Background
Methods
CMR protocol
CMR image analysis
Echocardiography
Arterial stiffness
Biomarkers
Data analysis and statistics
Results
Healthy volunteers | Hypertensive | ||
---|---|---|---|
(n = 50) | (n = 40) |
p value
| |
Men | 26 (52 %) | 21 (53 %) |
0.96
|
Age in years (IQR) | 44 (32.0 to 54.8) | 58.5 (49.0 to 65.5) |
<0.001
|
Ethnicity | |||
Whites | 41 (82 %) | 28 (70 %) |
0.12
|
Blacks | 8 (16 %) | 6 (15 %) |
0.59
|
Asians | 1 (2 %) | 6 (15 %) |
0.06
|
Height (cm) | 171.9 ± 11.3 | 170.2 ± 9.1 |
0.41
|
Weight (kg) | 75.9 ± 13.8 | 86.6 ± 15.7 |
<0.01
|
Body surface area (m2) | 1.9 ± 0.2 | 2.0 ± 0.2 |
<0.05
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.6 ± 3.2 | 29.8 ± 4.5 |
<0.0001
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 122.7 ± 10.5 | 152.0 ± 17.2 |
<0.0001
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.1 ± 9.1 | 88.1 ± 10.7 |
<0.0001
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 91.2 ± 16.5 | 81.1 ± 20.8 |
<0.05
|
Haematocrit (%) | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.04 |
0.37
|
Number of antihypertensives (0/1/2/3/4/5/6) | 7/5/13/7/4/3/1 |
Left ventricular remodelling
Healthy volunteers | Hypertensive | ||
---|---|---|---|
(n = 50) | (n = 40) |
p value
| |
EDV index (ml/m2) | 73.2 ± 13.6 | 71.2 ± 17.0 |
0.7
|
ESV index (ml/m2) | 25.0 (IQR: 21.0 to 29.75) | 21.8 (IQR: 15.3 to 28.1) |
0.13
|
LVEF (%) | 66.5 ± 5.8 | 69.0 ± 8.9 |
0.12
|
LAA index (cm/m2) | 11.1 ± 1.8 | 11.7 ± 2.5 |
0.16
|
Maximal wall thickness (mm) | 6.7 ± 1.2 | 11.9 ± 2.4 |
<0.001
|
LV mass index (g/m2) | 65.0 (IQR: 55.3 to 74.5) | 76.9 (IQR: 66.5 to 88.4) |
<0.001
|
LV mass/EDV (g/ml) | 0.91 (IQR: 0.77 to 1.04) | 1.09 (IQR: 0.93 to 1.31) |
<0.001
|
LV hypertrophy | 0 | 14 (35 %) |
Hypertensives no LVH | Hypertensives with LVH | ||
---|---|---|---|
n = 26 | n = 14 |
p-value
| |
T1 mapping | |||
T1 Blood (ms) | 1564 ± 61 | 1614 ± 83 |
0.02
|
T1 Myocardium (ms) | 948 ± 31 | 997 ± 27 |
<0.001
|
ECV by ShMOLLI (%) | 26.2 ± 2.2 | 28.8 ± 2.8 |
<0.01
|
Clinical | |||
Men | 16 (62 %) | 5 (35 %) |
0.12
|
Age in years (IQR) | 57.8 ± 12.2 | 53.2 ± 17.5 |
0.4
|
Height (cm) | 171 ± 10.4 | 168.5 ± 6.1 |
0.44
|
Weight (kg) | 86.6 ± 16.9 | 86.6 ± 13.8 |
1
|
Body surface area (m2) | 2.02 ± 0.24 | 2.01 ± 0.18 |
0.79
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.5 ± 4.7 | 30.4 ± 4.2 |
0.49
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 150.1 ± 18.0 | 155.5 ± 15.7 |
0.35
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 87.1 ± 11.7 | 90.0 ± 8.4 |
0.35
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 83.6 ± 18.8 | 76.4 ± 24.2 |
0.23
|
Haematocrit (%) | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.42 ± 0.05 |
0.39
|
Number of antihypertensives (0/1/2/3/4/5/6) | 3/5/8/6/2/1/1 | 4/0/5/1/2/2/0 | |
CMR | |||
EDV index (ml/m2) | 66.2 ± 11.7 | 82.5 ± 20.5 |
0.02
|
ESV index (ml/m2) | 19.9 ± 7.2 | 29.4 ± 14.4 |
0.05
|
LVEF (%) | 70.7 ± 7.3 | 65.9 ± 10.9 |
0.16
|
LAA index (cm/m2) | 10.9 ± 2.1 | 13.3 ± 2.5 |
<0.01
|
Maximal wall thickness (mm) | 10.9 ± 1.6 | 13.8 ± 2.6 |
<0.001
|
LV mass index (g/m2) | 68.6 ± 11.8 | 112.4 ± 39.6 |
<0.001
|
LV mss/EDV (g/ml) | 1.07 ± 0.26 | 1.41 ± 0.5 |
0.05
|
Transverse strain | 34.0 ± 11.8 | 30.8 ± 9.4 |
0.21
|
Longitudinal strain | −18.7 ± 5.4 | −17.4 ± 3.8 |
0.41
|
Circumferential strain | −24.7 ± 5.3 | −24.6 ± 3.8 |
0.64
|
Radial strain | 37.3 ± 13.1 | 35.4 ± 7.1 |
0.94
|
Late enhancement, n (%) | 5 (19) | 6 (43) |
0.15
|
Electrocardiogram | |||
Sokolov-Lyon index | 22.3 ± 4.8 | 32.5 ± 13.1 |
<0.01
|
Cornell voltage criteria | 13.7 ± 5.2 | 21.1 ± 8.7 |
<0.01
|
Aortic stiffness | |||
Pulse wave velocity | 7.7 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.6 |
0.15
|
Augmentation index | 17.0 ± 5.7 | 13.6 ± 6.6 |
0.18
|
Aortic systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 141.5 ± 14.9 | 167.4 ± 27.2 |
<0.01
|
Aortic pulse pressure (mmHg) | 54.6 ± 13.4 | 64.3 ± 17.2 |
0.13
|
Diastolic function on echocardiogram | |||
E/A | 0.9 ± 0.3 | 1.1 ± 0.5 |
0.7
|
E/e’ septal | 10.3 ± 2.9 | 12.9 ± 7.3 |
0.36
|
E/e’ lateral | 8.0 ± 2.3 | 12.9 8 ± 6.4 |
<0.01
|
Diastolic grade (I/II/III/IV) | 3/18/5/0 | 0/6/7/1 |
<0.01
|
Native myocardial T1 | Equilibrium myocardial T1 | ECV | LV mass index | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Univariable | Univariable | Univariable | Univariable | |||||
beta |
p
| beta |
p
| beta |
p
| beta |
p
| |
Men | −9.2 |
0.2
| 2.49 |
0.77
| −1.27 |
<0.05
| 18 |
<0.001
|
Age per year | −0.22 |
0.32
| −0.09 |
<0.001
| 0 |
0.18
| −0.15 |
0.39
|
Ethnicity | 9.45 |
0.11
| ||||||
Asian
| −3.5 |
0.76
| 0.46 |
0.5
| 0.97 |
0.89
| ||
Black/Afrocaribbean
| −37.5 |
<0.05
| 4.07 |
<0.0001
| 37.45 |
<0.001
| ||
Height (cm) | −0.13 |
0.72
| 0.61 |
0.14
| −0.05 |
<0.05
| 0.46 |
0.08
|
Weight (kg) | 0.11 |
0.64
| −0.82 |
<0.01
| −0.03 |
0.14
| 0.51 |
<0.01
|
Body surface area (m2) | 4.13 |
0.8
| −39.5 |
<0.05
| −2.0 |
0.09
| 35.0 |
<0.01
|
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.74 |
0.37
| −4.75 |
<0.0001
| −0.02 |
0.72
| 1.48 |
<0.05
|
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.13 |
0.5
| −0.76 |
<0.001
| 0.01 |
0.33
| 0.37 |
<0.05
|
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 0.07 |
0.81
| −1.15 |
<0.01
| 0.01 |
0.62
| 0.60 |
<0.05
|
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 0.09 |
0.66
| 0.88 |
<0.0001
| −0.03 |
0.09
| −0.42 |
<0.01
|
Hematocrit (%) | −0.94 |
0.42
| 0.38 |
0.8
| −0.23 |
<0.01
| 179.7 |
<0.05
|
EDV index (ml/m2) | 0.35 |
0.15
| 0.08 |
0.77
| 0.03 |
0.9
| 0.74 |
<0.0001
|
ESV index (ml/m2) | 0.23 |
0.55
| 0.13 |
0.77
| 0.01 |
0.67
| 1.03 |
<0.001
|
LVEF (%) | 0.09 |
0.85
| −0.18 |
0.76
| 0.04 |
0.32
| −0.68 |
0.06
|
LAA index (cm/m2) | 3.12 |
0.06
| −0.59 |
0.77
| 0.34 |
<0.01
| 5.14 |
<0.0001
|
Maximal wall thickness (mm) | 2.89 |
<0.01
| −5.02 |
<0.0001
| 0.18 |
<0.05
| -- | -- |
LV mass index (g/m2) | 0.40 |
<0.01
| −0.33 |
<0.05
| 0.02 |
<0.05
| -- | -- |
LVH (presence) | 44.26 |
<0.0001
| −28.8 |
<0.05
| 2.65 |
<0.001
| -- | -- |
E/A ratio | −0.15 | 0.99 | 16.2 | 0.3 | -0.001 |
0.9
| 40.2 |
<0.01
|
E/e’ septum | 1.81 | 0.14 | −1.51 | 0.2 | 0.002 |
0.08
| 3.18 |
<0.01
|
E/e’ lateral wall | 3.21 |
<0.01
| −1.23 | 0.3 | 0.001 |
0.3
| 3.76 |
<0.001
|
Late gadolinium enhancement
T1 mapping and ECV quantification
Healthy Volunteers | Hypertensive | ||
---|---|---|---|
(n = 50) | (n = 40) |
p value
| |
Pre-contrast/Native | |||
T1 Blood (ms) | 1568 ± 71 | 1581 ± 72 |
0.4
|
T1 Myocardium (ms) | 955 ± 30 | 965 ± 38 |
0.16
|
Post-contrast at Equilibrium | |||
T1 Blood (ms) | 517 ± 48 | 478 ± 56 |
<0.001
|
T1 Myocardium (ms) | 618 ± 33 | 578 ± 37 |
<0.001
|
ECV by ShMOLLI (%) | 26.1 ± 2.4 | 27.1 ± 2.7 |
0.06
|