Introduction
Review
Epidemiology
The complex pathophysiology of NPSLE
Vasculopathy
Autoantibodies
Anti-ribosomal-P antibodies
The anti-DNA/NR2 antibodies
Anti-DNA/16–6 idiotype
Anti-phospholipid/anticardiolipin
Anti-GABA
Blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption
Cytokines
Murine models – a platform for NPSLE research
Clinical manifestations; case definitions (1–12)
Olfactory impairments
Peripheral nervous system manifestations
Diagnosis and imaging of NPSLE
Cerebrospinal fluid
Psychological testing
Test
|
Evaluates
|
---|---|
Revised Wechsler Adult Intelligence scale | Psychomotor speed, concentration, and graphomotor abilities |
Digit Symbol Substitution Test | Psychomotor speed, concentration, and graphomotor abilities |
The Trail Making Test Part B | Psychomotor speed, attention, and cognitive sequencing |
The Stroop Color and Word Test | Complex attention and shifting of sets by naming color print for words written in different colors |
The learning trial and short delay ‘free’ scores from the California Verbal Learning Test | Learning and recall of verbal material |
The immediate and 30-minute delayed-recall measure of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test | Visual learning and memory |
The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | Auditory working memory |
The Controlled Oral Word Association Test (Letter Fluency) and the Animal Naming Test (Category Fluency) | Letter and category verbal fluency |
The Finger Tapping Test | Simple fine motor speed |