Background
Methods
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Step 1: Publications with “cocaine” as keywords in the title were downloaded. To achieve better accuracy in the results, the search was restricted to the Title field in the WoS database over all the previous year’s up to December 31, 2015 because if expanded to other search fields such as Abstract or Keywords, many publications obtained were not relevant to cocaine (i.e false-positive data). We applied a title-only search instead of a topic search (title, abstract, and keyword) accepting a small loss of sensitivity but significantly increasing specificity [35, 47]. Year 2016 was excluded as this year still open for new issues. Furthermore, data proposed to be incomplete due to reasons such as the time-lag between publications and indexing in WoS database. In this step it was promising to get all publications in the field of cocaine intoxication that were published in the period comprised between 1975 and 2015.
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Step 2: We limited our retrieved publications in the field of cocaine intoxication to all those indexed under the research category ‘Toxicology” in WoS database.
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Step 3: To include all the documents about cocaine intoxication that are published in journals or conference proceedings indexed in other subject categories, we used the following search strategy: term cocaine in the title; using the truncated terms *toxic*OR poison* OR overdos* as a search phrases to search topic in the WoS database over all the earlier years up to December 31, 2015. The search equation used produces publications that are relevant by truncating some terms, such as “poison*”, which leads to the recovery of publications on poison, poisoning, or poisonous. Furthermore, in this step, we excluded documents published in the category “Toxicology”.
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Step 4: In this step, search equations from step 1, 2 and 3 were combined in one search query and the results were analyzed and presented. Search query used for data extraction from WoS looked like this: (TI = (cocaine) AND TS = (*toxic* OR poison* OR overdos*)) OR (TI = (cocaine) AND SU = (Toxicology)); (See Additional file 1).
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Step 5: The retrieved publications were analysed regarding the following bibliometric indicators as done in previous bibliometric studies [27‐31]: research trends, document types, languages, countries/territories with their h-index, collaboration patterns, journals with their impact factors (IF), and institutions. Our study relied on the connection between countries, topics, authors, and institutions using visualizations and clustering algorithms to locate the main groups among them by VOSviewer software [27, 48‐50]. The VOSviewer v.1.6.5 was used for viewing and constructing the desired bibliometric maps [48]. VOSviewer was employed to illustrate the co-occurrence network of high-frequency terms related to cocaine toxicity to detect how research topics related to cocaine changed and progressed through time. The timespan of 1975–2015 was selected, and it was split into three periods: 1975–1995; 1996–2005, and 2006–2015. The size of circles in VOSviewer maps represents the number of publications related to certain term, and the distance between two terms gives an implication of the number of co-occurrences of the terms. Furthermore, terms close to each other or having certain color are more probable dealing with the same topic.
Statistical analysis
Results
SCR | Country | Number of documents (%) | Average citations per document |
h-index | No. of collaborative countries | No. of publications from collaboration |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st
| USA | 2089 (71.99) | 25.15 | 95 | 38 | 162 |
2nd
| Spain | 145 (5.00) | 13 | 24 | 14 | 30 |
3rd
| Italy | 100 (3.45) | 15.12 | 23 | 10 | 28 |
4th
| Canada | 92 (3.17) | 24.83 | 24 | 9 | 31 |
5th
| France | 90 (3.10) | 14.31 | 21 | 13 | 30 |
6th
| UK | 80 (2.76) | 32.33 | 23 | 13 | 32 |
7th
| Brazil | 55 (1.90) | 8.32 | 12 | 8 | 16 |
8th
| Germany | 50 (1.72) | 14.34 | 18 | 10 | 17 |
9th
| Japan | 42 (1.45) | 13.19 | 14 | 1 | 9 |
10th
| Switzerland | 31 (1.07) | 20.19 | 14 | 6 | 9 |
SCR | Journal/Periodical | Number of documents (%) | IFa
|
---|---|---|---|
1st
| Neurotoxicology and Teratology | 274 (9.44) | 2.488 |
2nd
| Journal of Analytical Toxicology | 215 (7.41) | 2.322 |
3rd
| Clinical Toxicology | 79 (2.72) | 2.886 |
4th
| Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics | 64 (2.21) | 3.760 |
5th
| Drug and Alcohol Dependence | 60 (2.07) | 3.349 |
6th
| Annals of Emergency Medicine | 52 (1.79) | 5.008 |
6th
| Journal of Forensic Sciences | 52 (1.79) | 1.322 |
8th
| Toxicology Letters | 50 (1.72) | 3.522 |
9th
| Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior | 48 (1.65) | 2.537 |
10th
| Life Sciences | 39 (1.34) | 2.685 |
10th
| Psychopharmacology | 39 (1.34) | 3.540 |
SCR | Authors | Title | Year of publication | Source title | IFa
| Cited by | Average citations per year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
USA | |||||||
1st
| Ramamoorthy et al [55] | Antidepressant- and cocaine-sensitive human serotonin transporter: molecular cloning, expression, and chromosomal localization | 1993 |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
| 9.423 | 657 | 27.38 |
2nd
| Grant et al. [52] | Activation of memory circuits during cue-elicited cocaine craving | 1996 |
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
| 9.423 | 636 | 30.29 |
3rd
| McFarland et al. [74] | Limbic and motor circuitry underlying footshock-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior | 2004 |
Journal of Neuroscience
| 5.924 | 304 | 23.38 |
Spain | |||||||
1st
| Farre et al. [53] | Alcohol and cocaine interactions in humans | 1993 |
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| 3.760 | 133 | 5.54 |
2nd
| Farre et al. [59] | Cocaine and alcohol interactions in humans: neuroendocrine effects and cocaethylene metabolism | 1997 |
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics
| 3.760 | 69 | 3.45 |
3rd
| Ortega-Carnicer et al. [51] | Aborted sudden death, transient Brugada pattern, and wide QRS dysrrhythmias after massive cocaine ingestion | 2001 |
Journal of Electrocardiology
| 1.290 | 63 | 3.94 |
Italy | |||||||
1st
| Tagliaro et al. [58] | Capillary electrophoresis for the investigation of illicit drugs in hair: determination of cocaine and morphine | 1993 |
Journal of Chromatography A
| 3.926 | 71 | 2.96 |
2nd
| Addis et al. [68] | Fetal effects of cocaine: an updated meta-analysis | 2001 |
Reproductive Toxicology
| 2.850 | 65 | 4.06 |
3rd
| Cervo et al. [77] | Protein kinases A and C are involved in the mechanisms underlying consolidation of cocaine place conditioning | 1997 |
Brain Research
| 2.561 | 58 | 2.90 |
Canada | |||||||
1st
| Bozarth and Wise [79] | Toxicity associated with long-term intravenous heroin and cocaine self-administration in the rat | 1985 |
JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association
| 37.684 | 169 | 5.28 |
2nd
| Nanji and Filipenko [56] | Asystole and ventricular fibrillation associated with cocaine intoxication | 1984 |
Chest
| 5.94 | 169 | 5.12 |
3rd
| Tyndale et al. [75] | Neuronal cytochrome P450IID1 (debrisoquine/sparteine-type): potent inhibition of activity by (-)-cocaine and nucleotide sequence identity to human hepatic P450 gene CYP2D6 | 1991 |
Molecular Pharmacology
| 3.931 | 143 | 5.50 |
France | |||||||
1st
| Lenoir et al. [73] | Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward | 2007 |
PLOS ONE
| 3.057 | 162 | 16.20 |
2nd
| Maurice et al. [78] | Sigma(1) (sigma(1)) receptor antagonists represent a new strategy against cocaine addiction and toxicity | 2002 |
Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
| 8.580 | 103 | 6.87 |
3rd
| Pellinen et al. [62] | Cocaine N-demethylation and the metabolism-related hepatotoxicity can be prevented by cytochrome P450 3A inhibitors | 1994 |
European Journal of Pharmacology
| 2.730 | 75 | 3.26 |
UK | |||||||
1st
| Ito et al. [64] | Differential control over cocaine-seeking behavior by nucleus accumbens core and shell | 2004 |
Nature Neuroscience
| 16.724 | 269 | |
2nd
| Whitelaw et al. [67] | Excitotoxic lesions of the basolateral amygdala impair the acquisition of cocaine-seeking behaviour under a second-order schedule of reinforcement | 1996 |
Psychopharmacology
| 3.540 | 244 | |
3rd
| Vorel et al. [66] | Dopamine D-3 receptor antagonism inhibits cocaine-seeking and cocaine-enhanced brain reward | 2002 |
Journal of Neuroscience
| 5.924 | 200 | |
Brazil | |||||||
1st
| Masur et al. [72] | Increased stimulatory effect by the combined administration of cocaine and alcohol in mice. | 1989 |
Alcohol
| 2.440 | 36 | 1.29 |
2nd
| Crouch et al. [54] | Analysis of cocaine and its metabolites from biological specimens using solid-phase extraction and positive ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry | 1995 |
Journal of Analytical Toxicology
| 2.322 | 34 | 1.55 |
3rd
| Lepsch et al. [61] | Cocaine induces cell death and activates the transcription nuclear factor kappa-b in pc12 cells | 2009 |
Molecular Brain
| 3.745 | 30 | 3.75 |
Germany | |||||||
1st
| Wilbert-Lampen et al. [60] | Cocaine increases the endothelial release of immunoreactiveendothelin and its concentrations in human plasma and urine - Reversal by coincubation with sigma-receptor antagonists | 1998 |
Circulation
| 17.047 | 69 | 3.63 |
2nd
| Maurer et al. [80] | Toxicokinetics of drugs of abuse: Current knowledge of the isoenzymes involved in the human metabolism of tetrahydrocannabinol, cocaine, heroin, morphine, and codeine | 2006 |
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
| 2.094 | 67 | 6.09 |
3rd
| BrenzVerca et al. [65] | Distribution of alpha- and gamma-synucleins in the adult rat brain and their modification by high-dose cocaine treatment | 2003 |
European Journal of Neuroscience
| 2.975 | 40 | 2.86 |
Japan | |||||||
1st
| Nakahara et al. [69] | Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. V. The facility in incorporation of cocaine into hair over its major metabolites, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester | 1992 |
Archives of Toxicology
| 6.637 | 69 | 2.76 |
2nd
| Aoki et al. [63] | Cocaine-induced liver injury in mice is mediated by nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species | 1997 |
European Journal of Pharmacology
| 2.730 | 45 | 2.25 |
3rd
| Nakahara and Kikura [70] | Hair analysis for drugs of abuse. VII. The incorporation rates of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester into rat hair and hydrolysis of cocaine in rat hair | 1994 |
Archives of Toxicology
| 6.637 | 43 | 1.87 |
Switzerland | |||||||
1st
| Boelsterli and Goldlin [57] | Biomechanisms of cocaine-induced hepatocyte injury mediated by the formation of reactive metabolites | 1991 |
Archives of Toxicology
| 6.637 | 95 | 3.65 |
2nd
| Boelsterli et al. [71] | Identification of cytochrome P-450IIB1 as a cocaine-bioactivating isoform in rat hepatic microsomes and in cultured rat hepatocytes. | 1992 |
Drug Metabolism & Disposition
| 3.210 | 62 | 2.48 |
3rd
| Boelsterli et al. [76] | Oxygen free radical production mediated by cocaine and its ethanol-derived metabolite, cocaethylene, in rat hepatocytes. | 1993 |
Hepatology
| 11.711 | 54 | 2.25 |
SCR | Institute |
n (%) |
---|---|---|
USA (number of documents = 2,089) | ||
1st
|
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
| 115 (5.51) |
2nd
|
University of Miami
| 65 (3.11) |
3rd
|
Yale University
| 55 (2.63) |
Italy(number of documents = 100) | ||
1st
|
UniversitàCattolica del Sacro Cuore
| 12 (12.00) |
2nd
|
IstitutoSuperiore di Sanità
| 9 (9.00) |
3rd
|
Sapienza – Università di Roma
| 8 (8.00) |
France(number of documents = 90) | ||
1st
|
HôpitalFernand-Widal
| 15 (16.67) |
2nd
|
Institut national de la santé et de la recherchemédicale-INSERM
| 9 (10.00) |
3rd
|
Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons
| 7 (7.78) |
Brazil(number of documents = 55) | ||
1st
|
University of São Paulo
| 22 (40.00) |
2nd
|
Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
| 6 (10.91) |
3rd
|
Universidade Federal de São Paulo
| 6 (10.91) |
Japan(number of documents = 42) | ||
1st
|
Kyoto University
| 9 (21.43) |
2nd
|
Showa University
| 6 (14.29) |
3rd
|
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)
| 4 (9.52) |
Spain (number of documents = 145) | ||
1st
|
University of Santiago de Compostela
| 15 (10.35) |
2nd
|
Autonomous University of Barcelona
| 11 (7.59) |
3rd
|
University of Valencia
| 9 (6.21) |
Canada(number of documents = 92) | ||
1st
|
University of Toronto
| 28 (30.44) |
2nd
|
The Hospital for Sick Children
| 24 (26.09) |
3rd
|
University of British Columbia
| 8 (8.70) |
UK(number of documents = 80) | ||
1st
|
University of Cambridge
| 18 (22.50) |
2nd
|
Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust
| 6 (7.50) |
3rd
|
Guy’s Hospital
| 4 (5.00) |
Germany(number of documents = 50) | ||
1st
|
Goethe University Frankfurt
| 4 (8.00) |
2nd
|
Maastricht University
| 4 (8.00) |
3rd
|
Universität Heidelberg
| 4 (8.00) |
Switzerland(number of documents = 31) | ||
1st
|
University of Zurich
| 12 (38.71) |
2nd
|
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
| 10 (32.26) |
3rd
|
Université de Fribourg
| 2 (6.45) |