Background
Methods
Study design and subjects
Anthropometric, bioimpendance analysis, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry
DNA isolation and RTq-PCR analysis
Dietary assessments
Dietary intervention
Analysis of blood sample
Statistical analysis
Results
Population characteristics
Total | TT genotype | A carriers | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 46.83 (± 15.01) | 43.29 (± 16.04)a | 48.36 (± 14.34)a |
Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 126.14 (± 17.03) | 127.96 (± 20.80) | 125.42 (± 15.41) |
Distolic BP (mm Hg) | 86.62 (± 19.45) | 94.42 (± 23.64)a | 83.30 (± 16.48)a |
Height (cm) | 165.85 (± 9.04) | 166.17 (± 9.52) | 165.71 (± 8.86) |
Weight (kg) | 80.9 (± 21.14) | 77.83 (± 20.47) | 82.23 (± 21.36) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 29.39 (± 6.99) | 28.09 (± 6.68) | 29.95 (± 7.08) |
Neck circumference (cm) | 39.47 (± 4.34) | 38.71 (± 3.80) | 39.70 (± 4.48) |
Waist circumference (cm) | 90.95 (± 16.38) | 87.63 (± 16.45) | 92.23 (± 16.25) |
Abdomen circumference (cm) | 103.31 (± 15.75) | 98.71 (± 14.81) | 104.70 (± 15.85) |
Hip circumference (cm) | 106.49 (± 12.09) | 103.38 (± 9.84) | 107.68 (± 12.68) |
WHR | 0.85 (± 0.11) | 0.84 (± 0.11) | 0.86 (± 0.11) |
R | 505.78 (± 96.34) | 538.67 (± 83.75)a | 492.62 (± 98.31)a |
Xc | 55.56 (± 13.15) | 57.14 (± 10.34) | 54.93 (± 14.13) |
PA | 6.42 (± 1.33) | 6.24 (± 1.11) | 6.49 (± 1.41) |
BCM (kg) | 30.27 (± 8.37) | 28.03 (± 7.16)a | 31.18 (± 8.68)a |
Na/K | 0.94 (± 0.16) | 0.97 (± 0.12) | 0.93 (± 0.17) |
BCM (%) | 55.75 (± 6.97) | 54.46 (± 4.92) | 56.30 (± 7.66) |
TBW (L) | 40.36 (± 9.52) | 38.44 (± 8.60) | 41.14 (± 9.81) |
ECW (L) | 17.76 (± 4.46) | 17.23 (± 3.94) | 17.97 (± 4.66) |
ICW (L) | 22.76 (± 6.45) | 21.43 (± 5.62) | 23.33 (± 6.73) |
BCMI | 12.5 (± 6.58) | 11.68 (± 5.64) | 12.83 (± 6.92) |
Android FM% | 43.19 (± 12.54) | 42.18 (± 11.70) | 43.55 (± 12.87) |
Gynoid FM% | 41.03 (± 10.93) | 40.90 (± 10.32) | 41.09 (± 11.21) |
Total FM% | 37.3 (± 9.76) | 36.56 (± 8.83) | 37.62 (± 10.15) |
Android FM (kg) | 3.13 (± 2.02) | 2.84 (± 1.79) | 3.25 (± 2.10) |
Gynoid FM (kg) | 5.45 (± 2.3) | 5.15 (± 2.03) | 5.57 (± 2.39) |
Total FM (kg) | 29.93 (± 14.88) | 28.48 (± 13.80) | 30.56 (± 15.33) |
Android LM (kg) | 3.25 (± 0.88) | 3.31 (± 0.95) | 3.23 (± 0.85) |
Gynoid LM (kg) | 6.88 (± 1.82) | 6.92 (± 1.95) | 6.86 (± 1.77) |
Total LM (kg) | 47.6 (± 11.03) | 47.31 (± 11.69) | 47.73 (± 10.80) |
VO2 | 231.81 (± 46.56) | 228.71 (± 46.22) | 234.23 (± 46.14) |
VCO2 | 197.04 (± 39.57) | 194.40 (± 39.29) | 199.10 (± 39.22) |
REE | 1628.52 (± 326.88) | 1602.65 (± 322.62) | 1647.16 (± 324.44) |
Glycemia (mg/dL) | 92.77 (± 15.81) | 93.83 (± 15.11) | 92.34 (± 16.19) |
Insulin (μ/μmL) | 8.23 (± 4.4) | 6.80 (± 4.50) | 9.08 (± 4.25) |
Tot cholesterol (mg/dL) | 197.87 (± 43.13) | 185.36 (± 47.98) | 202.34 (± 40.70) |
HDL (mg/dL) | 54.5 (± 15.86) | 58.46 (± 16.82) | 53.10 (± 15.40) |
TG (mg/dL) | 109.31 (± 50.71) | 95.40 (± 49.41) | 114.22 (± 50.61) |
LDL (mg/dL) | 122.21 (± 30.01) | 111.17 (± 33.38) | 126.05 (± 28.00) |
GOT/AST (uL) | 22.16 (± 9.05) | 21.91 (± 12.63) | 22.24 (± 7.64) |
GPT/ALT (uL) | 24.67 (± 12.5) | 23.81 (± 12.92) | 24.95 (± 12.44) |
Basophils (1000/μL) | 0.02 (± 0.03) | 0.03 (± 0.03)a | 0.02 (± 0.02)a |
Basophils (%) | 0.53 (± 0.36) | 0.67 (± 0.48) | 0.44 (± 0.20) |
Eosinophils (1000/μL) | 0.23 (± 0.37) | 0.36 (± 0.64) | 0.17 (± 0.10) |
Eosinophils (%) | 3.07 (± 2.01) | 3.81 (± 2.87) | 2.74 (± 1.40) |
HCT (%) | 41.87 (± 3.2) | 41.83 (± 2.70) | 41.89 (± 3.43) |
Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 14.11 (± 1.32) | 14.05 (± 1.11) | 14.14 (± 1.41) |
Lymphocytes (1000/μL) | 2.19 (± 1.06) | 2.08 (± 0.57) | 2.24 (± 1.22) |
Lymphocytes (%) | 32.75 (± 7.3) | 33.08 (± 7.69) | 32.62 (± 7.22) |
MCH (pg) | 29.71 (± 2.1) | 29.73 (± 1.52) | 29.70 (± 2.32) |
MCHC (g/dL) | 33.66 (± 1.43) | 33.74 (± 1.42) | 33.64 (± 1.45) |
MCV (fL) | 88.3 (± 4.42) | 88.98 (± 4.63) | 87.82 (± 4.33) |
Monocytes (1000/μL) | 0.47 (± 0.18) | 0.46 (± 0.15) | 0.47 (± 0.19) |
Monocytes (%) | 7.29 (± 2.03) | 7.21 (± 1.46) | 7.32 (± 2.24) |
Neutrophiles (1000/μL) | 3.64 (± 1.15) | 3.59 (± 1.04) | 3.67 (± 1.25) |
Neutrophiles (%) | 56.12 (± 7.99) | 55.69 (± 8.52) | 56.44 (± 7.78) |
Plateles (1000/μL) | 205.83 (± 36.84) | 210.17 (± 39.32) | 202.94 (± 35.96) |
RBC (million/μL) | 4.74 (± 0.43) | 4.68 (± 0.41) | 4.78 (± 0.44) |
RDW-CV | 12.79 (± 3.74) | 10.92 (± 3.45) | 13.62 (± 3.60) |
WBC (1000/μL) | 7.21 (± 4) | 7.79 (± 5.55) | 6.86 (± 2.81) |
ESR (mm) | 31.03 (± 68.58) | 36.00 (± 86.37) | 29.14 (± 62.24) |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL) | 290.29 (± 168.28) | 351.40 (± 85.57) | 264.10 (± 193.31) |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 8.84 (± 9.14) | 10.64 (± 11.23) | 8.14 (± 8.26) |
CRP (mg/dL) | 1.79 (± 3.13) | 1.32 (± 2.04) | 1.95 (± 3.45) |
Kcal | 1721.86 (± 731.69) | 1730.05 (± 823.19) | 1711.23 (± 636.34) |
Proteins (g) | 83.18 (± 27.04) | 82.16 (± 35.01) | 84.51 (± 12.22) |
Proteins (%) | 19.33 (± 3.95) | 19.86 (± 4.60) | 18.64 (± 3.00) |
Carbohydrates (g) | 223.05 (± 106.41) | 209.86 (± 131.30) | 240.19 (± 64.14) |
Carbohydrates (%) | 46.88 (± 7.63) | 46.19 (± 8.43) | 47.78 (± 6.78) |
Simple carbohydrates (g) | 75.83 (± 33.01) | 75.06 (± 43.41) | 76.82 (± 12.23) |
Complex carbohydrates (g) | 128.72 (± 55.39) | 125.68 (± 64.34) | 132.68 (± 44.16) |
Lipids (g) | 62.17 (± 26.78) | 58.91 (± 30.67) | 66.40 (± 21.54) |
Lipids (%) | 30.84 (± 6.64) | 30.50 (± 5.76) | 31.29 (± 7.95) |
Total cholesterol (mg) | 218.90 (± 90.23) | 218.67 (± 106.36) | 219.20 (± 69.40) |
Saturated fatty acids (g) | 17.02 (± 10.07) | 15.84 (± 11.65) | 18.55 (± 7.89) |
Unsaturated fatty acids (g) | 8.80 (± 4.07) | 7.21 (± 3.72)a | 10.87 (± 3.69)a |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (g) | 52.13 (± 132.35) | 72.95 (± 176.00) | 25.06 (± 8.58) |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (g) | 9.11 (± 4.25) | 7.21 (± 4.04)a | 11.42 (± 3.39)a |
Fiber (g) | 22.63 (± 9.92) | 20.50 (± 5.09) | 25.39 (± 13.82) |
FTO rs9939609 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Allele frequency | A | T | |
TSI | 0.46 | 0.54 | |
Study population | 0.45 | 0.55 | |
Genotype frequency | AA | AT | TT |
TSI | 0.20 | 0.46 | 0.34 |
Study population | 0.19 | 0.50 | 0.31 |
BMI | TT | A carrier |
---|---|---|
n = 37 (19.70%) | n = 151 (80.30%) | |
UW | 1 (2.71%) | 3 (1.99%) |
NW | 5 (13.51%) | 21 (13.90%) |
NWO | 3 (8.11%) | 27 (17.88%) |
PreOb | 10 (27.03%) | 49 (32.46%) |
OB I | 12 (32.43%) | 23 (15.23%) |
OB II | 5 (13.51%) | 10 (6.62%) |
OB III | 1 (2.70%) | 18 (11.92%) |
Influences of FTO rs9939609 and nutritional intervention on BMI, body composition and metabolism
TT genotype | A carriers | P main effect of FTO rs9939609 | P main effect of diet | P main effect gene-diet interaction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MeD | CTR | MeD | CTR | ||||
(n = 40) | (n = 17) | (n = 99) | (n = 32) | ||||
Weight (kg) | 0.85 | 0.43 | 0.87 | ||||
Baseline | 79.63 (21.56) | 73.33 (17.26) | 83.29 (22.73) | 78.73 (15.87) | |||
Change | − 3.41 (6.47) | − 1.27 (3.89) | − 2.25 (11.79) | − 0.62 (1.26) | |||
BMI | 0.92 | 0.33 | 0.81 | ||||
Baseline | 29.03 (7.39) | 25.74 (3.64) | 30.4 (7.35) | 28.50 (6.03) | |||
Change | − 1.28 (2.34) | − 0.30 (0.82) | − 0.85 (4.27) | − 0.18 (0.80) | |||
Neck circumference (cm) | 0.50 | 0.78 | 0.37 | ||||
Baseline | 40.54 (3.39) | 36.75 (3.28) | 41.03 (4.19) | 36.88 (3.76) | |||
Change | − 0.60 (0.42) | − 0.40 (0.96) | − 1.09 (2.13) | − 0.07 (1.12) | |||
Waist circumference (cm) | 0.80 | 0.87 | 0.86 | ||||
Baseline | 88.17 (19.18) | 86.81 (11.66) | 94.14 (17.25) | 87.7 (12.72) | |||
Change | − 1.10 (3.03) | − 0.78 (1.82) | − 1.91 (7.55) | − 1.10 (2.34) | |||
Abdomen circumference (cm) | 0.87 | 0.97 | 0.28 | ||||
Baseline | 104.92 (18) | 93.74 (9.66) | 107.49 (15.9) | 99.48 (14.6) | |||
Change | − 0.80 (1.48) | − 1.04 (3.46) | − 3.73 (6.51) | − 1.13 (2.89) | |||
Hip circumference (cm) | 0.93 | 0.70 | 0.76 | ||||
Baseline | 103.8 (11.16) | 102.72 (7.68) | 107.68 (13.01) | 107.67 (12.13) | |||
Change | − 1.90 (4.04) | − 1.38 (3.55) | − 2.51 (3.93) | − 1.44 (3.29) | |||
WHR | 0.80 | 0.89 | 0.89 | ||||
Baseline | 0.84 (0.12) | 0.84 (0.08) | 0.87 (0.12) | 0.82 (0.08) | |||
Change | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.07) | 0.00 (0.03) | |||
R | 0.10 | 0.98 | 0.87 | ||||
Baseline | 533.35 (88.18) | 545.31 (80.2) | 484.66 (107.09) | 507.77 (78.38) | |||
Change | − 3.00 (22.26) | 0.24 (33.1) | 20.11 (59.77) | 25.91 (42.27) | |||
Xc | 0.38 | 0.32 | 0.38 | ||||
Baseline | 55.8 (11.45) | 58.81 (8.83) | 54.98 (15.84) | 54.84 (10.33) | |||
Change | 0.00 (4.76) | − 4.53 (6.69) | − 2.2 (10.33) | − 2.13 (8.13) | |||
PA | 0.73 | 0.45 | 0.58 | ||||
Baseline | 6.23 (1.06) | 6.24 (1.22) | 6.62 (1.54) | 6.22 (1.07) | |||
Change | 0.10 (0.34) | − 0.40 (0.79) | − 0.47 (1.57) | − 0.53 (0.94) | |||
BCM (kg) | 0.17 | 0.91 | 0.94 | ||||
Baseline | 27.29 (6.39) | 28.95 (8.13) | 31.99 (9.68) | 29.66 (6.28) | |||
Change | − 0.33 (0.98) | − 0.54 (3.51) | − 2.62 (7.63) | − 2.75 (4.26) | |||
Na/K | 0.64 | 0.66 | 0.53 | ||||
Baseline | 0.97 (0.12) | 0.98 (0.13) | 0.91 (0.18) | 0.96 (0.13) | |||
Change | 0.03 (0.1) | 0.06 (0.1) | 0.06 (0.17) | − 0.12 (0.63) | |||
TBW (L) | 0.02* | 0.48 | 0.47 | ||||
Baseline | 38.36 (8.55) | 38.54 (8.94) | 41.76 (10.99) | 39.81 (6.57) | |||
Change | − 0.83 (1.63) | 0.70 (3.04) | − 1.88 (4.35) | − 1.75 (3.28) | |||
ECW (L) | 0.81 | 0.43 | 0.56 | ||||
Baseline | 17.23 (4.06) | 17.22 (3.9) | 18.01 (5.27) | 17.89 (3.04) | |||
Change | − 0.25 (1.5) | 2.00 (3.26) | 2.16 (6.74) | 2.42 (4.07) | |||
ICW (L) | 0.65 | 0.92 | 0.81 | ||||
Baseline | 21.12 (5.16) | 17.22 (3.9) | 23.75 (6.97) | 20.59 (4.05) | |||
Change | − 0.25 (0.74) | − 0.54 (1.8) | − 1.89 (4.85) | − 0.95 (1.79) | |||
BCMI | 0.70 | 0.91 | 0.52 | ||||
Baseline | 12.77 (7.02) | 10.11 (1.96) | 13.9 (8.08) | 10.56 (1.94) | |||
Change | − 0.10 (0.34) | − 0.34 (1) | − 2.40 (6.81) | − 0.85 (1.23) | |||
Android Bfat (%) | 0.60 | 0.09 | 0.93 | ||||
Baseline | 44.92 (12.45) | 37.34 (8.78) | 44.88 (12.77) | 39.79 (12.61) | |||
Change | − 4.52 (6.01) | − 1.00 (2.16) | − 2.96 (4.64) | 0.15 (1.7) | |||
Gynoid Bfat (%) | 0.70 | 0.04* | 0.32 | ||||
Baseline | 43.51 (10.63) | 36 (7.85) | 41.8 ( 77(11.76) | 39.07 (9.37) | |||
Change | − 2.94 (5.14) | 0.03 (1.26) | − 1.67 (3.51) | − 0.42 (1.74) | |||
TBFat (%) | 0.79 | 0.08 | 0.94 | ||||
Baseline | 37.92 (9.45) | 33.16 (6.05) | 38.08 (10.34) | 36.14 (9.52) | |||
Change | − 2.74 (3.45) | − 0.19 (1.14) | − 2.01 (3.65) | 0.31 (0.9) | |||
Android Bfat (kg) | 0.89 | 0.27 | 0.91 | ||||
Baseline | 3.02 (1.96) | 2.32 (1.08) | 3.3 (2.17) | 2.78 (1.39) | |||
Change | − 0.47 (0.53) | − 0.04 (0.27) | − 0.45 (1.18) | − 0.12 (0.63) | |||
Gynoid Bfat (kg) | 0.49 | 0.84 | 0.40 | ||||
Baseline | 5.57 (2.19) | 4.37 (1.45) | 5.49 (2.58) | 5.78 (1.79) | |||
Change | − 0.62 (0.85) | − 0.46 (1.25) | − 0.36 (2.82) | − 0.94 (2.25) | |||
TBFat (Kg) | 0.06 | 0.00* | 0.04* | ||||
Baseline | 31.34 (14.5) | 21.32 (8.66) | 32.85 (15.56) | 23.24 (12.11) | |||
Change | − 3.59 (4.78) | 1.93 (5.54) | − 3.97 (6.97) | 6.11 (9.60) | |||
Android BLean (kg) | 0.97 | 0.32 | 0.12 | ||||
Baseline | 3.32 (1.01) | 3.31 (0.86) | 3.2 (0.91) | 3.31 (0.62) | |||
Change | − 0.22 (0.87) | − 0.08 (0.15) | 0.11 (0.6) | − 0.08 (0.27) | |||
Gynoid BLean (kg) | 0.49 | 0.92 | 0.91 | ||||
Baseline | 6.77(1.86) | 7.24(2.16) | 6.79(1.9) | 7.08(1.26) | |||
Change | − 0.20(1.54) | − 0.18(0.31) | − 0.56(5.66) | 0.01(0.33) | |||
TBLean (kg) | 0.92 | 0.63 | 0.87 | ||||
Baseline | 47.67(11.77) | 46.47(11.84) | 47.86(11.37) | 47.28(8.87) | |||
Change | − 1.23(6.82) | − 0.53(1.05) | − 0.56(5.66) | − 0.61(2.08) | |||
REE | 0.77 | 0.27 | 0.49 | ||||
Baseline | 1639.92 (409.68) | 1664.96 (217.89) | 1628.13 (347.37) | 1583.46 (313.51) | |||
Change | − 48.13 (327.01) | − 31.44 (140.89) | − 44.01 (220.32) | − 7.49 (34.75) |