Background
Method
Study population
Study method
Laboratory measure
LMCA-fat thickness measurement
Statistical analysis
Results
Variable
|
Overall (n = 1,048)
|
Diabetes (n = 141)
|
Non-diabetes (n = 907)
|
p value*
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 41.3 ± 6.3 | 44.1 ± 7.1 | 40.25 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
Smoker (%) | 217 (20.7) | 39 (27.7) | 178 (19.6) | <0.001 |
Hypertension (%) | 187 (17.8) | 37 (26.2) | 150 (16.5) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 ± 7.3 | 26.1 ± 5.7 | 23.7 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
WC (cm) | 88..4 ± 5.6 | 91.2 ± 6.1 | 86.5 ± 7.5 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 125.3 ± 12.4 | 126.1 ± 10.5 | 124.8 ± 11.4 | 0.024 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.4 ± 9.6 | 77.2 ± 10.1 | 75.1 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 24.7 ± 7.9 | 26.2 ± 8.5 | 24.2 ± 6.5 | 0.007 |
ALT (IU/L) | 26.2 ± 8.1 | 27.5 ± 7.1 | 25.6 ± 9.4 | 0.006 |
GGT(IU/L) | 41.5 ± 8.5 | 43.6 ± 8.2 | 40.2 ± 10.1 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 189.7 ± 29.5 | 190.1 ± 28.7 | 189.6 ± 30.8 | 0.751 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 127.6 ± 24.9 | 131.7 ± 25.1 | 127.1 ± 19.9 | <0.001 |
HDL-C(mg/dL) | 48.4 ± 10.4 | 48.0 ± 9.8 | 49.6 ± 11.1 | 0.021 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 119.3 ± 30.3 | 120.4 ± 29.2 | 119.1 ± 33.5 | 0.252 |
Fasting glucose (md/dL) | 97.5 ± 20.1 | 103.8 ± 21.5 | 96.1 ± 25.4 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 6.3 ± 1.2 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
LMCA fat (mm) | 14.9 ± 5.3 | 17.6 ± 6.7 | 14.4 ± 5.9 | < 0.001 |
Variable
|
LMCA fat quartile
|
p value*
| |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
| ||
Age (years) | 36.9 ± 9.5 | 40.5 ± 9.2 | 42.6 ± 9.8 | 43.4 ± 10.3 | <0.001 |
Smoker (%) | 51 (19.7) | 47 (18.1) | 39 (15.6) | 80 (30.6) | 0.091 |
Hypertension (%) | 34 (12.9) | 41 (15.5) | 53 (20.4) | 59 (22.4) | 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 3.9 | 24.7 ± 4.2 | 25.3 ± 3.8 | 26.0 ± 3.1 | 0.014 |
WC (cm) | 87.4 ± 5.9 | 88.1 ± 6.7 | 88.9 ± 6.5 | 90.6 ± 7.1 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 122.6 ± 12.1 | 125.1 ± 12.2 | 125.6 ± 11.6 | 127.7 ± 12.2 | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.4 ± 9.3 | 75.6 ± 10.2 | 76.9 ± 10.0 | 78.3 ± 9.5 | <0.001 |
AST (IU/L) | 22.3 ± 7.3 | 23.5 ± 8.1 | 25.2 ± 6.9 | 26.4 ± 7.9 | 0.004 |
ALT (IU/L) | 22.4 ± 8.2 | 25.5 ± 7.5 | 27.1 ± 9.0 | 27.3 ± 8.3 | 0.010 |
GGT(IU/L) | 31.6 ± 9.3 | 36.3 ± 8.6 | 43.5 ± 10.1 | 45.2 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188.7 ± 33.8 | 191.3 ± 31.7 | 187.6 ± 34.8 | 190.4 ± 35.9 | 0.901 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 106 ± 21.9 | 116 ± 23.1 | 130 ± 19.4 | 128 ± 21.3 | <0.001 |
HDL-C(mg/dL) | 51.5 ± 11.4 | 49.8 ± 10.4 | 48.6 ± 11.5 | 49.5 ± 11.0 | 0.017 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 121.3 ± 32.3 | 123.4 ± 29.1 | 119.1 ± 33.1 | 119.3 ± 33.6 | 0.214 |
Fasting glucose (md/dL) | 90.2 ± 21.8 | 93.8 ± 20.9 | 96.2 ± 22.1 | 97.5 ± 18.6 | <0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.8 ± 1.0 | 5.9 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 0.002 |
Diabetes (%) | 18 (6.9) | 25 (9.5) | 43 (16.4%) | 55 (21.3%) | <0.001 |
Variable
|
LMCA fat
| |
---|---|---|
r*
|
p value†
| |
Age | −0.005 | 0.892 |
BMI | 0.169 | 0.004 |
WC | 0.172 | <0.001 |
SBP | 0.064 | 0.145 |
DBP | 0.030 | 0.413 |
AST | 0.008 | 0.856 |
ALT | 0.011 | 0.794 |
GGT | 0.023 | 0.453 |
Total cholesterol | −0.009 | 0.723 |
Triglyceride | 0.029 | 0.713 |
HDL-C | −0.024 | 0.647 |
LDL-C | −0.009 | 0.759 |
Fasting glucose | 0.106 | 0.037 |
HbA1c | 0.176 | <0.001 |
Odds ratio ( 95% Confidence Interval)
| ||
---|---|---|
Unadjusted
|
Multivariate-adjusted model†
| |
LMCA | ||
Quartile 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
Quartile 2 | 1.43 (0.76-2.69) | 1.63 (0.57-4.65) |
Quartile 3 | 2.66 (1.49-4.75) | 1.51 (0.52-4.39) |
Quartile 4 | 3.69 (2.10-6.47) | 3.26 (1.17-9.12) |
P for linear trend | <0.001 | 0.022 |
Age | 1.05 (1.02-1.09) | |
BMI | 1.08 (0.96-1.22) | |
WC | 1.07 (1.01-1.08) | |
Triglyceride | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | |
Systolic BP | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | |
GGT | 1.00 (1.00-1.01) | |
ALT | 1.00 (0.99-1.01) | |
Smoking status | 1.93 (0.82-4.54) | |
Alcohol intake | 1.37 (0.52-3.62) |