Background
Biological functions of lncRNAs
LncRNAs in the invasion-metastasis cascade
LncRNAs promote tumor invasion and metastasis
LncRNAs | Source (Tissues and/or cells) | Expression in patients | Related genes | Experimental data | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HOTAIR | Breast cancer, OSCC, GC, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, ESCC, HCC, NSCLC, EOC, PCa, Colon cancer | Increased | PRC2, LSD1, H3K4, H3K27, HOXD10, PRG1, PCDH, WIF-1, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, MMP-9, VEGF, RBM38, EMT-related genes | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, advanced clinical stage, bad prognosis | OG | |
MALAT1 | Glioblastoma, Breast cancer, Lung cancer, ESCC, Pancreatic cancer, Kidney cancer, Bladder cancer, PCa, CRC, GC | Increased | WIF-1, N-Myc, JMJD1A, ATM-CHK2 pathway, p21 and p27, B-MYB, EMT-related genes, TGF-β, AKAP-9, SFPQ, PTBP2, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, miR-9, MEK/extracellular signaling | Increase tumorigenicity, promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, advanced clinical stage, bad prognosis, inhibit cell cycle and apoptosis | OG | |
H19 | GC, Ovarian cancer, Endometrial cancer, Bladder cancer, Epithelial cell | Increased | miR-675, ISM1, CALN1, let-7, HMGA2, c-Myc, Hmga2, Igf2bp3, EZH2, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, HGF/SF | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis | OG | |
BANCR | Malignant melanoma, Lung cancer, Retinoblastoma, CRC | Increased | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, advanced clinical stage | OG | ||
CCAT1 & CCAT2 | HCC, GC, Breast cancer | Increased | let-7, HMGA2, c-Myc, TPM1, BTG2 | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis | OG | |
UCA1 | TSCC, ESCC, CRC, Bladder cancer, Malignant melanoma | Increased | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, inhibit cell cycle and apoptosis, advanced clinical stage, poor prognosis | OG | ||
FOXCUT | BLBC, OSCC, ESCC | Increased | FOXC1 | Promote cell proliferation and colony formation, increase invasion and metastasis, advanced clinical stage | OG | |
AFAP1-AS1; HNF1A-AS1 | EAC | Increased | Increase tumorigenicity | OG | ||
PEG10 | Esophageal cancer cells | Increased | Inhibit apoptosis, increase invasion | OG | [80] | |
SPRY4-IT1; TUG1 | ESCC | Increased | MAPK signaling pathway | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, inhibit apoptosis, advanced clinical stage, poor prognosis | OG | |
SDMGC | GC | Increased | TRIM16 | Promotes invasion and metastasis | OG | [84] |
GAPLINC | GC | Increased | CD44 | Promotes metastasis | OG | [85] |
91H | CRC | Increased | Promotes migration, invasion and distant metastasis, poor prognosis | OG | [86] | |
ZXF1 | Lung adenocarcinoma | Increased | Promotes migration, invasion and metastasis | OG | [87] | |
GHSROS; CARLo-5; AF118081 | NSCLC | Increased | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis | OG | ||
XIST | GSCs | Increased | miR-152 | Promote cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis | OG | [91] |
HIT; linc-ROR | Breast cancer | Increased | TGF-β signaling, EMT-related genes, certain miRNAs | Increase tumorigenicity, promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis | OG | |
Loc554202 | Breast cancer | Increased | LATS2, TNFAIP1 | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, inhibit apoptosis, advanced clinical stage | OG | [94] |
BCAR4 | Breast cancer | Increased | SNIP1, PNUTS, CCL21 | Promotes cell metastasis | OG | [95] |
RCCRT1 | RCC | Increased | Promote invasion and metastasis, advanced clinical stage | OG | [96] | |
linc-UBC1; UCA1a (CUDR) | Bladder cancer | Increased | Promote tumorigenicity and colony formation, promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, advanced clinical stage, bad prognosis | OG | ||
SChLAP1; linc00963; PCGEM1; PCAT18 | PCa | Increased | EGFR signaling, p-AKT, miR-145, caspase 3/7 | Promote tumorigenicity, promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis, inhibit apoptosis | OG | |
EBIC | Cervical cancer | EZH2, E-cadherin | Promote invasion and metastasis | OG | [103] | |
HOST2; TC0101441 | Ovarian cancer | Increased | let-7b | Promote cell proliferation, increase invasion and metastasis | OG | |
ZNF300P1 | Ovarian cancer | Decreased | Promote cell proliferation and colony formation, increase metastasis | OG | [105] |
HOTAIR
MALAT1
H19
Bancr
CCAT1 & CCAT2
UCA1
FOXCUT
Other lncRNAs upregulated in tumor metastasis
Esophageal adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Gastric cancer and colorectal cancer
Lung cancer
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM)
Breast cancer
Urologic neoplasms
Female reproductive system tumors
LncRNAs involved in negative regulation of tumor metastasis
LncRNAs | Source (Tissues and/or cells) | Expression in patients | Related genes | Experimental data | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BANCR | SCLC cell lines | Decreased | p38 MAPK, JNK | Inhibit cell proliferation, decrease invasion and metastasis | TS | [107] |
DRAIC; PCAT29 | PCa | Inhibit tumorigenicity and cell proliferation, decrease invasion and metastasis | TS | |||
TSLC1-AS1; ADAMTS9-AS2; CASC2 | Glioblastoma, Glioma | Decreased | DNMT1, miR-21 | Inhibit cell proliferation, decrease invasion and metastasis, induce cell apoptosis | TS | |
LCE5A-1; KCTD6-3 | HNSCC | Decreased | EMT related genes | Reduce cell proliferation and metastasis, associated with the prognosis | TS | [112] |
GAS5; CADM1-AS1 | RCC, ccRCC | Decreased | CADM1 | Inhibit cell proliferation and cell growth, decrease migration and invasion, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest | TS | |
PTENP1 | HCC | Decreased | PI3K/AKT pathway | Inhibit tumor growth and cell proliferation, cell invasion and migration, induce cell autophagy and apoptosis | TS | [115] |
FENDRR | GC | Decreased | FN1, MMP2, MMP9 | Inhibit cells invasion and migration | TS | [116] |
ENST00000480739; Meg3 | PDAC, PNETs | Decreased | c-Met | Prevent cell proliferation and delay cell cycle, decrease cell migration, invasion and metastasis | TS |