Background
Methods
Study population
Study protocol
Conventional echocardiography
2D speckle tracking strain analysis
Cardiovascular event
Statistical analysis
Results
Clinical data and predictors of cardiovascular events
Variable | Total (n = 247) | B | HR (95 % CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic data | ||||
Age, years | 59.8 ± 9.5 | 0.07 | 1.08 (1.03–1.13) | <0.01
|
Female, n (%) | 120 (48.6) | 0.77 | 2.15 (0.80–5.76) | 0.13 |
Body mass index, kg/m2
| 26.2 ± 4.8 | −0.08 | 0.93 (0.82–1.04) | 0.20 |
SBP (mmHg) | 136.3 ± 18.7 | −0.001 | 1.00 (0.97–1.03) | 0.93 |
DBP (mmHg) | 79.1 ± 8.8 | −0.03 | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 0.33 |
Medical history | ||||
Diabetes durations, years | 13.5 ± 8.2 | 0.03 | 1.03 (0.99–1.08) | 0.15 |
Hypertension, n (%) | 186 (75.3) | 1.06 | 2.90 (0.67–12.6) | 0.16 |
Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 130 (52.6) | 1.09 | 2.96 (1.05–8.37) |
0.04
|
Smoking, n (%) | 55 (22.3) | 0.17 | 1.19 (0.39–3.64) | 0.76 |
Medication | ||||
ACEI/ARB, n (%) | 134 (54.3) | 0.39 | 1.48 (0.58–3.78) | 0.42 |
Calcium channel blocker, n (%) | 105 (42.5) | 0.57 | 1.76 (0.69–4.47) | 0.23 |
B-blocker, n (%) | 55 (22.3) | 0.10 | 1.11 (0.36–3.37) | 0.86 |
Biguanides, n (%) | 210 (85.0) | −0.23 | 0.80 (0.28–2.30) | 0.67 |
Insulin (%) | 110 (44.5) | 1.09 | 2.96 (1.12–7.82) |
0.03
|
Blood chemistry | ||||
FBG (mmol/L) | 8.0 ± 2.5 | −0.26 | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | 0.06 |
HbA1c (%) | 7.8 ± 1.4 | −0.30 | 0.74 (0.49–1.13) | 0.16 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.4 ± 1.0 | −0.24 | 0.79 (0.43–1.45) | 0.44 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.8 | −0.16 | 0.86 (0.50–1.48) | 0.58 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 0.81 | 2.25 (0.79–6.37) | 0.13 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 2.5 ± 0.7 | −0.49 | 0.61 (0.29–1.30) | 0.20 |
Creatinine (mmol/L) | 80.2 ± 39.2 | 0.01 | 1.01 (1.00–1.01) |
<0.01
|
Echocardiography parameters
Variable | Value (n = 247) | B | HR (95 % CI) | P |
---|---|---|---|---|
IVSd (cm) | 1.13 ± 0.19 | |||
Univariate analysis | 2.01 | 7.43 (0.66–83.7) | 0.10 | |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| 1.43 | 4.17 (0.31–56.8) | 0.28 | |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | 1.87 | 6.50 (0.47–89.5) | 0.16 | |
RWT, ratio | 0.50 ± 0.09 | |||
Univariate analysis | −0.47 | 0.63 (0.002–171.5) | 0.87 | |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| −1.25 | 0.29 (0.001–89.3) | 0.67 | |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | 0.87 | 2.39 (0.01–783.1) | 0.77 | |
LVMI (g/m2)
| 100.7 ± 24.7 | |||
Univariate analysis | 0.02 | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.07 | |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| 0.01 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.29 | |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | 0.01 | 1.01 (0.99–1.04) | 0.27 | |
LVEF (%) | 63.2 ± 4.5 | |||
Univariate analysis | −0.08 | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 0.13 | |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| −0.07 | 0.94 (0.85–1.04) | 0.19 | |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | −0.08 | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 0.11 | |
E/A ratio | 0.94 ± 0.31 | |||
Univariate analysis | −2.51 | 0.08 (0.01–0.98) | 0.05 | |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| −1.05 | 0.35 (0.02–6.09) | 0.47 | |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | −1.62 | 0.20 (0.01–4.04) | 0.29 | |
E/E′ ratio | 10.4 ± 4.5 | |||
Univariate analysis | 0.15 | 1.16 (1.10–1.22) |
<0.01
| |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| 0.14 | 1.16 (1.09–1.23) |
<0.01
| |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | 0.14 | 1.15 (1.08–1.22) |
<0.01
| |
GLS (%) | −18.1 ± 2.4 | |||
Univariate analysis | 0.27 | 1.31 (1.10–1.56) |
<0.01
| |
Adjusted clinical dataa
| 0.29 | 1.35 (1.10–1.65) |
<0.01
| |
Adjusted clinical data + HbA1c | 0.33 | 1.39 (1.14–1.70) |
<0.01
|