Background
Methods
(“aged”[MeSH Terms] OR “aged”[All Fields] OR “elderly”[All Fields] OR “old”[All Fields] OR “senior”[All Fields] OR “seniors”[All Fields]) AND (“health promotion”[MeSH Terms] OR “health promotion”[All Fields] OR “promotion”[All Fields] OR “primary prevention”[MeSH Terms] OR “primary prevention”[All Fields] OR “prevention”[All Fields]) AND (“telemedicine”[MeSH Terms] OR “telemedicine”[All Fields] OR “tele-medicine”[All Fields] OR “telehealth”[All Fields] OR “tele-health”[All Fields] OR “mhealth”[All Fields] OR “m-health”[All Fields] OR “ehealth”[All Fields] OR “e-health”[All Fields])
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▪ Characteristics of the e-health and m-health tools: types of e-health tools (what tools and for what?); application of e-health tools (what scheme/program/initiatives?); target group or user group (who use e-health and m-health tools?); characteristics of the setting (where and what location/country features?)
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▪ Determinants of the use of e-health and m-health tools/programs: facilitating factors for the use (what motivates and enables the use?); barriers to the use (what prevents or discourages the use?)
Results
General description of the selected publications
Classification category | Sub categories | N (%) | Reference index in Additional file 2
|
---|---|---|---|
Year of publication | 2014–2015 | 15 (33.3) | 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 28 |
2012–2013 | 12 (26.7) | 14, 15,16,17, 18, 19, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, | |
2010–2011 | 6 (13.3) | 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, | |
2008–2009 | 6 (13.3) | 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 44 | |
2006–2007 | 6 (13.3) | 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 45 | |
Aim/type of study | Descriptive | 6 (13.3) | 6, 8, 21, 23, 31, 38 |
Explorative | 3 (6.7) | 1, 5, 27, | |
Explanatory | 36 (80) | 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45 | |
Research approach | Qualitative (primary data) | 6 (13) | 2, 5, 7, 23, 31, 38 |
Quantitative (primary data) | 32 (69.6) | 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 | |
Mixed (primary data) | 3 (6.5) | 1, 4, 30 | |
Desk research (secondary data) | 5 (10.9) | 6, 8, 12, 13, 21 | |
Design | Qualitative | 7 (15.2) | 1, 2, 5, 7, 23, 31, 38 |
Quantitative - randomized controlled trial | 28 (60.9) | 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44 | |
Qualitative - not randomized controlled trial | 9 (19.6) | 6, 13, 23, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 45 | |
Systematic review | 2 (4.3) | 8, 21 | |
Data collection/design | Observations | 1 (2) | 1 |
Focus group discussion | 2 (4) | 2, 16 | |
Unstructured/semi structured interviews | 7 (13)) | 1, 3, 5, 7, 31, 38, 40 | |
Standardized questionnaires/interviews/surveys | 9 (17 | 11, 14, 18, 20, 30, 33, 37, 42, 43 | |
Online web based questionnaires/assessments | 10 (19) | 4, 10, 17, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 40, 44 | |
Secondary data/patient records | 5 (10) | 8, 9, 12, 13, 21 | |
Test results/self-report | 18 (35) | 6, 11, 15, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 41, 45 | |
Reliability// | Reliability is clear | 19 (42.2) | 1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16, 20, 21, 22, 24, 27, 38, 40, 41, 43, 44 |
Reliability is unclear | 22 (48.9) | 6, 9, 10, 11, 13, 17, 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 39, 42, 45 | |
Reliability is not analyzed | 4 (8.9) | 3, 4, 26, 30, | |
Validity | Validity is clear | 16 (35.6) | 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 15, 16, 20, 21, 30, 36, 38, 41, 42, 43, 44 |
Validity is unclear | 22 (48.9) | 4, 6, 9, 11, 13, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 45 | |
Validity is not analyzed | 7 (15.6) | 7, 10, 12, 17, 26, 27, 33 | |
Generalizability | Generalizability is clear | 11 (24.4) | 1, 5, 6, 8, 9, 14, 16, 22, 42, 43, 45 |
Generalizability is unclear | 20 (44.4) | 2, 3, 11, 12, 13,17, 18, 19, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31, 34, 37, 39, 40, 41, 44 | |
Generalizability is not analyzed | 14 (31.1) | 4, 7 10, 15, 21, 23, 26, 27, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 38, |
Characteristics of the use of e-health and m-health tools among older adults
Classification category | Sub categories | N (%) | Reference index in Additional file 2
|
---|---|---|---|
Type of e-health and m-health tools | Apps | 2 (3.6) | 1, 26 |
Website | 21 (38.2) | 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 35, 37, 38, 40, 43, 44 | |
Device | 15 (27.3) | 3, 4, 7, 11, 12, 15, 21, 22, 24, 31, 32, 33, 36, 37, 42 | |
Video consult (skype) | 4 (7.3) | 8, 39, 41, 45 | |
Webinars | 13 (23.6) | 3, 8, 13, 18, 20, 21, 23, 25, 28, 29, 30, 32, 34, | |
Type of use of e-health and m-health tools | Use without program (phone diary) | 1 (2.2) | 26 |
Use in computer tailored lifestyle program | 18 (40) | 2, 6, 9, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, 35, 37, 43, 44 | |
Use in program providing support/feedback (Internet/face-face) | 10 (22.2) | 1, 3, 4, 7, 10, 11, 16, 23, 34, 36 | |
Use in online health information | 4 (8.9) | 5, 19, 38, 40 | |
Use in telehealth programs | 12 (26.7) | 8, 13, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41, 42, 45 | |
Study groupa
| No specific requirement | 17 (37) | 2, 4, 7, 9, 16, 17, 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44 |
Women only | 3 (6.5) | 3, 10, 26 | |
With risk/signs of specific disease | 4 (8.7) | 1, 19, 35, 45 | |
Physical conditions (overweight) | 14 (30.4) | 6, 10, 11, 12, 13, 18, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 34, 37, 43 | |
(Risk) Behaviors-lifestyle | 3 (6.5) | 14, 23, 24 | |
Cultural group (migrants/Latino’s/African American) | 3 (6.5) | 5, 15, 42 | |
Based on setting: in clinics/community | 1 (2.2) | 8 | |
Low computer knowledge | 1 (2.2) | 38 | |
Country location | Europe | 10 (22.2) | 1, 2, 7, 14, 19, 21, 26, 27, 32, 44 |
United states | 27 (60) | 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 40, 42, 43, 45 | |
Canada | 3 (6.7) | 6, 39, 41 | |
Australia | 2 (4.4) | 5, 18 | |
Asia | 3 (6.7) | 36, 37, 38 |
Type of e-health and m-health tool | Type of use of e-health and m-health tools | N (%) | Reference index in Additional file 2
|
---|---|---|---|
Apps | Tool without program | 1 (50) | 26 |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | - | - | |
Program providing support/feedback | 1 (50) | 1 | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | - | - | |
Website | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 15 (71.4) | 2, 6, 9, 14, 15, 17, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 35, 37, 43, 44 | |
Program providing support/feedback | 2 (9.5) | 10, 16 | |
Online health information | 4 (19.1) | 5, 19, 38, 40 | |
Telehealth | - | - | |
Device | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 5 (33.3) | 12, 15, 22, 24, 37 | |
Program providing support/feedback | 5 (33.3) | 3, 4, 7, 11, 36 | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | 5 (33.3) | 21, 31, 32, 33, 42 | |
Video consult (skype) | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | - | - | |
Program providing support/feedback | - | - | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | 4 (100) | 8, 39, 41, 45 | |
Webinars | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 4 (30.8) | 18, 25, 28, 29 | |
Program providing support/feedback | 3 (23.1) | 3, 23, 34 | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | 6 (46.1) | 8, 13, 20, 21, 30, 32 |
Country or location | Year of publication | Type of use of e-health and m-health tools | N (%) | Reference index in Additional file 2
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Europe | 2014–2015 | Computer tailored lifestyle program and program providing support/feedback | 3 (30) | 1, 2, 7, |
2012–2013 | Computer tailored lifestyle program, online health information, use without program | 3 (30) | 14, 19, 26 | |
2010–2011 | Computer tailored lifestyle program and telehealth | 2 (20) | 21, 27 | |
2008–2009 | Computer tailored lifestyle program and telehealth | 2 (20) | 32, 44 | |
2006–2007 | - | - | ||
United states | 2014–2015 | Computer tailored lifestyle program, telehealth, and program providing support/feedback | 10 (37) | 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 28 |
2012–2013 | Computer tailored lifestyle program and program providing support/feedback | 7 (25.9) | 15, 16, 17, 22, 23, 24, 25 | |
2010–2011 | Computer tailored lifestyle program and telehealth | 4 (14.8) | 29, 30, 31, 33, | |
2008–2009 | Computer tailored lifestyle program and program providing support/feedback | 2 (7.4) | 34, 35, | |
2006–2007 | Online health information, computer tailored lifestyle program and telehealth | 4 (14.8) | 40, 42, 43, 45 | |
Canada | 2014–2015 | Computer tailored lifestyle program | 1 (33.3) | 6 |
2012–2013 | - | - | ||
2010–2011 | - | - | ||
2008–2009 | - | - | ||
2006–2007 | Telehealth | 2 (66.7) | 39, 41 | |
Australia | 2014–2015 | Online health information | 1 (50) | 5 |
2012–2013 | Computer tailored lifestyle program | 1 (50) | 18 | |
2010–2011 | - | - | ||
2008–2009 | - | - | ||
2006–2007 | - | - | ||
Asia | 2014–2015 | - | - | |
2012–2013 | - | - | ||
2010–2011 | - | - | ||
2008–2009 | Program and program providing support/feedback, computer tailored lifestyle program and online health information | 3 (100) | 36, 37, 38 | |
2006–2007 | - | - |
Study groupa
| Type of use of e-health and m-health tools | N (%) | Reference index in Additional file 2
|
---|---|---|---|
No specific study group | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 5 (25) | 2, 6, 9, 17, 44 | |
Program providing support/feedback | 3 (15) | 4, 7, 16 | |
Online health information | 4 (20) | 40 | |
Telehealth | 8 (40) | 20, 21, 30, 31, 32, 33, 39, 41 | |
Women only | Tool without program | 1 (33.3) | 26 |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | - | - | |
Program providing support/feedback | 2 (66.7) | 3, 10 | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | - | - | |
With risk/indication of specific disease | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 1 (33.3) | 35 | |
Program providing support/feedback | - | - | |
Online health information | 1 (33.3) | 19 | |
Telehealth | 1 (33.3) | 45 | |
Physical conditions (overweight) | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 10 (71.4) | 6, 12, 18, 22, 25, 27, 28, 29, 37, 43 | |
Program providing support/feedback | 3 (21.4) | 10, 11, 34 | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | 1 (7.1) | 13 | |
(Risk) Behaviors-lifestyle | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 2 (66.7) | 14, 24 | |
Program providing support/feedback | 1 (33.3) | 23 | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | - | - | |
Specific cultural group | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | 1 (33.3) | 15 | |
Program providing support/feedback | - | - | |
Online health information | 1 (33.3) | 5 | |
Telehealth | 1 (33.3) | 42 | |
Based on setting: In clinics/community | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | - | - | |
Program providing support/feedback | - | - | |
Online health information | - | - | |
Telehealth | 1 (100) | 8 | |
Low computer knowledge | Tool without program | - | - |
Computer tailored lifestyle program | - | - | |
Program providing support/feedback | - | - | |
Online health information | 1(100) | 38 | |
Telehealth | - | - |
Facilitating factors and barriers to the use of e-health and m-health tools in health promotion among older adults
Classification category | Sub categories | N (%) | Reference index in Additional file 2
|
---|---|---|---|
Facilitating factors | Motivation/support/feedback | 12 (35.3) | 1, 2, 3, 4, 12, 18, 21, 29, 30, 34, 39, 43 |
Self-regulation/goal setting | 4 (11.8) | 9, 17, 18, 36 | |
Information (progress, usefulness, awareness) | 2 (5.9) | 1, 31 | |
Reward (financial, noticed physical change) | 3 (8.8) | 4, 6, 39 | |
Usability | 3 (8.8) | 1, 7, 26 | |
Accessibility (language, form – online or print) | 2 (5.9) | 5, 9 | |
Remote help at home (no travel distance) | 8 (23.5) | 13, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 35, 39 | |
Barriers to use | Personal choice lack of time/priority/cost | 6 (20) | 2, 3, 17, 23, 24, 34 |
Lack of adherence or motivation/support | 8 (26.7) | 3, 4, 12, 17, 24, 34, 42, 44 | |
Unclear device or information/wrong interpretation/lack of guidance | 3 (10) | 1, 7, 38 | |
Barriers related with technology/device | 4 (13.3) | 1, 3, 26, 45 | |
Socio demographical barriers (age, educational level, skills with electronic device) | 6 (20) | 2, 5, 15, 17, 38, 45 | |
Lack or resource for telecare | 1 (3.3) | 31 | |
Policy/reimbursement changes required | 2 (6.7) | 28, 29 |