Background
Methods
Mapping and data collection
Categorisation and selection
Categories of services | Sr. # | Name of intervention | Concept | Geographical location | Management categorisation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community-based services | 1. | Ambulance initiative of Aga Khan Health Services (AKHS) | Transport services for all types of emergency and patient referral in hard-to-reach areas | North (Gilgit Baltistan) | NGO, free services |
2. | Community Emergency Ambulance Services | Transport services to all types of emergencies with a focus on maternal, newborn, and child healthcare (MNCH) and community awareness component | Centre (Punjab) | Community partnership, fee for services and social protection for the poor | |
3. | JORDAN (Johi Organization for Rural Development and Natural Disaster) | Community-based patient transportation services in district of Dadu Sindh with a focus on MNCH | South (Sindh) | NGO, free services | |
4. | Community Balochistan Ambulance Services | Provision of services for all types of emergency and patient referral in rural areas of district Lasbela | South (Balochistan) | NGO, free services | |
5. | Rural Emergency Ambulance Service Initiatives (RESAI) | Provision of emergency transport services focusing on MNCH in rural areas of five selected PAIMAN districts of Pakistan, i.e. Vehari, Multan, Dadu & Jafferabad, DG Khan | All regions of Pakistan | Community partnership, fee for services and social protection for the poor | |
6. | Edhi Ambulance Services | Transport services for all types of emergency services in all districts/regions of Pakistan | All across Pakistan | NGO, free services | |
7. | Chipa 1020 | Transport services for all types of emergencies in district Karachi | Sindh (South) | NGO, free services | |
8. | Ambulance and Coffin Carrier Services | Transport services for all types of emergencies in district Karachi and Lahore | Sindh (South) | NGO, free services | |
Center (Punjab) | |||||
9. | Ambulance Services | Provision of transport services for all types of emergencies in urban and periurban areas of district Khuzdar | South (Balochistan) | NGO, free services | |
10. | Ambulance Services | Provision of transport services for all types of emergencies in 12 rural districts of Balochistan | South (Balochistan) | NGO, free services | |
11. | Ambulance Services | Provision of transport services for all types of emergencies in urban and periurban areas of 14 districts of Balochistan | South (Balochistan) | NGO, free services | |
12. | Patient Ambulance Services | Transport services for all types of emergencies in ICT and Rawalpindi district (Punjab) | Center (ICT, Punjab) | NGO, free services | |
13. | Ambulance Services | Transport services with focus on MNCH services in urban and rural areas of district Larkana and Nawab Shah, Sindh | South (Sindh) | NGO, free services | |
14. | Community ambulance interventions | Transport services for all types of emergencies for rural areas of district Khanewal, Punjab | South (Balochistan) | District Govt. free services | |
15. | Community based interventions | Transport services focusing on MNCH for district Khuzdar, Balochistan | South (Balochistan) | NGO/Public-private partnership, free services | |
Public sector emergency services | 16. | Rescue 1122 Punjab | Transport services for all types of emergencies in urban and periurban area in all 36 districts of Punjab | Centre (Punjab) | Public sector, free services |
17. | Rescue 1122 KP | Transport services for all types of emergencies in urban and periurban area in district Peshawar and Mardan | North (KP) | Public sector, free services | |
Facility-based services | 18. | CHARM Initiative | Based at selected BHUs, providing transport services to catchment population with a focus on MNCH | Centre (Punjab) | Public sector, free services |
Transport voucher schemes | 19. | Family Health Insurance Initiative (Sehat Sahulat Scheme-SSS) | Provision of emergency transport services to beneficiaries of health insurance initiative | South (Balochistan) | NGO, fee for services (paid by insurance agency) |
20. | Voucher Scheme (NPPI) | Provision of vouchers for utilisation of transport services for maternal healthcare | South (Sindh) | NGO, free services for poor beneficiaries | |
21. | Health voucher | Provision of vouchers for utilisation of transport services focusing on MNCH for rural beneficiaries in district DG Khan | Center (Punjab) | NGO, free services for poor beneficiaries | |
22. | Health voucher | Provision of vouchers for utilisation of transport services focusing on MNCH for rural beneficiaries in district Jhang | Center (Punjab) | NGO, free services for poor beneficiaries |
Assessment of scalability
Ethical considerations
Results
Community-based services
Facility-based services
Public-sector emergency services
Transport voucher schemes
Criteria | Simplifying factor | Interventions | Complicating factor | Interventions | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Public sector | Community based | Facility based | Transport vouchers | Public sector | Community based | Facility based | Transport vouchers | |||||||||
RS | CEAS | JORDAN | AKHS | CHARM | SSS | NPPI | RS | CEAS | JORDAN | AKHS | CHARM | SSS | NPPI | |||
Credibility | Model based on sound evidence | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | Little or no solid evidence | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
Model evaluated by third party | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Not evaluated by independent sources | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Observability of results | Results visible to general public | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Not very visible; not easily communicated to public | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Clearly associated with objectives | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Not clearly associated with intervention | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Relevance | Addresses demand sharply felt by population | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Addresses a need not sharply felt by population | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Addresses demand sharply felt by government | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Addresses a need not sharply felt by government | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Relative advantage | Current solutions considered sufficient | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Current solutions are considered adequate | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Superior cost-effectiveness as compared to current solutions | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Little or no objective evidence of superiority to current solutions | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Easy to transfer | Small difference from current practices for government | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | Large difference from current practices for government | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Simple model having low technical sophistication | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Complex model having high technical sophistication | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
Able to use current infrastructure and facilities | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | Requires new infrastructure and facilities | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
Revenue generation | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | No revenue generation | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Compatible | In line with beneficiaries’ established norms and values | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Not in line with beneficiaries’ established norms and values | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Testability | Able to be tested by government on a limited scale | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | Unable to be tested without complete adoption | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SCORE | 10 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 5 | 6 | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 7 | ||
RESULTS (simplifying-factor score – complicating-factor score) | 6 | 4 | 4 | 2 | 4 | −3 | −1 |