Background
Main Text
Interdisciplinary organization and procedures
Equipment
Electron accelerators
Applicators
IORT irradiators using kV X-rays
External kilovoltage X-ray generators
The Xoft Axxent miniature X-ray source (“electronic brachytherapy”)
Radioactive afterloading sources
IORT targets, target preparation, dose coverage
IORT with electrons
kV-IORT
Radiation protection
Electron accelerators
X-ray devices
Commissioning, dosimetry, quality assurance
Commissioning mobile electron accelerators
Dosimetry of IORT systems
Electron dosimetry
Dosimetry of pulsed electron beams
QA of electron IORT systems
kV X-ray systems
Intrabeam
Commissioning
Dosimetry and QA
Zeiss calibration of the Intrabeam system
Publication | System | Probe | Surrounding material | Distance from scource | Acceleration Voltage | HVL (mm Al) | Mean or effective photon energy | Other remarks |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zeiss Dosimetry manual [90] | Intrabeam | bare probe | water | 10 mm fom tip | 50 kV | 0.64 mm | 20.4 keV | beam quality T30 -T50 (PTW definition) |
40 kV | 0.48 mm | 19.1 keV | ≈T30 | |||||
30 kV | 0.41 mm | 17.3 keV | ≈T30 | |||||
Beatty 1996 [17] | bare probe | air | 40 keV | 0.1 mm | ||||
2nd HVL | 40 keV | 0.16 mm | ||||||
Armoogum 2007 [18] | bare probe | air | ||||||
Beatty 1996 [17] | bare probe | in air behind 0.5 cm solid water | 40 kV | 0.3 mm | 14.8 keV | |||
in air behind 1 cm solid water | 40 kV | 0.71 mm | 19.9 keV | |||||
1.5cm solid water | 21.7 keV | |||||||
2cm solid water | 23.5 keV | |||||||
Armoogum 2007 [18] | bare probe | in solid water | 1cm | 1.11 mm | 23.5 keV | broad beam | ||
5mm | 0.54 mm | 18 keV | ||||||
in air | 0.11 mm | 10.75 keV | ||||||
Avanzo 2012 [95] | bare probe | in solid water | 1cm | 50 kV | 1.75 mm | |||
2cm | 2.14 mm | |||||||
3.82 mm | ||||||||
Ebert 2009 [101] | bare probe | in water | 0 cm | 50 kV | 19.5 keV | |||
5 mm | 27.3 keV | For other depths, changes in spectra were calculated using linear attenuation in water and inverse-square of distance | ||||||
15 mm | 31.5 keV | |||||||
30 mm | 34 keV | " | ||||||
Avanzo 2012 [95] | bare probe | air | 50 kV | 0.11 mm | 10.2 keV | |||
3.5 cm appl. | solid water | 0.8 mm | 20.7 keV | |||||
4 cm appl. | 0.98 mm | 22.5 keV | ||||||
4.5 cm appl. | 1,1 mm | 23.7 keV | ||||||
5 cm appl. | 1,23 mm | 25.1 keV | ||||||
bare probe | 1 cm depth in solid water | 1,75 mm | 28.0 keV | |||||
bare probe | 2 cm depth in solid water | 2,14 mm | 29.3 keV | |||||
bare probe | beind Tungsten rubber shield | 3,82 mm | 36.3 keV | |||||
Eaton 2010 [43] | 1.5 cm appl. | air | 50 kV | 1.1 mm | narrow beam | |||
3cm appl. | air | 1.3 mm | narrow beam | |||||
3.5 cm appl. | air | 0.85 mm | narrow beam | |||||
4.5 cm appl. | air | 1.24 -1.25 mm | broad beam | |||||
5cm appl. | air | 1.26-1.29 mm | broad beam | |||||
Croce et al. 2012 [28] | Papillon | 50 kV | ||||||
Carver et al. 2013 [98] | 22/25 mm Appl. | 0.64 mm | ||||||
Liu 2008 [111] | Xoft Axxent | bare source | air | 40 kV | 0.45 ± 0.07 mm | 16.8 ± 0.9 keV | ||
2nd HVL | 0.7 ± 0.1 | |||||||
50 kV | 0.5 ± 0.2 mm | 18 ± 2 keV | ||||||
2nd HVL | 0.9 ± 0.3 mm | |||||||
water | 1.5cm | 40 kV | 1.04 ± 0.04 mm |