Background
Methods
Collection and processing of materials
Analysis of the extracted oils and neem cosmetics produced
Production of neem cosmetics
Neem oil | Shear butter | Caustic Soda | Sodium silicate | Deionized water | NMS Watera | NMLEO | NMSBEO | NMLEO& NMSBEOsb | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
58.75 (% w/w) | 4.00 | 10.00 | 4.65 | 21.00 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 100% |
Neem oil | Emulsifier | Glycerol | Vitamin E | Sodium citrate | Propyl paraben | Cetyl alcohol | Stearic Acid | Deionized water | NMC a | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
8.00 (w/w) | 6.00 | 5.60 | 1.60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.20 | 0.80 | 74.00 | 1.60 | 100% |
Antibacterial test
Antioxidant test
Cytotoxicity assay
Data analysis and calculations
Results
Inhibitory effects of cosmetics on pathogens
Test Pathogens | Neem Soap | Controls | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NMS | NMLS a | NMSBS b | NMLSBS c | Ciprofloxacin d | Water e | ||||||
MIC mg /mL | MBC mg / mL | MIC mg/mL | MBC mg /mL | MIC mg /mL | MBC mg /mL | MIC mg /mL | MBC mg/mL | MIC mg/mL | MBC mg/mL | MIC 500 μL | |
L. ivanovii
| 0.400 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.01 VG | 0.200 ± 0.03 | 0.400 ± 0.01 NG | 0.200 ± 0.02 | 0.400 ± 0.01 NG | 0.012 ± 0.002 | 0.025 ± 0.001 NG | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.05 ± 0.01 NG | VG |
S. aureus
| 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.10 VG | 0.400 ± 0.04 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.400 ± 0.04 | 0.400 ± 0.03 NG | 0.200 ± 0.03 | 0.200 ± 0.02 NG | 0.050 ± 0.001 | 0.050 ± 0.04 NG | VG |
M.smegmatis
| 0.400 ± 0.04 | 0.800 ± 0.04 VG | 0.400 ± 0.12 | 0.400 ± 0.03 VG | 0.400 ± 0.04 | 0.400 ± 0.11 NG | 0.200 ± 0.04 | 0.400 ± 0.02 NG | 0.050 ± 0.02 | 0.100 ± 0.02 NG | V G |
E. coli 180*
| 0.800 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.800 ± 0.11 | 0.800 ± 0.04 VG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.400 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.050 ± 0.01 | 0.050 ± 0.02 NG | V G |
V.paraheamolyticues *
| 0.400 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.400 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.200 ± 0.02 | 0.400 ± 0.01 NG | 0.050 ± 0.01 | 0.050 ± 0.01NG | V G |
E. cloacae
| 0.400 ± 0. 01 | 0.800 ± 0.04 VG | 0.200 ± 0.01 | 0.400 ± 0.02 NG | 0.025 ± 0.020 | 0.100 ± 0.010 NG | 0.025 ± 0.020 | 0.200 ± 0.010 NG | 0.012 ± 0.010 | 0.012 ± 0.001 NG | V G |
S. uberis
| 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.04 VG | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.40 ± 0.00 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.050 ± 0.01 | 0.050 ± 0.01 NG | ND |
Test Pathogens | Neem cream | Controls | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NMC | NMLC a | NMSBC b | NMLSBC c | Ciprofloxacin d | Water e | ||||||
MIC mg /mL | MBC mg / mL | MIC mg/mL | MBC mg /mL | MIC mg /mL | MBC mg /mL | MIC mg /mL | MBC mg/mL | MIC mg/mL | MBC mg / mL | MIC (500 μL) | |
L. ivanovii
| 0.800 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.01 VG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.400 ± 0.02 NG | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.050 ± 0.01 NG | VG |
S. aureus
| 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.800 ± 0.04 | 0.800 ± 0.02 VG | 0.800 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.400 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.02 NG | 0.050 ± 0.001 | 0.050 ± 0.04 NG | V G |
M. smegmatis
| 0.800 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.02 VG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.400 ± 0.04 | 0.800 ± 0.02 NG | 0.05 ± 0.02 | 0.100 ± 0.02 NG | V G |
E. coli 180*
| 0.800 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.800 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.02 VG | 0.800 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.01 VG | 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.04 VG | 0.050 ± 0.01 | 0.050 ± 0.02 NG | V G |
V.paraheam-olyticues
*
| 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.800 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.00 VG | 0.800 ± 0.11 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.800 ± 0.04 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.050 ± 0.01 | 0.050 ± 0.03 NG | VG |
E. cloacae
| 0.800 ± 0. 02 | 0.800 ± 0.04 NG | 0.800 ± 0.12 | 0.800 ± 0.03 NG | 0.400 ± 0. 02 | 0.800 ± 0.01 NG | 0.400 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.04 NG | 0.012 ± 0.001 | 0.012 ± 0.00 NG | ND |
S. uberis
| 0.800 ± 0.02 | 0.800 ± 0.01 VG | 0.800 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.03 VG | 0.800 ± 0.03 | 0.800 ± 0.02 NG | 0.400 ± 0.01 | 0.800 ± 0.04 NG | 0.050 ± 0.01 | 0.050 ± 0.04 NG | ND |
Radicals scavenging effects of neem cosmetics
NCs at 0.10 mg/mL | DPPH | LP | NO |
---|---|---|---|
NMS | 13.6 | 18.0 | 19.2 |
NMLS | 16.5 | 24.0 | 26.0 |
NMSBS | 22.0 | 38.45 | 39.0 |
NMLSBS | 53.0 | 65.0 | 36.0 |
NMC | 12.3 | 18.0 | 21.0 |
NMLC | 18.2 | 30.0 | 35.0 |
NMSBC | 24.0 | 45.0 | 55.0 |
NMLSBC | 40.0 | 55.0 | 60.0 |
Vitamin C | 47.0 | 56.0 | 48.0 |
Rutin | 20.0 | 25.0 | 22.0 |
Neem samples sand reference compounds | Activity | ||
---|---|---|---|
DPPH • | LP • | NO • | |
NMS (IC50) | 6.50 ± 0.12 | 5.81 ± 0.03 | 4.78 ± 0.12 |
NMLS (IC50) | 5.50 ± 0.01 | 5.11 ± 0.02 | 4.06 ± 0.02 |
NMSBS (IC50) | 4.30 ± 0.10 | 3.26 ± 0.01 | 3.06 ± 0.03 |
NMLSBS (IC50) | 2.60 ± 0.02 | 1.75 ± 0.03 | 1.65 ± 0.01 |
NMC (IC50) | 10.42 ± 0.12 | 6.23 ± 0.03 | 6.10 ± 0.02 |
NMLC (IC50) | 5.48 ± 0.01 | 5.21 ± 0.02 | 3.94 ± 0.02 |
NMSBC (IC50) | 5.10 ± 0.10 | 3.41 ± 0.01 | 2.49 ± 0.03 |
NMLSBC (IC50) | 4.05 ± 0.02 | 2. 23 ± 0.03 | 1.50 ± 0.01 |
Rutin (IC50) * | 5.74 ± 0.02 | 5.26 ± 0.11 | 4.80 ± 0.04 |
Vitamin C (IC50) * | 3.18 ± 0.01 | 2.28 ± 0.03 | 2.16 ± 0.01 |
Physicochemical of properties of neem seed oil, essential oils, and neem cosmetics
Physicochemical Properties | Neem oila | Leaf EOb | Stem-bark EO |
---|---|---|---|
Physical state | viscous liquid | light viscous liquid | light viscous liquid |
Colour | brownish | light yellow | colourless |
Odour | garlic repulsive | repulsive | repulsive |
Relative density | 0.921 ± 0.014 | 0.904 ± 0.113 | 0.902 ± 0.103 |
Acid value (1 mg of KOH/g of oil) | 15.840 ± 0.0021 | 17.191 ± 0.004 | 19.630 ± 0.001 |
Ester index | 172.201 ± 0.012 | 74.930 ± 4.311 | 53. 150 ± 1.866 |
Refractive index at 38 °C | 1.4667 ± 0.011 | 1.4383 ± 0.031 | 1.4372 ± 0.201 |
Saponification value | 187.620 ± 0.031 | 109.312 ± 0.021 | 72.780 ± 0.011 |
Iodine value (%) (g of I2/100 g of oil) | 77.470 ± 0.011 | ND | ND |
Physicochemical Properties | NMS | NMLS | NMSBS | NMLSBS | SON* Control |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Colour | milky | milky | milky | milky | – |
pH. (10%) | 9.60 ± 0.03 | 9.40 ± 0.02 | 9.36 ± 0.03 | 9.34 ± 0.01 | 9–11 max a |
% Moisture content | 14.45 ± 0.02 | 12.50 ± 0.00 | 13.42 ± 0.03 | 13.36 ± 0.02 | 13–20 max |
%Total fatty matter | 77.30 ± 0.04 | 77.68 ± 0.00 | 80.02 ± 0.01 | 80.14 ± 0.02 | 76.50 mini b |
Total free caustic alkali as Na2O | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.13 ± 0.00 | 0.20 max |
% Matter insoluble in ethanol | 0.40 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.04 | 0.22 ± 0.00 | 0.20 ± 0.02 | 2.00 max |
% Matter insoluble in water | 0.35 ± 0.00 | 0.33 ± 0.02 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.50 max |
% Unsaponified Matter | 0.23 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.22 ± 0.01 | 0.50 max |
Texture | Hard | very hard | very hard | very hard | – |
Leathering | Good | excellent | excellent | excellent | – |
Cytotoxicity of the neem cosmetics
Sample | Concentration (mg/ mL) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.10 | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.35 | 0.70 | |
NMS | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NMLS | – | – | – | – | – | – | + |
NMSBS | – | – | – | – | – | – | ++ |
NMLSBS | – | – | – | – | – | + | +++ |
NMC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NMLC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NMSBC | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
NMLSBC | – | – | – | – | – | – | + |
Watera | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Secondary metabolites in the neem cosmetics
S/N | SM a | KI b | %composition | MI c | QA d | MS data e | MF* | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEO | SBEO | |||||||
1 | α-Pinene | 927 | 4.10 | 0.50 | MSD, KI | 99 | 79, 93,136 | C10H16 |
2 | Camphene | 944 | – | 3.00 | MSD, KI | 97 | 93, 69,136 | C10H16 |
3 | Myrcene | 970 | 5.60 | t | MSD, KI | 99 | 41, 93, 69 | C10H16 |
4 | Limonene | 1031 | 10.4 | 5.50 | MSD, KI | 98 | 68, 93, 79 | C10H16 |
5 | Terpinene | 1063 | 2.70 | 13.70 | MSD, KI | 96 | 77, 93, 121 | C10H16 |
6 | Linalool oxide | 1068 | 6.40 | 15.20 | MSD, KI | 99 | 91, 41, 43 | C10H16 |
7 | Linalool | 1089 | 4.10 | 4.60 | MSD, KI | 95 | 44, 71,113 | C10H18O |
8 | β-Curcumene | 1120 | – | 7.81 | MSD, KI | 97 | 109,161, 43 | C15H22 |
9 | α-Cedrene | 1129 | 2.20 | t | MSD, KI | 91 | 93, 41, 204 | C15H24 |
10 | α –Cubebene | 1369 | 1.60 | 3.00 | MSD, KI | 97 | 43, 68, 161 | C15H24 |
11 | γ-Elemene | 1385 | 10.20 | 5.10 | MSD, KI | 99 | 43, 68, 204 | C15H24 |
12 | α- Caryophyllene | 1415 | 30.30 | 8.30 | MSD, KI | 98 | 93, 41, 79 | C15H24 |
13 | Caryophyllene oxide | 1545 | 2.40 | 5.10 | MSD, KI | 98 | 41, 79, 111 | C15H24O |
14 | Ledol | 1560 | – | 2.40 | MSD, KI | 96 | 93, 79, 133 | C15H26O |
15 | Hexadecanoic acid | 1968 | 5.40 | 10.20 | MSD, KI | 96 | 43, 60, 73 | C16H32O2 |
16 | Heptadecane | 2030 | 2.40 | 2.30 | MSD, KI | 95 | 43, 60, 256 | C17H36 |
17 | Linoleic acid | 2039 | 2.11 | 5.40 | MSD, KI | 98 | 73,265,279 | C18H32O |
18 | Phytol | 2045 | – | 9.12 | MSD, KI | 99 | 41,71, 123 | C20H40O |
19 | Tetracosane | 2105 | – | 1.32 | MSD, KI | 98 | 73, 43, 129 | C24H50 |
% Total | 98.91 | 99.45 | ||||||
% Yield | 0.72 | 0.58 |