Background
Methods
Study sample
Ethics
Measures of SEP
Socio-cultural capital
Economic capital
Health-seeking behaviour outcomes
Antenatal care
Delivery care
Cost of care
Complete maternal care package
Confounders
Statistical analysis
Results
Characteristics
|
Sample of women
|
All women with live birth in recall period
|
ANC users
|
Facility delivery users
| |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All
|
ANC cost available
|
All
|
Delivery cost available
| ||||||
Recall period
|
5 years
|
1 year
|
5 years
|
1 year
|
1 year
|
5 years
|
1 year
|
1 year
| |
Sample name
|
A
|
B
|
C
|
D
|
E
|
F
|
G
|
H
| |
Sample size
|
7,896
|
2,581
|
5,861
|
2,058
|
1,994
|
5,715
|
1,962
|
1,724
| |
Age group | 14-19 (%) | 9.2 | 10.9 | 9.4 | 10.8 | 10.7 | 9.3 | 11.0 | 10.9 |
20-24 | 32.5 | 35.6 | 33.5 | 36.2 | 36.1 | 31.8 | 35.6 | 35.5 | |
25-29 | 30.6 | 29.8 | 31.1 | 30.4 | 30.4 | 31.2 | 30.0 | 29.9 | |
30-34 | 16.6 | 14.7 | 15.7 | 14.0 | 14.1 | 16.4 | 14.3 | 14.1 | |
35-39 | 8.7 | 7.5 | 8.2 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 8.9 | 7.7 | 8.0 | |
40-49 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 1.4 | 1.6 | |
X
2
p value
|
<0.001
|
0.824*
|
0.750*
| ||||||
Parity | 1 (%) | 26.6 | 34.0 | 30.6 | 37.4 | 37.3 | 30.6 | 38.4 | 37.9 |
2 | 28.1 | 26.9 | 28.8 | 26.5 | 26.4 | 29.0 | 26.9 | 27.8 | |
3 | 21.6 | 19.8 | 21.2 | 19.2 | 19.4 | 21.2 | 19.1 | 18.9 | |
4 or more | 23.7 | 19.3 | 19.4 | 16.9 | 16.9 | 19.2 | 15.6 | 15.4 | |
X
2
p value
|
<0.001
|
0.254*
|
0.219*
| ||||||
Household status | Female head (%) | 78.0 | 73.6 | 79.3 | 74.5 | 74.6 | 79.7 | 74.7 | 73.9 |
X
2
p value
|
<0.001
|
0.241*
|
0.033*
| ||||||
Desire for pregnancy | Unwanted (%) | 15.3 | 14.0 | 13.7 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 13.7 | 12.3 | 12.8 |
Wanted | 84.7 | 86.0 | 86.3 | 87.9 | 87.7 | 86.3 | 87.7 | 87.8 | |
Missing | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.0 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.0 | <0.1 | |
X
2
p value
|
0.003
|
0.182*
|
0.110*
| ||||||
Need for contraception | Unmet (%) | 12.2 | 12.7 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 11.8 | 11.4 | 12.7 | 12.8 |
X
2
p value
|
0.428
|
0.811*
|
0.695*
| ||||||
Region | Urban (%) | 38.2 | 37.4 | 43.8 | 41.8 | 41.5 | 45.3 | 43.0 | 43.6 |
Rural | 61.8 | 62.6 | 56.2 | 58.2 | 58.5 | 54.7 | 57.0 | 56.4 | |
X
2
p value
|
0.419
|
0.066*
|
0.189*
| ||||||
C-section delivery | Yes (%) | 29.2 | 31.5 | 34.3 | 35.5 | 35.4 | 40.3 | 41.5 | 42.7 |
X
2
p value
|
0.007
|
0.744*
|
0.005*
| ||||||
Socio-cultural capital | Mean | 0.027 | 0.061 | 0.137 | 0.134 | 0.132 | 0.138 | 0.146 | 0.152 |
(SE) | (0.0118) | (0.0158) | (0.0123) | (0.0166) | (0.0165) | (0.0128) | (0.0172) | (0.0178) | |
T test p value
|
0.001
|
0.155**
|
0.142**
| ||||||
Economic capital | Mean | 0.064 | 0.063 | 0.177 | 0.148 | 0.145 | 0.198 | 0.175 | 0.177 |
(SE) | (0.0133) | (0.0169) | (0.0139) | (0.0178) | (0.0172) | (0.0144) | (0.0184) | (0.0195) | |
T test p value
|
0.968
|
0.106**
|
0.379**
|
Health-seeking behaviour outcome
|
Variable type
|
Samples and missing data
|
Distribution of outcome in analysed sample and 95% CI
| ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eligible sample and recall period
|
Eligible sample (size)
|
Missing data (%)
|
Analysed sample (size)
| ||||
Antenatal care (ANC)
| |||||||
1.
|
Used ANC
| Binary | All women with birth 5 years prior to survey | 7,896 | - | 7,896 | 74.2% (72.8 - 75.6) |
2.
|
ANC in 1
st
trimester of pregnancy
| Binary | All women with birth 5 years prior to survey who used any ANC | 5,861 | 0.2 | 5,851 | 82.5% (81.3 - 83.7) |
3.
|
Regular use of ANC (4+ visits)
| Binary | All women with birth 5 years prior to survey who used any ANC | 5,861 | 0.9 | 5,798 | 90.6% (89.7 - 91.4) |
4.
|
ANC from private provider
| Binary | All women with birth 5 years prior to survey who used any ANC | 5,861 | - | 5,861 | 76.6% (74.9 - 78.1) |
5.
|
Public provider: ANC free of charge
| Binary | All women with birth 1 year prior to survey who used public ANC | 426 | 1.6 | 419 | 38.1% (32.7 - 43.7) |
6.
|
Public provider: Cost of ANC (EGP)
| Continuous | All women with birth 1 year prior to survey who used public ANC and paid for care | 259 | - | 259 | GM 2.0 (1.7 - 2.3) |
7.
|
Private provider: Cost of ANC (EGP)
| Continuous | All women with birth 1 year prior to survey who used private ANC and paid for care | 1,633 | 3.6 | 1,575 | GM 18.4 (17.8 – 19.1) |
Delivery care
| |||||||
8.
|
Delivered in a health facility
| Binary | All women with birth 5 years prior to survey | 7,896 | <0.1 | 7,893 | 72.4% (70.8 - 73.9) |
9.
|
Used private delivery facility
| Binary | All women with birth 5 years prior to survey who delivered in a health facility | 5,715 | - | 5,715 | 63.0% (61.1 - 64.9) |
10.
|
Public provider: Delivery free of charge
| Binary | All women with birth 1 year prior to survey who delivered in a public health facility | 700 | 12.7 | 611 | 24.1% (20.3 – 28.3) |
11.
|
Public provider: Cost of delivery (EGP)
| Continuous | All women with birth 1 year prior to survey who delivered in a public health facility and paid for delivery | 464 | - | 464 | GM 96.6 (83.5 – 111.7) |
12.
|
Private provider: Cost of delivery (EGP)
| Continuous | All women with birth 1 year prior to survey who delivered in a private health facility and paid for delivery | 1,262 | 11.8 | 1,113 | GM 489.8 (462.5 – 518.7) |
Mediation analysis
Utilisation of maternal services
|
(1) Direct effect of socio-cultural capital
|
(2) Direct effect of economic capital
|
(3) Total effect of socio-cultural capital
|
(4) % of total effect of socio-cultural capital mediated by economic capital
|
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI)
|
OR (95% CI)
|
ΣΔp (95% CI)
|
% (95% CI)
| |
Any ANC use
1
| 1.55 (1.40 to 1.72) | 2.18 (1.92 to 2.48) | 0.10 (0.09 to 0.11) | 42% (38% to 48%) |
ANC in first trimester
1
| 1.13 (0.98 to 1.30) | 2.08 (1.75 to 2.46) | 0.05 (0.04 to 0.07) | 73% (57% to 100%) |
Regular use of ANC
2
| 1.20 (1.01 to 1.42) | 2.31 (1.85 to 2.89) | 0.03 (0.02 to 0.04) | 66% (53% to 90%) |
Private ANC use
1
| 1.79 (1.57 to 2.04) | 1.91 (1.61 to 2.26) | 0.12 (0.10 to 0.13) | 31% (27% to 35%) |
Facility delivery use
3
| 1.31 (1.16 to 1.47) | 2.12 (1.84 to 2.45) | 0.08 (0.06 to 0.09) | 52% (44% to 65%) |
Private delivery facility
4
| 1.51 (1.34 to 1.70) | 1.80 (1.55 to 2.11) | 0.13 (0.11 to 0.15) | 35% (30% to 42%) |
Public ANC free of charge
5*
| 2.08 (1.39 to 3.10) | 0.56 (0.32 to 0.97) | 0.12 (0.04 to 0.21) | 0% |
Public delivery free of charge
4*
| 1.30 (0.88 to 1.90) | 0.69 (0.43 to 1.10) | 0.03 (−0.04 to 0.10) | not applicable |