Introduction
Material & methods
Definition of sugars
Survey selection
Country | Year of survey | Adults | Children-adolescents | Dietary data collection method | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sugar type | Age range | Sample size | Sugar type | Age range | Sample size | |||||
Female | Male | Female | Male | |||||||
Belgium [23] | 2004 | Total | 19 to 59 | 641 | 675 | Total | 15 to 18 | 608 | 780 | 24 h recall + FFQ |
Denmark [24] | 2011–2013 | Added | 18 to 75 | 1552 | 1464 | Added | 10 to 17 | 258 | 251 | 7-day record |
France (re-analyzed from [25]) | 2007 | Total & added | 18 to79 | 994 | 902 | Total & added | 3 to 17 | 700 | 745 | 7-day record |
Hungary [26] | 2009 | Added | 18 to 100 | 1717 | Not available | 3-day record | ||||
1997–1999 | Total & added | 18 to 64 | 1379 | Total & added | 13 to 17 | 441 | 7-day record | |||
2005–2006 | Total | 18 to 65 | 1245 | 1068 | Total | 10 to 18 | 139 | 108 | 3-day record | |
Norway [31] | 2010–2011 | Added | 18 to 70 | 925 | 862 | Not available | 2 24-h recalls | |||
The Netherlands (re-analyzed from [30]) | 2007–2010 | Total & added | 19 to 69 | 1050 | 1054 | Total & added | 7 to 18 | 857 | 856 | 2 24-h recalls |
2013 | Total | 18 to 64 | 857 | 798 | Total | 13 to 17 | 74 | 137 | 3-day record | |
United Kingdom [34] | 2008–2012 | Total & NMES | 19 to 65 | 1571 | 1126 | Total & NMES | 4 to 18 | 1365 | 1409 | 4-day record |
Survey designs
Dietary assessment
Country | Fruits & vegetable | Dairy products | Sweet products | Beverages |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pit fruits, fruits unclassified, vegetables | Milk; yoghurts; cream desserts/pudding (milk-based) | Cakes/pies/pastries/puddings; dry cakes/biscuits; sugar/honey/jam; chocolate(products) | Carbonated/soft/isotonic drinks; fruit & vegetable juices; alcoholic drinks | |
France [25] | Fruits, cooked fruits and fruit sauces; vegetables (except potatoes) | Milk; fresh dairy products (yoghurt and fresh cheese); cheese; dairy desserts/cream desserts/gelled milks | Viennoiseries (croissants, etc.); sweet and savory biscuits and bars; cakes & pastries; ice creams & frozen desserts; sugars and candies; chocolate | Fruit & vegetable juices; fruit nectars; soft drinks; coffee; other hot beverages; alcoholic drinks |
Italy [29] | Fruits, fresh and processed; vegetables, fresh and processed; spices and herbs | Milk/milk-based beverages; yoghurts/fermented milks; cheese; milk-based desserts & substitutes | Biscuits; savory fine bakery products; cakes & sweet snacks; ice cream/ice lollies and substitutes; chocolate & substitutes; candies, jam & other sweet products; cocoa & cocoa-based powder | Coffee, tea, herbal tea and substitutes; fruit & vegetable juices; other soft drinks: alcoholic beverages & substitutes |
Norway [31] | Vegetables, fruits, berries, jams, preserved fruits; nuts, olives, seeds | Milk (all kinds), yoghurt, cheese | Sugars and sweets; cakes | Pure fruit juices; soft drinks and fruit drinks; beer, wine; liquor |
Spain [33] | Fruits; vegetables | Milks, cheeses, yoghurt & fermented milks; other dairy products | Bakery & pastries; sugar; chocolates; jams & others; other sweets | Coffee & infusions; sugary soft drinks; non-sweetened soft drinks; sports drinks; energy drinks; juices & nectars; other drinks; alcoholic beverages |
The Netherlands [21] | Fruits, nuts& olives/vegetables | Milk; dairy beverages; yoghurt; cottage cheese; coffee creamer | Sugar/honey/jams; confectionery; chocolate; syrups; ice creams; cake & cookies | Fruit & vegetable juices; soft drinks; coffee/tea; alcoholic beverages |
United Kingdom [34] | Fruits; nuts and seeds; vegetables& potatoes | Milk and milk products (excluding ice cream) | Sugar/preserves& confectionery (including chocolate); ice creams; biscuits; buns/cakes/pastries & fruit pies | Fruit juices; soft drinks; tea/coffee; alcoholic beverages; dry weight beverages |
Assessment of added sugars and NMES
Statistical analysis
Results
Intake in total sugars
Country & year of survey | Adults | Children | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total sugar intake (g/day)-mean ± SD | Total sugar contribution to daily energy intake (%)- mean ± SD# | Total sugar intake (g/day)-mean ± SD | Total sugar contribution to daily energy intake (%)- mean ± SD# | |||||||||
Female | Male | Both | Female | Male | Both | Girls | Boys | Both | Girls | Boys | Both | |
Belgium, 2004. ([23]) | 97.1* | 132.5* | 115.3* | 20.9 ± 6.2 | 19.1 ± 5.4 | 19.9 ± 5.8 | 121.5* | 180.1* | 150.3* | 23.9 ± 5.7 | 25 ± 7.3 | 24.5 ± 6.6 |
France, 2007 (retreated from [25]) | 84.8 ± 31.2 | 97.9 ± 46.1 | 91.1 ± 38.5 | 17.6.0 ± 4.9 | 15.0 ± 5.6 | 16.41 ± 5.4 | 87.2 ± 29.2 | 99.7 ± 34.9 | 93.6 ± 32.6 | 20.8 ± 4.7 | 20.6 ± 5.0 | 20.7 ± 4.8 |
Not available | 108.3 ± 44.8 | Not available | 16.8 ± 4.8 | Not available | 108.5 ± 43.0 | Not available | 20.4 ± 5.0 | |||||
Italy, 2005–06. [22] | 79.5 ± 33.4 | 86.0 ± 37.7 | 82.5** | 15.4 ± 5.1 | 13.5 ± 4.7 | 14.5** | 88.4 ± 35.6 | 107.6 ± 53.7 | 96.8** | 15.8 ± 5.2 | 15.4 ± 4.7 | 15.6** |
The Netherlands, 2007–10 (retreated from [30]) | 108.3 ± 47.4 | 125.5 ± 60.5 | 116.9 ± 55.4 | 21.3 ± 6.8 | 19.7 ± 7.3 | 20.5 ± 7.1 | 133.9 ± 23.5 | 151.9 ± 28.3 | 143.1 ± 26.5 | 25.9 ± 3.5 | 25.8 ± 3.6 | 25.8 ± 3.5 |
72.4* | 78.6* | 75.8* | 17.3 | 16 | 16.7 | 87.5* | 89.7* | 89.3* | 19.2 | 16.9 | 17.7 | |
United Kingdom, 2008–12 [34] | 84.6 ± 39.4 | 105.6 ± 48.3 | 93.4** | 20.5 ± 6.8 | 19.8 ± 6.6 | 20.2** | 92.3 ± 34.6 | 108.8 ± 42.4 | 100.7** | 22.6 ± 6.3 | 22.7 ± 6.2 | 22.7** |
Intake in added sugars or NMES
Country | Adults | Children | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Added or NME sugar intake (g/day)-mean ± SD | Added sugar contribution to daily energy intake (%)-mean ± SD | Added or NME sugar intake (g/day)-mean ± SD | Added sugar contribution to daily energy intake (%)-mean ± SD | |||||||||
Adults | Female | Male | Both | Female | Male | Both | Girls | Boys | Both | Girls | Boys | Both |
Denmark [24] | 43.0 ± 30.2 | 56.0 ± 44.6 | 49.0 ± 38.4 | 8 ± 5.0 | 8 ± 5.4 | 8 ± 5.2 | 53 ± 34.4 | 67 ± 34.3 | 60 ± 35.1 | 11.0 ± 5.0 | 11.0 ± 5.0 | 11.0 ± 5.0 |
France, (retreated from [25]) | 41.6 ± 25.6 | 49.6 ± 38.5 | 45.4 ± 31.7 | 8.5 ± 4.5 | 7.5 ± 5.1 | 8.0 ± 4.8 | 50.3 ± 21.8 | 62.6 ± 29.3 | 57.1 ± 26.2 | 12.2 ± 4.12 | 12.9 ± 4.7 | 12.5 ± 4.4 |
Hungary [26] | 44.0 ± 26.2 | 50.2 ± 35.3 | 46.1 ± 30.7 | 8.2 ± 4.3 | 7.0 ± 4.4 | 7.6 ± 4.4 | Not available | |||||
Not available | 61,9 ± 3 7,7 | Not available | 9,4 ± 4,3 | Not available | 65,7 ± 31,6 | Not available | 12,4 ± 4,9 | |||||
Norway [31] | 36 ± 30 | 48 ± 43 | 42 ± 38 | 7,4 ± 5,2 | 7,2 ± 5,7 | 7,3 ± 5,4 | Not available | |||||
The Netherlands (retreated from [30]) | 68.2 ± 44.3 | 83. 9 ± 55.9 | 76 ± 51.3 | 11.1 ± 6.4 | 11.3 ± 6.4 | 11.2 ± 6.6 | 98.2 ± 21.3 | 113.7 ± 26.8 | 106 ± 24.7 | 17.1 ± 3.5 | 16.5 ± 3.3 | 16.8 ± 3.4 |
United Kingdom [34] | 41.6 ± 35.0 | 62.2 ± 41.8 | 50.2* | 11.1 ± 6.3 | 11.9 ± 6.0 | 11.4* | 61.5 ± 30.4 | 74.6 ± 38.6 | 68.1* | 14.8 ± 5.8 | 15.4 ± 6.1 | 15.1* |
Educational level
Country | Age range | Education level (n) | Sugar intake (g/day) - mean ± SE | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total sugars | Added sugars | |||
The Netherlands [30] | 12 to 18 years | Low (228) | 144.8 ± 2.4 | 99.2 ± 2.3 |
Intermediate (681) | 144.3 ± 1.3 | 93.7 ± 1.2 | ||
High (72) | 135.5 ± 4.4 | 84.5 ± 4.2 | ||
P-trend | 0.08 | 0.004 | ||
19 to 69 years | Low (329) | 117.8 ± 1.9 | 70.3 ± 1.8 | |
Intermediate (1312) | 118.0 ± 0.9 | 68.0 ± 0.9 | ||
High (463) | 118.3 ± 1.5 | 62.0 ± 1.4 | ||
P-trend | 0.83 | 0.0002 | ||
France [25] | 3 to 17 years | Low (194) | 98.2 ± 2.5 | 62.8 ± 2.8 |
Intermediate (778) | 92.1 ± 1.0 | 56.7 ± 0.8 | ||
High (438) | 93.9 ± 1.0 | 54.6 ± 1.0 | ||
P-trend | 0.1924 | 0.0830 | ||
18 to 79 years | Low (338) | 86.4 ± 2.4 | 45.5 ± 2.1 | |
Intermediate (978) | 88.6 ± 1.0 | 43.9 ± 0.8 | ||
High (546) | 90.2 ± 1.4 | 42.4 ± 1.2 | ||
P-trend | 0.4087 | 0.3146 |
Contributors to intake of total sugars
Country | Adults | Children | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
France (adapted from [25]) | The Netherlands (adapted from [30]) | France (adapted from [25]) | The Netherlands (adapted from [30]) | |||||||||||||
Age | >15 | 18 to 74 | 18–65 | 18–64 | 19 to 69 | 3 to 17 | 10 to 18 | 13 to 17 | 7 to 18 | |||||||
Gender | Both | Women | Men | Women | Men | Both | Women | Men | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Both | Girls | Boys | |
Dairy | Total dairy | 14* | 17 | 14 | 12 | 8 | 23 | 19 | 17 | 21 | 23 | 12 | 11 | 24 | 18 | 17 |
Milk, dairy beverages
| 4 | 5 | 4 | 7 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 13 | 10 | 8 | |
Dairy desserts
| 3 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 2 | 3 | |
Yoghurt
| 4 | 8 | 6 | 3 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 6 | |
Cheese
| NA | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Sweet products | Total sweet | 27 | 32 | 32 | 35 | 38 | 21 | 32 | 34 | 32 | 31 | 36 | 38 | 24 | 35 | 32 |
Cake & cookies
| 11 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 12 | 10 | 15 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 9 | |
Syrups, sugar, honey, jam
| 10 | 15 | 17 | 21 | 23 | 10 | 10 | 13 | 7 | 7 | 12 | 13 | 4 | 9 | 9 | |
Confectionary
| 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 5 | |||||
Chocolate
| 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 11 | 8 | 7 | ||
Ice cream
| NA | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | NA | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 5 | NA | 3 | 2 | |
Beverages | Total Bev. | 30 | 15 | 19 | 8 | 11 | 23 | 23 | 27 | 21 | 22 | 16 | 20 | 29 | 30 | 33 |
F&V juices
| 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 12 | 9 | 8 | |
Soft drinks
| 19 | 5 | 7 | 3 | 4 | 11 | 11 | 16 | 9 | 11 | 5 | 8 | 17 | 21 | 25 | |
Hot beverages
| NA | 2 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Alcoholic bev
| 5 | 2 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Fruits & vegetables | 18 | 25 | 22 | 34 | 31 | 24 | 16 | 11 | 14 | 12 | 25 | 19 | 12 | 9 | 7 | |
Others | 11 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 12 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 10 | 11 |
Contributors to intake in added sugars and NMES
Adults | Children | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Country | The Netherlands (adapted from [30]) | France (adapted from [25]) | UK [34] | The Netherlands (adapted from [30]) | France (adapted from [25]) | UK [34] | |||||||
Type of sugars | Added | Added | NMES | Added | Added | NMES | |||||||
Age | 19 to 69 | 18 to 79 | 19 to 64 | 7 to 18 | 3 to 17 | 4 to 18 | |||||||
Gender | Women | Men | Women | Men | Women | Men | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | Girls | Boys | |
Food group |
Category
| ||||||||||||
Dairy | Total dairy | 12 | 11 | 16 | 14 | 5 | 4 | 12 | 12 | 16 | 18 | 6 | 6 |
Milk & dairy beverages
| 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | |
Dairy desserts
| 4 | 4 | 8 | 8 | 4 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 8 | 9 | 4 | 4 | |
Yoghurt
| 4 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 8 | 9 | |||||
Cheese
| 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | NA | NA | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Sweet products | Total sweet products | 53 | 47 | 60 | 61 | 44 | 42 | 49 | 45 | 50 | 46 | 44 | 40 |
Cake & cookies
| 16 | 12 | 23 | 20 | 17 | 13 | 12 | 10 | 24 | 22 | 18 | 16 | |
Sugar, honey, jam, syrup
| 17 | 18 | 27 | 32 | 16 | 19 | 12 | 13 | 11 | 11 | 8 | 8 | |
Confectionary
| 6 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 6 | |||||
Chocolate
| 10 | 9 | 5 | 5 | 7 | 7 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 8 | 7 | |
Ice cream
| 4 | 3 | 5 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 3 | |
Beverages | Total beverage | 24 | 31 | 12 | 16 | 29 | 39 | 31 | 34 | 20 | 21 | 35 | 37 |
F&V juices
| 3 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 12 | |
Soft drinks
| 18 | 26 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 16 | 26 | 30 | 13 | 15 | 22 | 24 | |
Coffee, tea
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 6 | 1 | 0 | |
Alcoholic beverages
| 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Fruits & vegetables | 1 | 1 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 3 | |
Others | 10 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 18 | 10 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 13 | 14 |