Background
Methods
Study site and design, participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria
Minimum sample size
Collection of semen samples
Blood sampling and analysis
Semen analysis
Measurement of semen volume
Measurement of pH
Assessment of sperm motility
Assessment of sperm concentration
Assessment of sperm morphology
Stained preparation
Statistical analysis
Results
General characteristics of the study population
Parameters | Non-smokers (N = 45) | Mild (N = 30) | Moderate (N = 30) | Heavy (N = 35) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 35.0 ± 5.4 | 35.0 ± 7.4 | 37.3 ± 7.4 | 37.6 ± 9.3 | 0.847 |
Volume (ml) | 3.37 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 0.7a
| 2.2 ± 0.4b
| 2.6 ± 0.3c
| 0.028* |
pH | 7.70 ± 0.2 | 7.70 ± 0.3 | 7.60 ± 0.8 | 6.80 ± 1.5 | 0.736 |
Immobile (%) | 7.64 ± 2.3 | 35.1 ± 9.8a
| 36.2 ± 8.7b
| 34.5 ± 10.1c
| 0.012* |
Active (%) | 53.76 ± 12.4 | 48.3 ± 11.7 | 41.4 ± 13.7b
| 24.9 ± 9.5c, d
| 0.034* |
Sluggish (%) | 10.36 ± 4.5 | 16.6 ± 6.7a
| 16.0 ± 5.5b
| 19.6 ± 7.6c
| 0.043* |
Viability (%) | 65.0 ± 14.8 | 65.1 ± 13.1 | 60.3 ± 15.7 | 46.8 ± 17.2c, d
| 0.284 |
Morphology (%) | 48.40 ± 12.1 | 43.8 ± 9.5 | 38.8 ± 10.2b
| 26.1 ± 10.4c, d
| 0.038* |
Count (sperm/ml) | 93.17 ± 22.1 | 73.6 ± 21.6a
| 64.3 ± 19.8b
| 24.5 ± 12.1c
| 0.041* |
PC(cells/HPF) | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 6.9 ± 2.1a
| 6.2 ± 1.8 | 6.2 ± 2.7 | 0.436 |
EC (cells/HPF) | 2.0 ± 0.9 | 2.4 ± 1.1 | 2.1 ± 0.8 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.865 |
RBC (cells/HPC) | 0.08 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.1 ± 0.0 | 0.973 |
FSH (IU/L) | 8.56 ± 2.8 | 6.90 ± 2.6a
| 6.80 ± 2.7b
| 5.80 ± 2.1c
| 0.007* |
LH (IU/L) | 6.24 ± 1.9 | 6.10 ± 2.4 | 6.00 ± 1.9 | 5.60 ± 1.2c
| 0.439 |
TT (nmol/L) | 18.8 ± 4.6 | 14.9 ± 3.2 | 14.5 ± 5.7 | 13.8 ± 5.6 | 0.039* |
FT (nmol/L) | 0.36 ± 0.1 | 0.27 ± 0.1a
| 0.26 ± 0.1b
| 0.24 ± 0.1c
| 0.021* |
Bio T (nmol/L) | 8.43 ± 2.9 | 6.21 ± 2.2a
| 5.82 ± 2.0b
| 5.50 ± 1.4c
| 0.018* |
SHBG (nmol/L) | 39.6 ± 7.3 | 41.8 ± 11.6 | 42.4 ± 5.0 | 43.2 ± 9.3 | 0.389 |
E2 (pg/ml) | 23.0 ± 9.2 | 24.5 ± 9.5 | 25.3 ± 10.1 | 25.9 ± 10.8 | 0.691 |
PROL (ng/ml) | 15.0 ± 3.6 | 15.1 ± 4.4 | 16.8 ± 2.8 | 17.3 ± 3.1 | 0.352 |
The effect of number of sticks smoked per day on semen parameters
Semen parameters | Number of sticks | ||
---|---|---|---|
β | r2
|
p-value | |
Volume (ml) | −0.01 | 0.00 | 0.667 |
pH | −0.13 | 0.42 | 0.001 |
Active (%) | −1.31 | 0.15 | 0.004 |
Sluggish | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.358 |
Immobile | −0.60 | 0.05 | 0.093 |
Morphology (%) | −1.10 | 0.19 | 0.001 |
Viability (%) | −1.44 | 0.17 | 0.002 |
Count (sperm/ml) | −2.70 | 0.10 | 0.019 |
Total count (# of sperm) | −7.43 | 0.07 | 0.037 |
PC (cells/HPF) | 0.08 | 0.02 | 0.236 |
EC (cells/HPF) | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.650 |
RBC (cells/HPF) | −0.01 | 0.01 | 0.491 |
Semen abnormalities among smokers and non-smokers
Semen abnormality | Smokers (%) | Non-smokers (%) | Odds ratio |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Reduced semen volume | 31.5 | 15.8 | 2.1 | 0.1180 |
Oligospermia | 27.8 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 0.0047 |
Asthenozoospermia | 57.4 | 24.4 | 4.2 | 0.0010 |
Teratozoospermia | 76.0 | 39.8 | 4.7 | 0.0003 |
Reduced viability | 87.0 | 62.2 | 4.1 | 0.0041 |
Reduced sperm count | 37 | 13 | 3.8 | 0.0076 |
Reduced sluggish | 77.8 | 57.4 | 0.4 | 0.0323 |