Background
Methods
Study sites
Insecticide susceptibility assays
Mosquito identification
Intron sequence determination
Data analysis
Results
Evolution of Anopheles gambiae s.l. susceptibility to permethrin and deltamethrin in different sites across Cameroon
Annual evolution of Anopheles gambiae susceptibility to pyrethroids in Yaoundé and Douala between 2010 and 2013
Insecticide
|
City
|
Site
|
2010
|
2013
|
Odds ratio (2010
vs
2013)
|
P value
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(2010
vs
2013)
| ||||||
% mortality
|
% mortality
| |||||
(95%
CI)
|
(95%
CI)
| |||||
Permethrin | Douala | Unpolluted | 80.3% (73–88.2) | 32.5% (28–37.5) | 8.47 | <0.00001 |
Yaoundé | Unpolluted | 75.6% (66.7-85.3) | 36.8% (48.8-61.1) | 5.31 | <0.00001 | |
Yaoundé | Cultivated | 56.7% (43.2-73.2) | 22.3% (14.2-33.5) | 4.56 | <0.00001 | |
Deltamethrin | Douala | Unpolluted | 94.4% (87.5-100) | 60% (54.1-66.4) | 11.35 | <0.00001 |
Yaoundé | Unpolluted | 93.1% (82.8-100) | 61.9% (55.1-69.4) | 8.26 | <0.00001 | |
yaoundé | Cultivated | 85% (71.6-100) | 59.7% (48.2-73.3) | 3.83 | <0.00001 |
Evolution of kdr alleles prevalence in mosquito populations
Species identification
Genotyping of intron-1 of voltage sodium channel in mosquito populations emerging from different type of breeding habitats
Mutations positions
|
Unpolluted
|
Polluted
|
Cultivated
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
702
|
703
|
896
|
Others
|
Haplotypes
|
An. coluzzii
|
An. coluzzii
|
%
|
An. coluzzii
|
An. gambiae
| |||
2 N = 30
|
%
|
2 N = 18
|
%
|
2 N = 22
|
%
|
2 N = 16
|
%
| |||||
T | C | C | - | MS1 | 16 | 53.3% | 8 | 44.4% | 4 | 18.2% | 16 | 100% |
T | C | A | - | M14 | - | - | 2 | 11.1% | 2 | 9.09% | - | - |
C | C | C | - | MS3 | 6 | 20% | 6 | 33.3% | 12 | 54.5% | - | - |
C | C | C | 169C | M15 | 4 | 13.3% | - | - | - | - | - | - |
C | C | C | 394G | M16 | 4 | 13.3% | 2 | 11.1% | 4 | 18.2% | - | - |
Kdr alleles- Intron-1 haplotypes | ||||||||||||
MS1-L1014L | 6 | 40% | 3 | 33.3% | - | - | 1 | 12.5% | ||||
MS1-L1014F | 2 | 13.3% | 1 | 11.1% | 2 | 18.2% | 6 | 75% | ||||
MS1-L1014S | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1 | 12.5% | ||||
MS3-L1014L | 3 | 20% | 3 | 33.3% | 6 | 54.5% | - | - | ||||
M14-L1014L | - | - | 1 | 11.1% | 1 | 9.1% | - | - | ||||
M15-L1014L | 1 | 6.67% | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
M15-L1014F | 1 | 6.67% | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
M16-L1014L | 2 | 13.3% | 1 | 11.1% | 2 | 18.2% | - | - | ||||
Estimates of genetic variability | ||||||||||||
h | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | ||||||||
Hd ± SD | 0.82 ± 0.034 | 0.76 ± 0.05 | 0.59 ± 0.085 | 0.43 ± 0.14 | ||||||||
k | 1.42 | 1.098 | 1.048 | 0.633 | ||||||||
n | 4 | 3 | 3 | 2 | ||||||||
D | 1.045 | 0.718 | 0.706 | 0.13 | ||||||||
Fs | −0.614 | 0.089 | 1.43 | 0.062 |