Background
Methods
Study area
Data collection
Sampling, preservation and identification
Ethno-botanical data analysis
Relative frequency citation (RFCs)
Fidelity level (FL)
Results and discussions
Demographic feature and indigenous knowledge
Variables | Categories | Number of persons | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
Sex Ratio | Women | 22 | 25.19 |
Men | 62 | 73.80 | |
Age Groups | Between 20 and 40 years | 21 | 29.50 |
Between 40 and 60 years | 47 | 45.90 | |
Above 60 years | 16 | 24.59 | |
Education Level | Illiterate | 56 | 75.40 |
Primary | 9 | 4.920 | |
Middle | 5 | 6.550 | |
High School | 7 | 4.920 | |
Graduate | 6 | 3.280 | |
Masters | 1 | 4.920 | |
Social Livelihoods | Farmers | 56 | 62.29 |
Shepherds | 7 | 8.190 | |
Wood cutters | 4 | 6.550 | |
Gems (mining) | 9 | 13.11 | |
Healers | 4 | 4.920 | |
Job Holders | 4 | 4.920 | |
Life type | Town area | 28 | 42.62 |
Elevated areas | 56 | 57.37 |
Ethno-floral diversity, availability and habit
Family | Number of Species | Percentage% | Family | Number of Species | Percentage% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alliaceae | 2 | 2.380 | Juglandaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Apiaceae | 5 | 5.950 | Lamiaceae | 6 | 7.140 |
Asteraceae | 6 | 7.140 | Moraceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Berberidaceae | 3 | 3.570 | Oleaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Betulaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Papaveraceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Biebersteiniaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Parnassiaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Boraginaceae | 3 | 3.570 | Plantaginaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Brassicaceae | 2 | 2.380 | Plumbaginaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Capparidaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Poaceae | 3 | 3.570 |
Chenopodiaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Polygonaceae | 5 | 5.950 |
Cupressaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Punicaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Cuscutaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Ranunculaceae | 6 | 7.140 |
Elaeagnaceae | 2 | 2.380 | Rosaceae | 6 | 7.140 |
Ephedraceae | 1 | 1.190 | Salicaceae | 2 | 2.380 |
Equisetaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Saxifragaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Fabaceae | 7 | 8.330 | Solanaceae | 2 | 2.380 |
Fumariaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Urticaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Gentianaceae | 1 | 1.190 | Zygophyllaceae | 1 | 1.190 |
Glossulariaceae | 3 | 3.570 |
Part(s) used, drug preparation and administration
Classification of diseases and traditional therapies
Quantitative assessment of ethnobotanical data
Novelty and future impact
Botanical Name/Local name /Voucher number | Family | Availability | Habit | Part (s) Used | Ailment (s) cured | Application | Formulation | RFCs | FL (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Allium cepa L. /chong/SP-124 | Alliaceae | Cult. | Herb | Bulb | Indigestion and Vomiting | Oral | Cook in ash | 0.119 | 60.00 |
Allium carolinianum DC /Broq chong/SP-74 | Alliaceae | Wild | Herb | Bulb | Abdominal pain | Oral | Cook in ash | 0.119 | 80.00 |
Foeniculum valgare Mill. /Badian/Sp-48 | Apiaceae | Cult. | Herb | Seed | Constipation and gastric trouble | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 28.57 |
Pimpinella diversifolia DC. /Kohniod/SP-135 | Apiaceae | Wild | Herb | Seed/Leaves | Fever, abdominal pain and as blood tonic | Oral | Decoction | 0.274 | 73.91 |
Ferula jaeschkeana Vatke/Sib/SP-64 | Apiaceae | Wild | Herb | Latex/Root powder | Asthma, arthritis and menstrual irregulation | Oral | Juice/decoction | 0.357 | 80.00 |
Carum carvi L./Thalae/SP-63 | Apiaceae | Wild | Herb | Seed | Asthma | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 85.71 |
Daucus carota L./Wafro/SP-64 | Apiaceae | Cult. | Herb | Root | Urethritis | Oral | Cook in water | 0.214 | 77.77 |
Artemisia brevifolia Wall ex DC. /Bustay/SP-119 | Asteraceae | Shrub | Herb | Leaves | Abdominal worms | Oral | Decoction | 0.298 | 92.00 |
Artemisia santolinifolia Turcz.ex Krasch./Kho bustae/SP-120 | Asteraceae | Wild | Herb | Branches | Abdominal worms | Oral | decoction | 0.167 | 71.42 |
Tanacetum falconeri Hook.f./Lhrtialo/SP-137 | Asteraceae | Wild | Herb | Flower | Back ache, abdominal pain and gastric trouble | Oral | Decoction | 0.476 | 95.00 |
Taraxacum officinale Weber /Shantha/SP-56 | Asteraceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Hypertension | Oral | Boiled root | 0.357 | 83.33 |
Saussurea simpsoniana (Fielding & Gardner) Lipsch./Smanipasha/SP-138 | Asteraceae | Wild | Herb | Whole plant | Back ache, fever and dermatitis | Oral | Decoction | 0.321 | 92.59 |
Artemisia scoparia Waldst. /Khasmar/SP-118 | Asteraceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Diabetes | Oral | Infusion | 0.143 | 75.00 |
Berberis brandisiana Ahrendt /Skiorbu/SP-150 | Berberidaceae | Wild | Shrub | Leaves | Jaundice | Oral | Infusion | 0.333 | 92.85 |
Berberis orthrobotrys Bien. ex Aitch. /Skiorbu/SP-94 | Berberidaceae | Wild | Shrub | Leaves | Jaundice | Oral | Infusion | 0.333 | 92.85 |
Berberis pseudoumbellata subsp. gigitica Jafri /Skiorbu/SP-60 | Berberidaceae | Wild | Shrub | Seed | Jaundice | Oral | infusion | 0.333 | 92.85 |
Betula utilis D.Don./Staqpa/SP-114 | Betulaceae | Wild | Tree | Papery bark | Ringworm | Topical | Warm bark | 0.190 | 93.75 |
Biebersteinia odora Steph. ex Fisch./Chundol/SP-69 | Biebersteiniaceae | Wild | Herb | Flower | Migraine and fever | Oral | Decoction | 0.202 | 94.11 |
Onosma hispida Wall. ex G.Don. /Kangmar/SP-50 | Boraginaceae | Wild | Herb | Whole plant | Constipation | Oral | Fresh /Boiled is taken | 0.226 | 89.47 |
Myosotis alpestris F.W.Schmidt /Mandaqskor/SP-47 | Boraginaceae | Wild | Herb | Flower | Bronchitis, fever and asthma | Oral | Powder | 0.357 | 90.00 |
Arnebia guttata Bunge /Thangmarsi/SP-138 | Boraginaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Heart burn and indigestion | Oral | Fresh root is taken | 0.262 | 90.90 |
Descurainia sophia (L.) Webb & Berth./Khashir/SP-140 | Brassicaceae | Wild | Herb | Seed | Fever | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 57.14 |
Brassica rapa L./Mulo/SP-139 | Brassicaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Hepatitis | Oral | Fresh root is taken | 0.298 | 60.00 |
Capparis spinosa Jafri/Traba/SP-147 | Capparidaceae | Shrub | Shrub | Leaves | Arthritis and back ache | Oral | Decoction | 0.214 | 83.33 |
Kochia scoparia (L.) Schard./Fiangma/SP-127 | Chenopodiaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Tiredness and hypertension | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 35.71 |
Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb./Shukpa/SP-106 | Cupressaceae | Wild | Tree | Fruit | Gastric trouble | Oral | Decoction | 0.286 | 83.33 |
Cuscuta epithymum (L.) L./Rbulthaq/SP-79 | Cuscutaceae | Wild | Herb | Stem | Asthma | Oral | Fresh material is taken | 0.143 | 75.00 |
Hippophe rhamnoides subsp. turkestanica Rousiss/Karsoq/SP-70 | Elaeagnaceae | Wild | Shrub | Fruit, Leaves | Hepatitis, hypertension and stomach ulcer | Oral | Fresh fruit is eaten | 0.262 | 100.00 |
Elaeagnus angustifolia (L.) Kuntze/Sarsing/SP-91 | Elaeagnaceae | Cult. | Tree | Fruit | Bronchitis | Oral | Decoction | 0.238 | 85.00 |
Ephedra gerardiana Wall ex. Stapf. /Chae/SP-90 | Ephedraceae | Wild | Shrub | Branches | Bronchitis, Vaginal contraction | Oral/Topical | Decoction | 0.179 | 80.00 |
Equisetum arvense L. /Thangshiatwa/SP-77 | Equisetaceae | Wild | Herb | Whole plant | Urethritis | Oral | Decoction | 0.310 | 92.30 |
Pisum sativum L./Pokhstran/SP-86 | Fabaceae | Cult. | Herb | Fruit | Constipation | Oral | Cooked fruits | 0.238 | 55.00 |
Trifolium repens L./Skabuksuk/SP-81 | Fabaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Eye ache and wound | Topical | Fresh leaves | 0.298 | 36.00 |
Sophora alopecuroides L. (Royle) Baker/Khakhul/SP-56 | Fabaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Joint pain | Oral | Decoction | 0.214 | 83.33 |
Desmodium gangeticum L. /Shingnar/SP-73 | Fabaceae | Wild | Shrub | Root | Cough, cold, asthma | Oral | Decoction | 0.286 | 87.50 |
Hedysarum falconeri Baker /Kharun/SP-148 | Fabaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Loss of appetite | Oral | Fresh root is taken | 0.190 | 87.50 |
Vicia faba L./Naqstarn/SP-82 | Fabaceae | Cult. | Herb | Seed | Stomach ulcer | Oral | Seed is cooked | 0.238 | 85.00 |
Trigonella feonum-graecum L./Shalmilik/SP-152 | Fabaceae | Cult. | Herb | Leaves | Low blood pressure and gastric trouble | Oral | Fresh material with curd | 0.226 | 78.94 |
Corydalis adiantifolia Hook.f. & Thomson/Shampoo/SP-49 | Fumariaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Hair tonic | Topical | Paste | 0.286 | 87.50 |
Swertia cordata (G.Don) Clark/Tikta/SP-147 | Gentianaceae | Wild | Herb | Whole plant | Diabetes | Oral | Decoction | 0.262 | 90.90 |
Ribes orientale Desf./Askuta/Sp-57 | Glossulariaceae | Wild | Shrub | Fruits | Abdominal worms | Oral | Eaten fresh | 0.202 | 88.23 |
Ribes himalense Royle ex Decne./Askuta/SP-59 | Glossulariaceae | Wild | Shrub | Fruit | Abdominal pain | Oral | Eaten fresh | 0.250 | 95.23 |
Ribes alpestre Decne./Askuta/Sp-58 | Glossulariaceae | Wild | Shrub | Fruit | Abdominal pain | Oral | Eaten fresh | 0.262 | 68.18 |
Juglans regia L./Starga/SP-98 | Juglandaceae | Cult. | Tree | Seed | Asthma | Oral | Fresh or dry seeds are eaten | 0.179 | 66.66 |
Dracocephalum nutans L./Shundun/SP-76 | Lamiaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Asthma, gastric trouble post birth trace release | Oral | Decoction | 0.262 | 86.36 |
Coriandrum sativum L. /Naqposhoto/SP-136 | Lamiaceae | Cult. | Herb | Seed | Abdominal pain | Oral | Fresh or dry seeds are eaten | 0.250 | 47.61 |
Mentha royleana Benth./Foling/SP-75 | Lamiaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Fever and gastric trouble | Oral | Decoction | 0.262 | 81.81 |
Nepeta leucolaena Benth./Azumal/SP-149 | Lamiaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Indigestion and abdominal pain | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 85.71 |
Mentha arvensis L./Piono/SP-78 | Lamiaceae | Cult. | Herb | Leaves | Pimples and pustules | Oral | paste | 0.357 | 83.33 |
Thymus linearis Benth./Tumburu/SP-45 | Lamiaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Cold and flue | Oral | Decoction | 0.393 | 100.00 |
Morus nigra L./Osae/SP-113 | Moraceae | Cult. | Tree | Fruit | Bronchitis, as blood tonic | Oral | Fresh material is eaten | 0.238 | 85.00 |
Fraxinus xanthoxyloides (G.Don.) DC./Khara/SP-105 | Oleaceae | Wild | Shrub | Stem/Seed | Ringworm and tooth ache | Oral | Fresh bark and seeds are applied | 0.179 | 93.33 |
Papaver nodicaule L./Kialbumandoq/SP-126 | Papaveraceae | Wild | Herb | flower | Wounds, cut and injuries | Topical | Powder | 0.310 | 76.92 |
Parnassia nubicola Planch.ex Clark/Darbamandoq/SP-146 | Parnassiaceae | Wild | Herb | Flower | Low blood pressure and gastric trouble | Oral | Decoction | 0.286 | 33.33 |
Plantago major L./Bokhna/SP-115 | Plantaginaceae | Wild | Herb | Flowers | Gastric trouble and constipation | Oral | Decoction | 0.179 | 93.33 |
Acantholimon lycopodioides (Girad) Boiss./Choqmandoq/SP-68 | Plumbaginaceae | Wild | Shrub | Flower | Stomach ulcer | Oral | Decoction | 0.179 | 93.33 |
Hordeum valgare L./Nus/SP-154 | Poaceae | Cult. | Herb | Seedlings | Stomach ulcer Hypertension | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 85.71 |
Triticum aestivum L./Tro/SP-153 | Poaceae | Wild | Herb | Seed | Constipation | Oral | Bread | 0.262 | 81.81 |
Zea mays L./Makai/SP-155 | Poaceae | Cult. | Herb | Carpels | Urethritis | Oral | Decoction | 0.262 | 90.90 |
Rumex nepalensis Spreng./Bashona/145 | Polygonaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Pain and post birth trace release | Oral | Boiled material | 0.190 | 68.75 |
Fagopyrum esculentum Moench, Meth. /Bro/SP-42 | Polygonaceae | Cult. | Herb | Seed | Stomach ulcer | Oral | Powder | 0.202 | 88.23 |
Polygonum tataricum L./Khobro/SP-144 | Polygonaceae | Cult. | Herb | Seed | Stomach ulcer | Oral | Powder | 0.190 | 87.50 |
Rheum webbianum Royle./Khol/Sp-121 | Polygonaceae | Wild | Herb | Stem | Sole and lips crack | Oral/Topical | Fresh stem material/paste | 0.226 | 84.21 |
Rumex patientia L./Rashona/SP-108 | Polygonaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Boils and pustules | Topical | Paste | 0.238 | 85.00 |
Punica granatum L./Sio/SP-101 | Punicaeae | Cult. | Tree | Fruit | Fever, vomiting | Oral | Eaten fresh | 0.214 | 88.88 |
Aconitum violaceum var. weileri (Gilli) Riedl/Smunchan/SP-130 | Ranunculaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Abdominal worms | Oral | Paste | 0.321 | 85.18 |
Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle/Buma/SP-131 | Ranunculaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Abdominal worms and tooth ache | Oral/Topical | Decoction | 0.179 | 66.66 |
Clematis alpina subsp. sibirica (L.) Kuntze/Ghnaghzima/SP-39 | Ranunculaceae | Wild | Herb | Whole plant | Asthma | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 85.71 |
Ranunculus repens L. /Khsiarmandoq/SP-132 | Ranunculaceae | Wild | Herb | Flower | Ringworm | Topical | Paste | 0.155 | 53.84 |
Delphinium brunonianum Royle /Makhoting/SP-88 | Ranunculaceae | Wild | Herb | Flower | Hair tonic | Topical | Powder with oil | 0.321 | 92.59 |
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. /Momiran/SP-133 | Ranunculaceae | Wild | Herb | Root | Eye ache | Topical | Fresh material | 0.262 | 54.54 |
Prunus armeniaca L./Chuli/SP-67 | Rosaceae | Cult. | Tree | Fruit/Floral buds | Constipation and ringworm | Oral/Topical | Decoction and paste | 0.155 | 69.23 |
Rosa indica L./Gulab/SP-134 | Rosaceae | Cult. | Shrub | Flower | Fever and abdominal pain | Oral | Decoction | 0.155 | 53.84 |
Spiraeae canescens D.Don./Khsiber/SP-54 | Rosaceae | Wild | Shrub | Branches | Abdominal pain | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 42.85 |
Prunus avium (L.) L/Gilas/SP-102 | Rosaceae | Cult. | Tree | Fruit | Constipation | Oral | Cooked fruit | 0.238 | 55.00 |
Malus pumila Mill./Kushu/SP-103 | Rosaceae | Cult. | Tree | Fruit | Weakness, blood tonic | Oral | Eaten fresh | 0.202 | 58.82 |
Rosa webbiana L./Sia/SP-71 | Rosaceae | Wild | Shrub | Root Bark, Fruit | Hypertension, cold and flu | Oral | Decoction | 0.286 | 95.83 |
Salix alba L./Hlchangma/SP-89 | Salicaceae | Cult. | Tree | Leaves, Inflorescence | Post-birth bleeding, Lactation | Oral | Decoction | 0.167 | 85.71 |
Populus nigra L./Naghbiar/SP-92 | Salicaceae | Cult. | Tree | Bark | Jaundice, ring worm | Oral/Topical | Decoction | 0.202 | 64.70 |
Berginia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb./Schapur/SP-43 | Saxifragaceae | Wild | Herb | root | Stomach ulcer | Oral | Decoction | 0.310 | 96.15 |
Solanum nigrum L./Drumbashokhlo/SP-156 | Solanaceae | Wild | Herb | Fruit | Tooth ache | Oral | Fruits are toasted | 0.179 | 86.66 |
Datura fastuosa L./Datura/SP-83 | Solanaceae | Wild | Herb | Leaves | Pimples and pustules | Topical | Fresh material | 0.155 | 76.92 |
Urtica dioca L./Khashoshing/SP-157 | Urticaceae | Wild | Herb | Whole plant | Constipation | Oral | Cooked material | 0.250 | 76.19 |
Tribulus terrestris L./Kokoring/SP-143 | Zygophyllaceae | Wild | Herb | Fruit | Urethritis | Oral | Decoction | 0.238 | 90.00 |