Serving as watchdogs and advocates for accountability
The ‘follow-up and review’ framework in the 2030 Agenda has been described as “astonishingly vague and timid,” embodying the narrowest conception of state accountability, and neglecting the role of private actors [
24]. The perception of weak accountability can only feed pessimistic arguments that bold goals are meaningless when high income countries can renege on commitments, low income countries can claim lack of resources, and private interests can act independently. However, there are also opportunities within the SDGs to develop inclusive accountability frameworks that capitalise on the watchdog functions of CSOs. As Paul Hunt notes, “Because the SDGs are a colossal challenge of extraordinary complexity, they need to be supported by diverse accountability arrangements…It is essential the ‘web of accountability’ includes independent review of stakeholders’ progress, promises and commitments” [
25]. CSOs, with their global networks and relative independence, are well positioned to fulfill such review functions—particularly when they work in collaboration with researchers, global health institutions and governments.
In the area of tobacco and smoking, CSOs have created a unique accountability network around the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). CSOs attend the Conferences of Parties to support states and WHO in improving reporting requirements. Country implementation reports note numerous cases of CSOs assisting with monitoring of Article 5.3 by keeping states abreast of tobacco industry efforts to influence public health policies through front groups and other means [
26]. For example, during the negotiations of the 2013 Tobacco Bill in Ghana, an NGO alerted the government that a prominent think tank was acting as a front for tobacco corporations. The government subsequently banned the think tank from further consultation [
27].
Where CSOs feel states are not adequately reporting on implementation of the FCTC, they produce shadow reports that, among other functions, motivate states to improve future reporting [
28]. And, when there are notable transgressions, CSOs use creative sanctions such as the Golden Ash Tray awards, which are given to governments, corporations and media entities that fail to implement tobacco control measures. Tobacco control CSOs have created a web that functions to both support states and institutions in developing accountability systems, and acts as a watchdog.
Similar approaches have been fought for in the global response to AIDS. Civil society participates in UNAIDS working groups to ensure monitoring indicators reflect the needs and experiences of service delivery organisations and key populations. At the national level, CSOs partner with states to produce annual Country Progress Reports, and publish shadow reports when necessary. Reporting on progress toward global commitments to AIDS is considered one of the most effective models of non-binding instruments in global health policy, in part a function of CSO engagement [
29]. The success of the SDGs will arguably hinge on the implementation of similarly inclusive participatory approaches to policy development, monitoring and review.