Background
Application of GHQ-12
Mental disorders of civil servants
Existing factor structures of the GHQ-12
Research objectives
Methods
Samples
Instruments
Statistical analysis
Results
Demographics
Demographics | Total sample (n = 1051) | EFA sample (n = 525) | CFA sample (n = 526) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 640 | 61.5 | 309 | 59.3 | 331 | 63.7 |
Female | 401 | 38.5 | 212 | 40.7 | 189 | 36.3 |
Age (years) | ||||||
20–29 | 434 | 41.5 | 227 | 43.5 | 207 | 39.5 |
30–39 | 506 | 48.4 | 250 | 47.9 | 256 | 48.9 |
40–45 | 106 | 10.1 | 45 | 8.6 | 61 | 11.6 |
Education | ||||||
Junior college and bellow | 341 | 32.7 | 173 | 33.3 | 168 | 32.1 |
Undergraduate | 445 | 42.6 | 233 | 44.8 | 212 | 40.5 |
Graduate | 204 | 19.5 | 92 | 17.7 | 112 | 21.4 |
Doctor | 54 | 5.2 | 22 | 4.2 | 32 | 6.1 |
Employment Level | ||||||
Staff and below | 434 | 41.4 | 228 | 43.6 | 206 | 39.2 |
Township | 327 | 31.2 | 163 | 31.2 | 164 | 31.2 |
County deputy | 175 | 16.7 | 84 | 16.1 | 91 | 17.3 |
County chief | 112 | 10.7 | 48 | 9.2 | 64 | 12.2 |
Marital status | ||||||
Unmarried | 486 | 46.8 | 252 | 48.7 | 234 | 44.9 |
Married | 373 | 35.9 | 172 | 33.3 | 201 | 38.6 |
Divorced or others | 179 | 17.2 | 93 | 18.0 | 86 | 16.5 |
Descriptive and health characteristics
GHQ-12 items | Mean | SDa
| Skewness | Kurtosis | Response frequencies (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||||
1. Able to concentrate | 2.10 | 1.05 | −0.893 | −0.484 | 13.6 | 10.3 | 29.0 | 47.1 |
2. Lost much sleep | 1.99 | 1.05 | −0.676 | −0.791 | 13.2 | 15.6 | 29.9 | 41.3 |
3. Playing a useful part | 1.94 | 1.13 | −0.601 | −1.084 | 17.2 | 15.2 | 23.9 | 43.7 |
4. Capable of making decisions | 2.01 | 1.10 | −0.709 | −0.882 | 15.1 | 14.2 | 25.4 | 45.3 |
5. Under stress | 1.85 | 1.06 | −0.455 | −1.032 | 14.7 | 20.1 | 30.5 | 34.7 |
6. Could not overcome difficulties | 1.90 | 1.13 | −0.548 | −1.133 | 18.0 | 15.5 | 25.2 | 41.3 |
7. Enjoy your day-to-day activities | 1.99 | 1.09 | −0.658 | −0.944 | 14.9 | 15.7 | 25.2 | 44.1 |
8. Face up to problems | 2.02 | 1.12 | −0.785 | −0.816 | 17.3 | 9.6 | 26.6 | 46.4 |
9. Feeling unhappy and depressed | 2.14 | 1.08 | −0.939 | −0.505 | 13.7 | 10.8 | 23.6 | 52.0 |
10. Losing confidence | 1.50 | 1.17 | 0.008 | −1.479 | 27.9 | 22.5 | 21.3 | 28.3 |
11. Thinking of self as worthless | 2.12 | 1.08 | −0.869 | −0.662 | 13.3 | 13.4 | 21.2 | 52.0 |
12. Feeling reasonably happy | 2.06 | 1.06 | −0.813 | −0.620 | 13.8 | 11.9 | 29.2 | 45.1 |
Mean GHQ-12 score | 23.62 | 7.92 |
Reliability and correlations analysis of GHQ-12
GHQ-12 items | Correlation of item with overall scale | Cronbach’s alpha if the item is eliminated |
---|---|---|
1. Able to concentrate | 0.519 | 0.831 |
2. Lost much sleep | 0.324 | 0.845 |
3. Playing a useful part | 0.530 | 0.830 |
4. Capable of making decisions | 0.541 | 0.829 |
5. Under stress | 0.480 | 0.834 |
6. Could not overcome difficulties | 0.454 | 0.836 |
7. Enjoy your day-to-day activities | 0.478 | 0.834 |
8. Face up to problems | 0.589 | 0.826 |
9. Feeling unhappy and depressed | 0.537 | 0.830 |
10. Losing confidence | 0.440 | 0.837 |
11. Thinking of self as worthless | 0.609 | 0.824 |
12. Feeling reasonably happy | 0.606 | 0.825 |
Cronbach’s alpha | 0.844 |
Factor analysis
GHQ-12 items | Factor loadings | ||
---|---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | Factor 3 | |
1. Able to concentrate | 0.555 | ||
2. Lost much sleep | 0.855 | ||
3. Playing a useful part | 0.660 | ||
4. Capable of making decisions | 0.586 | ||
5. Under stress | 0.479 | ||
6. Could not overcome difficulties | 0.628 | ||
7. Enjoy your day-to-day activities | 0.789 | ||
8. Face up to problems | 0.509 | ||
9. Feeling unhappy and depressed | 0.554 | ||
10. Losing confidence | 0.692 | ||
11. Thinking of self as worthless | 0.606 | ||
12. Feeling reasonably happy | 0.489 | ||
% of variance | 21.206 | 17.339 | 11.675 |
Cumulative % of variance | 21.206 | 38.545 | 50.220 |
KMO | 0.908 | ||
Bartlett’s test of sphericity | Chi2 = 1249.186 | df = 66 | Sig. = .000 |
Models | χ2
| df | χ2/df | CFI | TLI | RMSEA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unidimensional model (Original) | 79.370 | 54 | 1.470 | 0.985 | 0.978 | 0.030 |
Unidimensional model with correlated errors (Hankins) | 57.154 | 39 | 1.465 | 0.989 | 0.979 | 0.030 |
Two-dimensional model (Andrich and Van Schoubroeck) | 79.104 | 53 | 1.493 | 0.985 | 0.977 | 0.031 |
Two-dimensional model (Schmitz et al.) | 65.515 | 43 | 1.523 | 0.985 | 0.976 | 0.032 |
Two-dimensional model (Politi et al.) | 71.938 | 43 | 1.673 | 0.980 | 0.975 | 0.036 |
Three-dimensional model (Graetz) | 76.732 | 51 | 1.505 | 0.985 | 0.977 | 0.031 |
Three-dimensional model (Farrell) | 63.993 | 41 | 1.561 | 0.985 | 0.976 | 0.033 |
Three-dimensional model (Daradkeh et al.) | 79.007 | 51 | 1.549 | 0.983 | 0.975 | 0.032 |
Three-dimensional model (Martin) | 60.887 | 41 | 1.485 | 0.987 | 0.977 | 0.031 |
Three-dimensional model (EFA) | 76.112 | 51 | 1.492 | 0.985 | 0.977 | 0.031 |