Background
Methods
Study population and study design
Questionnaire and instruments
Data analysis
Factor loading | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Factor 1: Work environment | Factor 2: Work load | Factor 3: Patient care | Factor 4: Structural aspects | Factor 5: Humaneness | |
Work atmosphere | 0.8327 | 0.1659 | −0.145 | − 0.0449 | 0.1619 |
Relationship with superiors | 0.8095 | 0.1111 | −0.1883 | 0.0032 | −0.0443 |
Relationship/professional exchange with colleagues | 0.7912 | −0.229 | 0.0473 | −0.0904 | 0.0918 |
Work enjoyment | 0.5361 | 0.2244 | 0.2146 | −0.0615 | 0.1687 |
Intellectual stimulation at work | 0.5045 | −0.1679 | 0.39 | −0.0306 | −0.1581 |
Training opportunities | 0.3216 | 0.1007 | 0.239 | 0.1879 | −0.3813 |
Work load | 0.0421 | 0.8692 | 0.001 | −0.0259 | 0.0107 |
Time for family, friends, leisure activities | −0.072 | 0.8587 | −0.0022 | 0.0191 | −0.0787 |
Stress level at work | 0.1018 | 0.7716 | 0.0425 | −0.0324 | 0.0559 |
Time for administrative tasks | −0.0381 | 0.4966 | 0.2229 | 0.0668 | −0.097 |
Possibility to refer patients to specialists whenever you deem it necessary | −0.1476 | −0.0634 | 0.7658 | 0.0147 | 0.072 |
Quality of the medical care you provide | −0.0289 | 0.0393 | 0.7515 | −0.0726 | 0.1389 |
Possibility to treat patients as you deem optimal | −0.0389 | 0.1589 | 0.7358 | −0.0685 | 0.1789 |
Job security | −0.1371 | −0.0401 | − 0.0724 | 0.832 | 0.0398 |
Income | −0.1187 | −0.0524 | 0.0259 | 0.6887 | 0.2102 |
Equality of women and men | 0.0656 | 0.17 | −0.1795 | 0.6445 | 0.0121 |
Career opportunities | 0.2458 | −0.0727 | 0.1595 | 0.5134 | −0.3163 |
Social status | 0.2767 | −0.0623 | 0.1081 | 0.3983 | 0.2883 |
Relationship with patients | −0.0186 | −0.0543 | 0.4173 | 0.0705 | 0.6719 |
Relationship with non-medical staff | 0.3502 | 0.0558 | −0.0239 | 0.068 | 0.5827 |
Results
Characteristics of the study population
% (n) | |
Female sex | 61.3 (1043) |
In a relationship | 85.2 (1446) |
Having children | 54.5 (927) |
Former stay abroada | 52.9 (899) |
Specialist qualification | 38.0 (645) |
Works full-time | 83.0 (1411) |
Inpatient setting | 82.5 (1377) |
Urban setting | 77.4 (1261) |
Leading position or own practice | 15.2 (253) |
Would become a physician again | 72.1 (1225) |
M (SD) | |
Age (years) | 32.92 (3.95) |
Clinical work experience (years) | 5.51 (3.75) |
Participants’ wishes to emigrate
% (n) | |
---|---|
Yes | 29.5 (496) |
Don’t know | 14.9 (250) |
No | 55.7 (937) |
Total | 1683 |
Wish to emigrate | No wish to emigrate/ don’t know |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | ||
Yes, during the last three years | 72.9 (361) | 21.5 (255) |
< 0.001
|
Yes, more than three years ago | 16.8 (83) | 26.8 (318) | |
No | 10.3 (51) | 51.7 (614) | |
Total | 495 | 1187 |
Limited period of time | Unlimited period of time | |
---|---|---|
% (n) | % (n) | |
Likely | 51.9 (251) | 14.5 (66) |
Don’t know | 27.9 (135) | 29.6 (135) |
Unlikely | 20.3 (98) | 55.9 (255) |
Total | 484 | 456 |
Job satisfaction of participants with and without the wish to emigrate
Wish to emigrate (n = 496) | No wish to emigrate/ don’t know (n = 1187) | Diff.a |
p
| |
---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | |||
Overall job situation | 3.05 (0.95; 2.97–3.14) | 3.56 (0.90; 3.51–3.61) | −0.51 |
< 0.001
|
Work load | 2.53 (1.07; 2.44–2.63) | 3.01 (1.07; 2.95–3.07) | −0.48 |
< 0.001
|
Time for family, friends, leisure activities | 2.16 (1.06; 2.06–2.25) | 2.61 (1.11; 2.54–2.67) | −0.45 |
< 0.001
|
Relationship with superiors | 3.50 (1.07; 3.41–3.60) | 3.85 (0.96; 3.80–3.91) | −0.35 |
< 0.001
|
Work atmosphere | 3.51 (0.99; 3.43–3.60) | 3.86 (0.90; 3.81–3.91) | −0.35 |
< 0.001
|
Training opportunities | 3.01 (1.12; 2.91–3.11) | 3.35 (1.01; 3.30–3.41) | −0.34 |
< 0.001
|
Work enjoyment | 3.44 (1.00; 3.35–3.53) | 3.78 (0.85; 3.73–3.83) | −0.34 |
< 0.001
|
Income | 3.47 (1.05; 3.37–3.56) | 3.80 (0.90; 3.75–3.85) | −0.33 |
< 0.001
|
Possibility to treat patients as you deem optimal | 2.96 (0.95; 2.88–3.05) | 3.28 (0.89; 3.23–3.33) | −0.32 |
< 0.001
|
Career opportunities | 3.05 (0.97; 2.97–3.14) | 3.37 (0.94; 3.31–3.42) | −0.32 |
< 0.001
|
Stress level at work | 2.49 (1.01; 2.40–2.58) | 2.80 (1.00; 2.75–2.86) | −0.31 |
< 0.001
|
Equality of women and men | 3.50 (1.10; 3.40–3.59) | 3.80 (0.99; 3.75–3.86) | −0.3 |
< 0.001
|
Time for administrative tasks | 2.06 (1.02; 1.97–2.15) | 2.33 (1.00; 2.28–2.39) | −0.27 |
< 0.001
|
Social status | 3.58 (0.98; 3.50–3.67) | 3.85 (0.86; 3.81–3.90) | −0.27 |
< 0.001
|
Intellectual stimulation at work | 3.36 (1.00; 3.27–3.45) | 3.62 (0.90; 3.57–3.67) | −0.26 |
< 0.001
|
Job security | 3.86 (1.04; 3.77–3.95) | 4.12 (0.89; 4.07–4.17) | −0.26 |
< 0.001
|
Relationship with non-medical staff | 3.85 (0.79; 3.78–3.92) | 4.00 (0.76; 3.96–4.04) | −0.15 |
< 0.001
|
Possibility to refer patients to specialists whenever you deem it necessary | 3.49 (0.97; 3.40–3.57) | 3.63 (0.89; 3.58–3.68) | −0.14 |
0.004
|
Relationship/professional exchange with colleagues | 3.73 (0.87; 3.65–3.80) | 3.86 (0.87; 3.81–3.91) | −0.13 |
0.004
|
Quality of the medical care you provide | 3.61 (0.71; 3.54–3.67) | 3.72 (0.70; 3.68–3.76) | −0.11 |
0.002
|
Relationship with patients | 3.89 (0.65; 3.83–3.95) | 3.95 (0.65; 3.92–3.99) | −0.006 | 0.0562 |
Variables associated with the wish to emigrate
Wish to emigrate | |||
---|---|---|---|
Independent variable | OR [SE] | CI 95% |
p
|
Female sex | 0.62 [0.08] | 0.47–0.80 |
< 0.001
|
Age | 1.10 [0.03] | 1.03–1.17 |
0.004
|
In a relationship | 0.67 [0.11] | 0.48–0.94 | 0.019 |
Having children | 0.48 [0.07] | 0.36–0.64 |
< 0.001
|
Former stay abroad | 2.76 [0.36] | 2.15–3.55 |
< 0.001
|
Clinical work experience | 0.92 [0.04] | 0.85–0.99 |
0.022
|
Specialist qualification | 0.91 [0.19] | 0.60–1.37 | 0.655 |
Would become a physician again | 0.94 [0.13] | 0.71–1.24 | 0.667 |
Works full-time | 1.50 [0.31] | 1.01–2.24 |
0.044
|
Urban setting | 1.37 [0.22] | 1.00–1.87 | 0.050 |
Inpatient setting | 1.26 [0.26] | 0.85–1.89 | 0.253 |
Leading position or own practice | 1.00 [0.23] | 0.63–1.56 | 0.986 |
Satisfaction with | |||
- work environment | 0.82 [0.09] | 0.66–1.02 | 0.075 |
- work load | 0.70 [0.06] | 0.60–0.82 |
< 0.001
|
- patient care | 0.77 [0.08] | 0.63–0.95 |
0.016
|
- structural aspects | 0.60 [0.06] | 0.49–0.74 |
< 0.001
|
- humaneness | 1.13 [0.13] | 0.90–1.41 | 0.307 |
Destination countries favoured by participants wishing to emigrate
Destination country | % (n) |
---|---|
Switzerland | 23.2 (115) |
Sweden/Norway/Denmark/Scandinavian country | 15.9 (79) |
Australia/New Zealand | 9.7 (48) |
Great Britain/Ireland | 7.1 (35) |
USA/Canada | 6.9 (34) |
France | 4.2 (21) |
Botswana, Burkina Faso, Capo Verde, Tanzania, West Africa, South Africa, Africa | 3.8 (19) |
Austria | 3.2 (16) |
Argentina, Brazil, Caribbean, Chile, Columbia, Mexico, Middle- or South America | 2.8 (14) |
Developing country/Developmental aid/Doctors without Borders | 1.2 (6) |
Belgium/Netherlands/Luxemburg | 1.2 (6) |
Spain | 1.2 (6) |
Thailand/India/Nepal/China | 1.0 (5) |
Italy | 0.6 (3) |
Dubai/Qatar | 0.4 (2) |
Romania | 0.2 (1) |
Not specified | 17.3 (86) |
Total | 496 |