Background
Private for-profit health facilities | Pharmacies and drug stores | |
---|---|---|
West and Central Africa | ||
Benin | Only accredited private health facilities are permitted to administer testing | |
DRC | Permitted to administer RDT | Pharmacies with a licensed pharmacist are permitted to administer RDT. Other drug stores are not allowed to administer RDT |
Nigeria | Permitted to administer RDT | Drug stores, or Patient Propriety Medicines Vendors (PPMV) as they are called in Nigeria, were granted approval to administer RDT in 2015 at national level. Approval at sub-national level varies across states. Pharmacies are allowed to administer RDT within approved project pilots as of 2014 |
East Africa | ||
Kenya | Permitted to administer RDT | Not permitted to administer RDT. Pharmacies are allowed to administer RDT within approved project pilots as of 2014 |
Tanzania | Permitted to administer RDT | Accredited drug dispensing outlets (ADDOs) are allowed to administer RDT within approved project pilots. Policy granting permission to administer RDT for ADDOs is under review |
Uganda | Permitted to administer RDT | Drug stores and pharmacies are allowed to administer RDT within approved project pilots. Policy granting permission to administer RDT is under review |
Southern Africa | ||
Madagascar | Permitted to administer RDT | Pharmacies and drug stores permitted to administer RDT nationwide since 2014 |
Zambia | Permitted to administer RDT | Not permitted to administer RDT |
Methods
Design and sampling
Training and fieldwork
Measures
Protection of human subjects
Data analysis
Results
Country | Year | Screened (N of outlets) | Anti-malarial stockista (N of outlets) | RDT products auditedb (N of products) |
---|---|---|---|---|
West and Central Africa | ||||
Benin | 2011 | 2891 | 1413 | 96 |
2014 | 4332 | 1939 | 239 | |
Kinshasa (DRC) | 2009 | 2368 | 777 | n/a |
2013 | 3364 | 977 | 79 | |
2015 | 1168 | 1078 | 267 | |
Katanga (DRC) | 2013 | 2270 | 785 | 140 |
2015 | 1052 | 1027 | 435 | |
Nigeria | 2009 | 5456 | 2160 | n/a |
2011 | 7938 | 1548 | 44 | |
2013 | 5148 | 1784 | 448 | |
2015 | 13,480 | 3568 | 489 | |
East Africa | ||||
Kenya | 2010 | 13,897 | 2554 | 75 |
2011 | 11,383 | 2084 | 144 | |
2014 | 12,676 | 2405 | 654 | |
Tanzania | 2010 | 3120 | 650 | 28 |
2011 | 3702 | 798 | 41 | |
2014 | 4724 | 2138 | 504 | |
Uganda | 2010 | 11,153 | 2499 | 180 |
2011 | 16,207 | 3226 | 843 | |
2013 | 7932 | 3472 | 1573 | |
2015 | 9438 | 4598 | 2267 | |
Southern Africa | ||||
Madagascar | 2010 | 6769 | 2593 | n/a |
2011 | 10,046 | 2790 | 722 | |
2013 | 10,149 | 1906 | 1087 | |
2015 | 13,481 | 1203 | 699 | |
Zambia | 2009 | 3378 | 459 | n/a |
2011 | 5436 | 860 | 278 | |
2014 | 5878 | 1021 | 649 |
Malaria blood testing availability
n | % Outlets stocking RDT (95% CI) | % Outlets with microscopy available (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
West and Central Africa | |||
Benin | |||
2011 | 257 | 30.5 (21.3, 41.7) | 8.8 (5.0, 15.1) |
2014 | 263 | 75.4 (64.6, 83.8)*** | 17.8 (11.4, 26.8)* |
Kinshasa (DRC) | |||
2009 | 27 | 2.9 (0.5, 14.2) | 86.2 (66.1, 95.3) |
2013 | 89 | 23.5 (13.3, 38.1) | 89.3 (81.0, 94.3) |
2015 | 277 | 50.4 (39.9, 61.0)*** | 91.2 (84.5, 95.1) |
Katanga (DRC) | |||
2013 | 97 | 47.8 (34.0, 61.9) | 47.6 (36.3, 59.1) |
2015 | 284 | 84.7 (77.2, 90.0)*** | 30.8 (24.2, 38,2)* |
Nigeria | |||
2009 | 249 | 8.6 (1.8, 32.9) | 28.5 (10.7, 56.9) |
2011 | 109 | 14.9 (7.5, 27.7) | 24.7 (14.8, 38.4) |
2013 | 711 | 43.0 (29.6, 57.6) | 12.6 (5.8, 25.4) |
2015 | 210 | 83.4 (72.7, 91.0)*** | 27.8 (15.9, 44.2)*** |
East Africa | |||
Kenya | |||
2010 | 443 | 8.7 (4.6, 16.0) | 49.8 (43.2, 56.4) |
2011 | 474 | 18.5 (9.7, 32.4) | 44.6 (36.1, 53.5) |
2014 | 528 | 62.6 (55.6, 69.0)*** | 66.4 (62.2, 70.4)*** |
Tanzania | |||
2010 | 87 | 20.8 (10.1, 38.0) | 28.1 (20.0, 38.0) |
2011 | 64 | 38.6 (23.5, 56.3) | 25.0 (15.4, 37.8) |
2014 | 336 | 76.2 (69.4, 81.9)*** | 32.3 (26.2, 39.0) |
Uganda | |||
2010 | 811 | 4.0 (1.7, 9.2) | 36.2 (28.8, 44.3) |
2011 | 718 | 51.2 (44.7, 57.6) | 47.8 (41.5, 54.2) |
2013 | 728 | 79.5 (71.8, 85.5) | 41.4 (36.1, 47.0) |
2015 | 334 | 83.6 (75.4, 89.5)*** | 59.0 (51.1, 66.6)*** |
Southern Africa | |||
Madagascar | |||
2010 | 524 | 87.4 (81.3, 91.6) | 3.7 (2.1, 6.3) |
2011 | 669 | 89.7 (84.9, 93.1) | 5.7 (4.6, 7.2) |
2013 | 620 | 87.4 (82.7, 91.0) | 14.7 (7.7, 26.2) |
2015 | 273 | 72.0 (62.0, 80.3)** | 3.6 (2.3, 5.5) |
Zambia | |||
2009 | 178 | 85.7 (70.4, 93.8) | 40.6 (30.5, 51.6) |
2011 | 294 | 68.4 (55.4, 79.0) | 35.8 (24.9, 48.5) |
2014 | 498 | 89.4 (83.8, 93.2) | 22.8 (14.3, 34.3)* |
Private for-profit health facilitiesa
| Pharmacies and drug stores | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % Outlets stocking RDT (95% CI) | % Outlets with microscopy (95% CI) | N | % Outlets stocking RDT (95% CI) | % Outlets with microscopy (95% CI) | |
West and Central Africa | ||||||
Benin | ||||||
2011 | 134 | 11.2 (2.4, 38.9) | 22.5 (14.4, 33.4) | 221 | 2.2 (9.8, 5.1) | 0.0 |
2014 | 139 | 11.6 (5.2, 23.8) | 10.5 (4.0, 24.6) | 192 | 0.1 (< 0.1, 0.4)*** | 0.1 (< 0.1, 0.4) |
Kinshasa (DRC) | ||||||
2009 | 71 | 5.1 (1.9, 13.0) | 81.5 (72.0, 88.2) | 661 | 0.1 (0.0, 1.0) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) |
2013 | 200 | 18.3 (13.2, 25.0) | 89.3 (84.2, 92.8) | 693 | 0.4 (0.1, 2.3) | 0.0 |
2015 | 176 | 31.1 (21.8, 42.2) | 88.7 (83.2 92.5) | 612 | 1.3 (0.5, 3.2) | 0.1 (< 0.1, 1.9) |
Katanga (DRC) | ||||||
2013 | 134 | 45.4 (33.4, 58.0) | 49.2 (35.2, 63.3) | 529 | 5.4 (3.7, 7.7) | 2.2 (1.0, 4.8) |
2015 | 141 | 45.9 (36.5, 55.5) | 23.3 (15.6, 33,4)** | 565 | 9.4 (5.9, 14.6) | 0.8 (0.4, 1.8) |
Nigeria | ||||||
2009 | 367 | 11.0 (2.7, 36.0) | 36.1 (29.4, 43.4) | 1360 | 0.5 (0.1, 1.9) | 0.6 (0.2, 1.8) |
2011 | 93 | 8.6 (3.3, 20.6) | 33.2 (19.5, 50.4) | 1206 | 0.9 (0.3, 2.6) | 0.2 (< 0.1, 0.9) |
2013 | 78 | 46.9 (30.3, 64.2) | 24.0 (12.0, 42.2) | 885 | 6.9 (4.3, 11.0) | 0.2 (0.1, 1.1) |
2015 | 240 | 42.4 (29.3, 56.7)* | 41.9 (18.3, 70.0) | 2956 | 7.0 (5.2, 9.4) *** | <0.1 (< 0.1, 0.3)* |
East Africa | ||||||
Kenya | ||||||
2010 | 269 | 6.7 (3.2, 13.6) | 48.5 (37.7, 59.4) | 655 | 2.2 (0.8, 6.0) | 8.8 (5.8, 13.0) |
2011 | 280 | 6.7 (3.7, 11.8) | 40.2 (30.4, 50.8) | 744 | 3.1 (1.8, 5.2) | 7.6 (5.1, 11.2) |
2014 | 375 | 29.3 (25.7, 33.0)*** | 61.1 (56.7, 65.4)* | 1045 | 12.8 (11.0, 14.9)** | 6.1 (4.8, 7.8) |
Tanzania | ||||||
2010 | 10 | 8.8 (1.0, 49.1) | 58.0 (27.0, 83.8) | 455 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.5) | <0.1 (< 0.1, 0.2) |
2011 | 25 | 3.4 (0.6, 17.8) | 61.4 (31.6, 84.6) | 673 | 1.0 (0.3, 3.3) | 1.4 (0.7, 3.1) |
2014 | 172 | 47.7 (40.1, 55.5) | 83.1 (75.6, 88.6) | 1599 | 5.7 (3.9, 8.1)*** | 0.7 (0.3, 1.8)** |
Uganda | ||||||
2010 | 394 | 9.7 (6.6, 14.0) | 41.3 (36.3, 46.6) | 1220 | 2.2 (1.2, 3.8) | 2.6 (1.2, 4.8) |
2011 | 811 | 20.3 (15.7, 25.8) | 43.5 (39.2, 47.8) | 1544 | 5.1 (3.6, 7.2) | 2.5 (1.4, 4.6) |
2013 | 394 | 31.4 (25.9, 37.4) | 46.6 (37.6, 55.8) | 1512 | 11.2 (8.4, 14.8) | 2.4 (1.4, 4.1) |
2015 | 966 | 47.7 (41.7, 53.8)*** | 41.1 (34.3, 48.1) | 2381 | 20.7 (17.8, 23.9)*** | 1.1 (0.6, 2.3) |
Southern Africa | ||||||
Madagascar | ||||||
2010 | 71 | 12.5 (6.5, 22.9) | 4.3 (2.1, 8.5) | 324 | 0.4 (0.1, 1.1) | 0.1 (< 0.1, 0.3) |
2011 | 47 | 7.7 (3.5, 15.9) | 3.6 (1.5, 8.4) | 461 | 2.4 (1.2, 4.6) | 0.0 |
2013 | 94 | 45.9 (32.9, 59.5) | 9.7 (4.4, 20.4) | 529 | 1.7 (1.0, 3.0) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.0) |
2015 | 182 | 43.8 (28.0, 60.9)** | 3.1 (1.6, 5.7) | 271 | 12.4 (6.5, 22.3)*** | 0.0 |
Zambia | ||||||
2009 | 33 | 78.3 (58.0, 90.5) | 74.4 (57.8, 86.1) | 189 | 4.2 (0.9, 17.1) | 3.1 (0.4, 20.2) |
2011 | 49 | 43.8 (23.6, 66.2) | 86.9 (73.1, 94.2) | 362 | 12.7 (4.3, 32.2) | 0.1 (< 0.1, 0.6) |
2014 | 22 | 68.1 (45.6, 84.4) | 72.2 (42.0, 90.3) | 354 | 14.3 (6.5, 28.7) | 0.4 (0.1, 0.9) |