0.05 | −0.11 - 0.04 | 0.38 | −0.05 | −0.12 - 0.04 | 0.39 |
BMI (kg/m2) | −0.03 | −0.12 - 0.07 | 0.60 | −0.04 | −0.13 - 0.06 | 0.49 |
AMI (kg/m2) | 0.03 | −0.22 - 0.37 | 0.61 | 0.04 | −0.34 - 0.54 | 0.65 |
BMR (kcal) | 0.01 | −0.001 - 0.002 | 0.83 | 0.01 | −0.002 - 0.003 | 0.90 |