Background
Related to psychiatric disorder | Non-related to psychiatric disorders | |
---|---|---|
Nutritional† | Starvation Protein-calorie malnutrition Rapid weight loss Total parenteral nutrition Gastrointestinal surgery for obesity | |
Drug-induced‡ | Valproic acid Cocaine Glucocorticoids Antiviral agents: Zidovudine, Didanosine, Fialuridine | Synthetic estrogens Aspirin Calcium-channel blockers Tamoxifen Tetracycline Amiodarone Methotrexate Perhexiline maleate |
Metabolic or genetic | Lipodystrophy Dysbetalipoproteinemia Weber–Christian disease Wolman’s disease Cholesterol ester or Glycogen storage disease Acute fatty liver of pregnancy Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency Familial combined hyperlipidaemia Wilson’s disease | |
Other§ | Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus Environmental hepatotoxins: Phosphorus; Petrochemicals; Toxic mushrooms; Organic solvents | Inflammatory bowel disease Small-bowel diverticulosis with bacterial overgrowth Bacillus cereus toxins Autoimmune hepatitis |
Methods
Epidemiology and natural history
Pathophysiology of NAFLD/NASH
Common factors
Genetics
Findings | Normal function | NAFLD | Psychiatric disorders | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Genetic | PNPLA3 (adiponutrin) polymorphisms | - Hydrolase activity on triglycerides and retinyl esters - In pituitary: regulation of glucose and fatty acid homeostasis, appetite and energy expenditure | Linked to pathogenesis | Bipolar disorder - Unknown mechanism - Probably linked to inflammation and oxidative stress |
miR-34a | - Hepatic lipogenesis & lipid secretion - Neurodevelopment & synaptogenesis | NAFLD progression & heritability | Bipolar disorder - Elevated in diagnosed of BD - Decreases in response to lithium | |
Mitochondria, inflammation and oxidative stress | Altered mitochondrial metabolism | - Protection against fatty acid accumulation - Energy production | Excessive oxidative species are linked to hepatic inflammation, accumulation of fatty tissue and progression of NASH | Linked to: - Pathogenesis: neuroinflammation, dysregulation of brain energy generation & dysfunction in stress response mechanisms - Progression & poorer outcomes In several disorders: - Bipolar disorder** - Depression - PTSD - Psychosis & schizophrenia - Autism |
Microbiota | Gut dysbiosis | - Digestion of nutrients - Production of vitamin K & B - Maintenance of the intestinal mucosa - Immune barrier effect | - Lipid accumulation in the liver - Increased absorption of disaccharides - Accelerated hepatic lipogenesis - Inflammation and steatosis | ADHD, autism, depression, dementia - Inflammatory dysregulation mediated by bacterial products - Probiotics as suggested therapies |
Psychological factors, lifestyle, exercise and diet | Personality traits | Enhancing adequate lifestyles | - Weight gain and fatty tissue proliferation - Dysregulation in immune response | Nonadaptive traits - High neuroticism - Low conscientiousness |
Exercise | Protective effects against inflammation | Low activity linked to - Weight gain and fat accumulation in liver - Impaired glucose metabolism - Upregulation of immune response, inflammation and fibrosis | Poorer mental health - Low levels of activity linked to higher risk of depression | |
Impaired glucose metabolism and DM2 | Regulating levels of exertion and fatigue during exercise | - Weigh gain - Accumulation of fatty tissue in liver - Increased lipogenesis - Increased ROS and lipid metabolism by-products - Upregulation of inflammation | Unhealthy lifestyles Link to higher risk of depression | |
Obesity | Normal diet secures energy intake and essential nutrients | NAFLD - Fatty tissue proliferation - Inflammation and oxidative stress | - Unhealthy lifestyles - Medication adverse events - Higher risk of depression |
Mitochondria, inflammation, and oxidative stress
Microbiota
Psychological factors, diet, and exercise
Treatment
SUMMARY PANEL | |
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NAFLD = strongly related to MetS NASH = steatosis + inflammation | |
NAFLD and NASH are core elements driving metabolic diseases that are often neglected. NASH implies a high risk of progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. | |
Psychiatric conditions and NAFLD are bidirectionally related. Rates of NAFLD and NASH in psychiatric patients are high. 60% of the excess mortality in psychiatric patients is due to physical comorbidities. | |
Some common factors between psychiatric and metabolic disorders are: genetic (adiponutrin, microRNA), mitochondrial and oxidative stress dysregulations, dysbiosis, psychological factors and lifestyle (diet and exercise). | |
Possible treatments include changes in lifestyle, insulin sensitizers or statins. | |
Diagnosis involves imaging and histology; therefore, widespread screening is difficult. Some questionnaires and biological markers are being investigated in order to make diagnosis easier and less invasive. | |
Being aware of covert hepatic disorders and achieving an early diagnosis and adequate treatment could potentially benefit psychiatric patients in terms of prognosis and quality of life. |