Background
Methods
Study design
SFRPassay
Statistical analysis
Percentage (number) median (IQR) | |
---|---|
N
| 504 |
Age (years)
| 68 (59, 74) |
Male
| 83.3 (420) |
Clinical characteristics
| |
Smoking (active)
| 18.8 (99) |
Alcohol regularly
| 23.8 (120) |
Positive family history
| 31 (156) |
Hyperlipidemia
| 86.3 (435) |
Diabetes mellitus (treated)
| 32.7 (165) |
Arterial hypertension
| 92.7 (467) |
Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
| 125 (120, 140) |
Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg)
| 80 (70, 80) |
Body mass index (kg/m
2
)
| 28 (26, 31) |
Waist circumference (cm)
| 102 (73, 139) |
Waist-to-hip ratio
| 1.0 (0.96, 1.05) |
Metabolic characterization
| |
Normal glucose tolerance
| 24.4 (123) |
Impaired glucose tolerance
| 28.4 (143) |
Diabetes mellitus (treated & newly diagnosed)
| 47.2 (238) |
Metabolic syndrome
| 64.9 (327) |
Fasting glucose (mg/dl)
| 110 (101, 132) |
HOMA index (mg/dl*μIU/ml)
| 2.3 (1.3, 4.1) |
HbA1c (%)*
| 5.8 (5.5, 6.5) |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl)
| 167 (143, 199) |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
| 43 (35, 53) |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)
| 100 (80, 129) |
Fasting triglycerides (mg/dl)
| 126 (96, 175) |
Postprandial triglycerides, maximum (mg/dl)
| 237 (175, 347) |
Postprandial triglycerides, AUC (mg/dl)
| 905 (665, 1278) |
C-reactive protein (mg/l)
| 2.2 (0.9, 4.9) |
SFRP4 (μg/l)
| 11.21 (9.17, 13.86) |
(log) SFRP4 Tertiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | ||
(log)SFRP4 range
|
<0.99
|
0.99 - 1.11
|
>1.11
|
p-Value
|
Group size | 33.3 (168) | 33.3 (168) | 33.3 (168) | |
Age (years) | 65.2 ± 0.7 | 65.8 ± 0.8 | 68.2 ± 0.8 |
0.017
|
Male | 86.3 (145) | 85.7 (144) | 78.0 (131) | 0.068 |
Medical history
| ||||
Previous myocardial infarction | 35.7 (60) | 44.6 (75) | 51.8 (87) |
0.014
|
PCI | 57.1 (96) | 66.7 (112) | 76.8 (129) |
0.001
|
Bypass operation | 7.1 (12) | 14.3 (24) | 16.1 (27) |
0.03
|
Previous stroke or TIA | 6.0 (10) | 12.5 (21) | 13.1 (22) | 0.065 |
Peripheral artery disease | 6.5 (11) | 10.1 (17) | 10.7 (18) | 0.37 |
Clinical characteristics
| ||||
Smoking | 21.4 (36) | 20.8 (35) | 14.3 (24) | 0.18 |
Alcohol regularly | 27.4 (46) | 25.0 (42) | 19.0 (32) | 0.18 |
Positive family history | 31.5 (53) | 29.2 (49) | 32.1 (54) | 0.79 |
Arterial hypertension | 88.7 (149) | 94.0 (158) | 95.2 (160) | 0.095 |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 124.3 ± 1.2 | 127.0 ± 1.2 | 128.2 ± 1.3 | 0.067 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.0 ± 0.7 | 74.9 ± 0.7 | 74.8 ± 0.8 | 0.62 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 ± 0.3 | 29.4 ± 0.3 | 29.3 ± 0.4 |
0.002
|
Waist circumference (cm) | 100.9 ± 0.8 | 104.9 ± 0.9 | 104.9 ± 0.9 |
0.001
|
Waist-to-hip-ratio | 1.00 ± 0.0 | 1.00 ± 0.0 | 1.01 ± 0.0 | 0.36 |
Metabolic characterization
| ||||
Normal glucose tolerance | 32.1 (54) | 20.2 (34) | 20.8 (35) |
0.017
|
Impaired glucose tolerance | 29.8 (50) | 28.6 (48) | 26.8 (45) | 0.84 |
Diabetes mellitus | 38.1 (64) | 51.2 (86) | 52.4 (88) |
0.014
|
Metabolic syndrome | 50.6 (85) | 72.0 (121) | 72.0 (121) |
<0.0001
|
Fasting glucose (mg/dl) | 118.6 ± 2.5 | 119.5 ± 2.3 | 125.0 ± 2.6 | 0.15 |
Fasting insulin (μIU/ml) | 8.73 ± 0.6 | 11.41 ± 0.9 | 12.69 ± 1.1 |
0.007
|
HOMA index | 2.70 ± 0.24 | 3.64 ± 0.36 | 4.33 ± 0.55 |
0.018
|
HbA1c (%)* | 6.05 ± 0.1 | 6.09 ± 0.1 | 6.40 ± 0.1 |
0.011
|
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 175.0 ± 2.8 | 171.2 ± 3.2 | 170.9 ± 3.0 | 0.55 |
HDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 46.5 ± 1.0 | 43.8 ± 1.0 | 43.8 ± 1.1 | 0.12 |
LDL cholesterol (mg/dl) | 107.7 ± 2.4 | 105.3 ± 2.8 | 101.0 ± 2.6 | 0.19 |
Fasting triglycerides (mg/dl) | 133.9 ± 5.3 | 164.6 ± 15.0 | 170.0 ± 9.9 |
0.043
|
Postprandial triglyerides, maximum (mg/dl) | 253.5 ± 9.7 | 305.4 ± 19.7 | 309.9 ± 14.2 |
0.015
|
Postprandial triglycerides, AUC (mg/dl) | 943.8 ± 36.2 | 1135.6 ± 68.5 | 1160.3 ± 54.4 |
0.010
|
C-reactive protein (mg/l) | 3.65 ± 0.5 | 4.90 ± 0.5 | 4.99 ± 0.7 | 0.16 |
Parameter | Pearson R | p-Value |
---|---|---|
HbA1c | 0.17 | <0.0001 |
Fasting insulin | 0.15 | 0.001 |
Body mass index | 0.15 | 0.001 |
Fasting triglycerides | 0.11 | 0.011 |
Postprandial triglycerides | 0.12 | 0.005 |
Postprandial triglycerides AUC | 0.13 | 0.003 |
Age | 0.09 | 0.053 |
Characteristic | No. | Log(SRFP4) | Spearman’s Rho | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SEM | ||||
Previous myocardial infarction | 0.13 | 0.007 | ||
No | 282 | 1.04 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 222 | 1.08 ± 0.1 | ||
Previous PCI | 0.17 | 0.001 | ||
No | 167 | 1.03 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 337 | 1.07 ± 0.1 | ||
Previous cardiac bypass operation | 0.13 | 0.005 | ||
No | 441 | 1.05 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 63 | 1.10 ± 0.1 | ||
Previous stroke | 0.11 | 0.026 | ||
No | 451 | 1.05 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 53 | 1.10 ± 0.2 | ||
T2DM | 0.11 | 0.011 | ||
No | 266 | 1.04 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 238 | 1.07 ± 0.1 | ||
Insulin therapy | 0.17 | 0.001 | ||
No | 429 | 1.05 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 75 | 1.10 ± 0.2 | ||
Metabolic syndrome | 0.16 | <0.0001 | ||
No | 177 | 1.02 ± 0.1 | ||
Yes | 327 | 1.08 ± 0.1 |
(log)SFRP4 tertiles | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
<0.99 | 0.99 - 1.11 | >1.11 | p-Value | |
N = 168 | N = 168 | N = 168 | ||
Event number per tertile | ||||
All primary endpoints | 72 | 69 | 76 | 0.74 |
Acute coronary syndrome | 16 | 15 | 26 | 0.11 |
MACE* | 45 | 40 | 42 | 0.82 |
Stroke/TIA | 8 | 10 | 19 |
0.049
|
Cardiovascular death + non-fatal MI | 16 | 20 | 16 | 0.71 |
All-cause death | 9 | 16 | 18 | 0.18 |
HR | 95%-CI | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
All primary endpoints | 1.05 | 0.76 - 1.45 | 0.77 |
Acute coronary syndrome | 1.65 | 0.89 - 3.08 | 0.12 |
MACE* | 0.91 | 0.60 - 1.38 | 0.64 |
Stroke/TIA | 2.45 | 1.07 - 5.59 |
0.034
|
Cardiovascular death + non-fatal MI | 0.99 | 0.50 - 1.99 | 0.99 |
All-cause death | 2.02 | 0.91 - 4.50 | 0.084 |