Background
Rationale
Objectives
Methods
Protocol and registration
Inclusion criteria
Information sources
Search
Study selection
Data collection process and data items
Quality assessment
Results
Author | Recruitment window | Country | Population | Outcome | Study type | Setting |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bittner [27] | 1995–2006 | USA | Prostate cancer patients treated with brachytherapy | BFFF, PCSM | Retrospective | Single centre |
Buyyounouski [38] | 1989–2000 | Canada, Aust, USA | Men previously treated with EBRT for clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma and subsequently diagnosed with BCF. | PCSM | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
Cooperberg [39] | 1995–2007 | USA | Men enrolled in CaPSURE | PCSM | Retrospective | Multi-centre (CaPSURE Registry) |
Cooperberg [40] | 1995–2008 | USA | Men with localized disease who underwent prostatectomy, received external-beam radiation, or received primary androgen deprivation; and had at least 6 months of follow-up recorded. | 10 year PCSM | Retrospective | Multi-centre (CaPSURE Registry) |
D’Ambrosio [41] | 1989–2004 | USA | Men with prostate cancer treated with RT. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
D’Amico [42] | 1991–2005 | USA | Men with high-risk prostate cancer (locally or advanced) and 10 year life expectancy treated with brachytherapy who were observed for a min of 2 years. | PCSM and presence of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. | Prospective | Multi-centre |
D’Amico [43] | 1988–2004 | USA | Men who underwent RT for prostate cancer for at least 1 high-risk feature. | PCSM | Prospective | Multi-centre |
Delouya [19] | 2002-Not stated | Canada | Men with low or intermediate-risk prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy, EBRT within a phase II or III research protocol, or ERBT outside of a protocol. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Denham [44] | 1996–2000 | Australia & New Zealand | Men with locally advanced prostate cancer receiving RT | PCSM | Prospective | Multi-centre |
Engineer [9] | 1984–2004 | India | Patients with a histological diagnosis of prostate cancer | BFFF, PCSM, DM, BCF, OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
Feng [28] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT. | FFM, PCSM, BFFF, OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
Frank [45] | 1996–2006 | USA, Canada, Netherlands. | Men with prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy with at least 30 months of follow-up. | PSA failure. | Retrospective | Multi -centre |
Frank [25] | 1998–2006 | USA | Men with prostate cancer treated with permament 125 I brachytherapy. | 5 year BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Halverson [46] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT with or without adjuvant ADT | BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Huang [47] | 1993–2003 | USA, Australia | Men with clinical Stage T1c-T3N0M0 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT with or without a high-dose rate brachytherapy boost. | BCF, DM, PCSM,OS. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Kaplan [12] | 2000–2009 | Israel | Patients with prostate cancer treated with 125 I- brachytherapy. | BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Krishnan [20] | 2003–2008 | Canada | Men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer with a minimum follow-up of 3 years. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Kubicek [48] | 1998–2004 | USA | Men with biopsy proven T1-T2 prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT & LDR. | CSS | Retrospective | Single centre |
Marshall [11] | 1990–2009 | USA | Men treated with brachytherapy for biopsy-proven prostate adenocarcinoma. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
McKenna [49] | 1998–2003 | USA | Men with biopsy-proved prostate cancer who had MRI imaging prior to EBRT. | Metastatic recurrence and BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Murgic [50] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT. | BFFF, FFM,PCSM and OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
Potters [16] | Not stated | USA | Prostate cancer patients treated with brachytherapy. | 9-year BFFF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
Proust-Lima [51] | Not stated | USA | Men treated for localized prostate cancer with EBRT. | BCF | Prospective | Multi-centre |
Qian [52] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men who were treated with EBRT for clinically localized prostate cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant ADT. | BFFF, FFM,OS, PCSM. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Rodrigues [14] | Not stated | Canada | Men with prostate cancer. | BFFF, OS | Retrospective | Multi-centre (GUROC ProCaRS database) |
Sabolch [53] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men treated for localized prostate cancer with EBRT. | BFFF, FFM,OS, PCSM. | Prospective | Single centre |
Sanpaolo [21] | 2000–2004 | Italy | Men with T1-T3 NO prostate cancer. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Slater [54] | 1991–1999 | USA | Randomly selected prostate cancer patients treated with proton and photon beam therapy. | bNED | Retrospective | Single centre |
Spratt [55] | 1997–2008 | USA | Men with localized prostate cancer were treated with IMRT. | BCF, DMFS, BCR | Retrospective | Single centre |
Steigler [56] | 1996–2000 | Australia & New Zealand | Men with localised advanced prostate cancer treated with RT and experienced BCF prior to clinical failure or secondary theraputic intervention. | TTBF, PCSM,distant progression and STI from BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
Sylvester [57] | 1988–1992 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with implanted I-125. | 15 year BFFF,CSS and OS. | Prospective | Consecutive case series |
Taylor [58] | Not stated | USA | Men with localized prostate cancer,NO/MO treated with RT. | Clinical recurrence (local, regional or distant) | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
Thames [59] | 1987–1995 | USA | Men with clinical stages T1b, T1c, and T2 N0M0 biopsy proven prostate adenocarcinoma. | BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
Vainshtein [18] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT, +/− ADT | FFM, PCSM. | Prospective | Single centre |
Vance [60] | 1998–2008 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with EBRT, with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant ADT. | BFFF, DMFS, PCSM & OS. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Wattson [61] | 1991–2007 | USA | Men with high-risk prostate cancer. | PCSM | Retrospective | Multicentre |
Westphalen [62] | 1998–2007 | USA | Prostate cancer patients who underwent endorectal MR and MR spectroscopy prior to EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre (national administrative data set) |
Williams [17] | 1991–2002 | US, Canada, Australia | Men with clinical T1–4 N0/X M0/X prostate adenocarcinoma treated with EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Multi-centre |
Yoshida [15] | 2003–2008 | Japan | Men with histologically-proven prostate adenocarcinoma, treated with HDR-ISBT. | 5 year PSA failure and OS | Retrospective | Single centre |
Yu [63] | 1987–2001 | USA | Men with prostate cancer treated with EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Yu [64] | 1993–2002 | USA | Men newly diagnosed with clinically node-negative, localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated with EBRT. | BCF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Zaorsky [65] | 1992–2004 | USA | Men with clinical stage T1-4, NO/NX-N1, MO adenocarcinoma of the prostate received RT with or without adjuvant ADT. | BCF,DM, OS. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Zelefsky [66] | 1988–2004 | USA | Men with clinically staged T1-T3 node-negative prostate cancer treated with 3D-CRT or IMRT. | DMFS, BFFF. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Zelefsky [67] | 1998–2000 | USA | Men with clinically localized prostate cancer treated with 3D-CRT or IMRT. | DM,PCSM,BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Zelefsky [68] | 1988–2004 | USA | Men with Stage T1-T3 prostate cancer treated with 3D-CRT or IMRT. | PSA relapse | Retrospective | Single centre |
Zelefsky [10] | 1998–2009 | USA | Men with clinically localised prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy. | BFFF | Retrospective | Single centre |
Zumsteg [69] | 1992–2007 | USA | Men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer, but without high-risk features treated with EBRT. | BCF, BFFF, LF,PCSM, DM. | Retrospective | Single centre |
Author | Model type | Variables | Variable readily available? | Validation (I/E) | Accuracy | Metric | Sample size (events) | Outcome | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frank [25] | Survival (Nomogram presented) | Biopsy gleason score, clinical stage, EBRT, pre-treatment PSA, | Yes | External validation of Prostogram | 0.49; 95% CI 0.37–0.61 | c-index | 208 (15) | 5 year BFFF | Brachytherapy |
Kaplan [12] | Survival (Nomogram presented) | Kattan’s: Pretreatment PSA level, Gleason score, clinical stage, adjuvant EBRT | Yes | External validation of Kattan | 0.51 | c-index | 747 (31) | BFFF | 125 iodine brachytherapy |
Frank [47] | Survival (Nomogram presented) | Pretreatment PSA level, Gleason sum score, T stage, and EBRT | Yes | External validation of Prostogram | 0.66 | c-index | 683 (29) | BCF | Brachytherapy |
Zelefsky [10] | Proportional hazards regression (Nomogram presented) | Clinical stage, Gleason, pretreatment PSA | Yes | Not stated | 0.70 | c-index | 1466 (NR) | BCF | Brachytherapy |
Potters [16] | Survival (Cox,Nomogram presented) | Clinical stage, Biopsy Gleason sum, Isotope used, EBRT, D90, pretreatment PSA | No, includes isotope used, D90 | Internal (bootstrapping) | 0.71 | c-index | 5931 (NR) | 9-year BFFF | Brachytherapy |
D’Amico [42] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | Year of brachytherapy, Log (PSA)per unit increase, Gleason score, Age | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 221 (32) | PCSM and presence of hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer | Brachytherapy |
Sylvester [57] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA only (<10, 10.1–19.9, >20) | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 215 (NR) | 15 year BFFF | Brachytherapy |
Sylvester [57] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA only (<10, 10.1–19.9, >20) | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 215 (NR) | 15 year PCSM | Brachytherapy |
Sylvester [57] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA only (<10, 10.1–19.9, >20) | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 215 (NR) | 15 year OS. | Brachytherapy |
Bittner [27] | Survival model (Cox) | Number of biopsy cores, PSA, Gleason score, % positive biopsies, V100, EBRT, Risk group, hypertension, Tobacco use, perineural invasion | No, tobacco use, V100, hypertension included. | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1613 (NR) | BFFF | Brachytherapy |
Bittner [27] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA, Gleason score, % positive biopsies, EBRT, Risk group, hypertension | No, hypertension | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1613 (NR) | PCSM | Brachytherapy |
Bittner [27] | Survival model (Cox) | Number of biopsy cores, age at implant, BMI, V100, D90, EBRT, Risk group, hypertension, diabetes, Tobacco use | No, BMI, V100, D90, hypertension, diabetes included | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1613 (NR) | OS | Brachytherapy |
Cooperberg [39] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1441 (17) | PCSM | Brachytherapy |
Yoshida [15] | Survival model | PRIX score derived from PSA, Gleason and clinical stage | Yes | External | Not stated | NA | 100 (9) | 5 year BCF | HDR-ISBT |
Yoshida [15] | Survival model | PRIX score derived from PSA, Gleason and clinical stage | Yes | External | Not stated | NA | 100 (9) | 5 year OS | HDR-ISBT |
Marshall [11] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, Risk group, hormone treatment, Total BED | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 2495 (251) | BCF | Brachytherapy |
Author | Model type | Variables | Variable readily available? | Validation (I/E) | Accuracy | Metric | Sample size (events) | Outcome | Tx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 6 | 0.54 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | OS | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 7 | 0.54 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | OS | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.56 | c-index | 85 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT with long term Androgen deprivation |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 7 | 0.58 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | OS | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 6 | 0.52 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | BCF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, tages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 7 | 0.6 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | BCF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Vance [60] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA, Gleason, clinical T stage, PCV, ADT use | Yes | Not stated | 0.61 95% CI 0.53-0.68 | c-index | 599 (NR) | OS | EBRT |
Buyyounouski [38] | Survival model | Interval to Biochemical failure (dicotomized at 18 months) | Yes | External validation of IBF | 0.61; 95% CI 0.58-0.65; 48.4%; 86.1% | c-index; sensitivity; specificity. | 1722 (290) | PCSM | EBRT |
Westphalen [62] | Survival (Cox, Nomogram presented) | PSA level, clinical stage (from digital rectal examination findings), sum of Gleason grades, use of neoadjuvant ADT, and radiation dose | Yes | External validation of Kattan with additions | 0.61; 95% CI 0.581-0.640 | c-index | 99 (30) | BCF | EBRT |
Qian [52] | Survival model (Cox) | NCCN risk stratification tool plus percent positive cores | Yes | Not stated | 0.63 | c-index | 652 (NR) | BFFF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Vance [60] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA, Gleason, clinical T stage, PCV, ADT use | No (prostate cancer volume) | Not stated | 0.64; 95% CI 0.57-0.70 | c-index | 599 (NR) | BFFF | EBRT |
Qian [52] | Survival model (Cox) | NCCN risk stratification tool plus percent positive cores | Yes | Not stated | 0.64 | c-index | 652 (NR) | Metastases | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.67 | c-index | 85 (NR) | BFFF | EBRT with long term Androgen deprivation |
Zelefsky [66] | Survival (Cox, Nomogram presented) | ADT, T stage, Gleason, Pre PSA, RT dose. | Yes | Not stated | 0.67 | c-index | 2551 | BFFF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Vance [60] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA, Gleason, clinical T stage, PCV, ADT use | No (prostate cancer volume) | Not stated | 0.67; 95% CI 0.60-0.74 | c-index | 599 (NR) | FFM | EBRT |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 6 | 0.68 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | PCSM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Halverson [46] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA: PSA, T stage, Gleason score, percent positive biopsy, and age | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.69 | c-index | 612 (NR) | BFFF | EBRT |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 6 | 0.70 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | DM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Qian [52] | Survival model (Cox) | NCCN risk stratification tool plus percent positive cores | Yes | Not stated | 0.71 | c-index | 652 (NR) | PCSM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Zelefsky [68] | Survival (Cox, Nomogram presented) | T stage, Gleason Score, radiation dose, Neoadjuvant ADT, Pre-treatment PSA level, | Yes | Internal (bootstrapping) | 0.72 | c-index | 2253 (578) | BCF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Williams [17] | Survival (Cox, Nomogram presented) | Age, prostate-specific antigen value, Gleason score, clinical stage, androgen deprivation duration, and radiotherapy dose | Yes | Not stated | 0.72 | c-index | 3264 (1048) | BCF | EBRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.73 | c-index | 153 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT with short term Androgen deprivation |
Steigler [56] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | PSA doubling time (PSADT definition specified), time to biochemical failure, high risk category defined by PSADT <4 months or TTBF < 1 year and low risk category by PSADT >9 months or TTBF > 3 years. | Yes | Internal (bootstrapping) | 0.73 | c-index | 485 (150) | PCSM | EBRT |
Vance [60] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA, Gleason, clinical T stage, PCV, ADT use | No (prostate cancer volume) | Not stated | 0.75; 95% CI 0.67-0.83 | c-index | 599 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 7 | 0.75 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | DM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Sanpaolo [21] | Survival (Cox, Nomogram presented) | Age, Gleason score, tumor stage, initial PSA, androgen deprivation therapy, pelvic radiotherapy, administered doses, days of radiotherapy, and biologically effective dose | Yes | Internal (bootstrapping) | 0.75 | c-index | 670 (70) | BCF | 3D-CRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.78 | c-index | 612 (51) | FFM | EBRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.79 | c-index | 374 (NR) | FFM | EBRT (no ADT) |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.80 | c-index | 612 (23) | PCSM | EBRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.80 | c-index | 153 (NR) | FFM | EBRT with short term Androgen deprivation |
Zaorsky [65] | Survival model | Score derived from: Age, PSA, Gleason Score, ADT, Radiation dose, Stages. | Yes | External validation of AJCC version 7 | 0.81 | c-index | 2469 (NR) | PCSM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Proust-Lima [51] | Joint Model (Latent Class) | Repeat PSA measures | No | External (two separate cohorts n =503 and 615) | 0.82 | Weighted average error of prediction (WAEP) at 1 year; after 3 years 0.0614, 0.0095. | 1268 (190) | Clinical recurrence | EBRT |
Vainshtein [18] | Risk stratification | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External validation of CAPRA | 0.86 | c-index | 374 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT (no ADT) |
Yu [63] | Joint modelling | T stage, ln(PSA), Gleason, Age, dose, duration of RT, PSA, slope, HT, Baseline hazards, measurementerrors and tuning parameters. | No, baseline hazards, measurement errors, tuning parameters included | External (prospective on 612 patients from the original cohort) | Not stated | NA | 928 (24) | BCF | EBRT |
Yu [64] | Survival model (Cox) | Peri-neurial invasion, clinical T stage, Gleason, pre-treatment PSA, radiation dose, ADT | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 657 (145) | BCF | EBRT |
Cooperberg [40] | Survival model (Weibull parametric) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External | Not stated | NA | 1143 (NR) | 10 year PCSM | EBRT |
Cooperberg [39] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External | Not stated | NA | 1262 (62) | PCSM | EBRT |
Zumsteg [69] | Survival model (Cox) | Stratification for NCCN intermediate risk patients based on: Gleason, % Positive biospy cores and number of intermediate risk factors | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 424 (NR) | BFFF | EBRT |
Zumsteg [69] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | Stratification for NCCN intermediate risk patients based on: Gleason, % Positive biospy cores and number of intermediate risk factors | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 424 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT |
Zumsteg [69] | Survival model (Cox) | Stratification for NCCN intermediate risk patients based on: Gleason, % Positive biospy cores and number of intermediate risk factors | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 424 (NR) | LF | EBRT |
Zumsteg [69] | Survival model (Cox) | Stratification for NCCN intermediate risk patients based on: Gleason, % Positive biospy cores and number of intermediate risk factors | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 424 (NR) | DM | EBRT |
Zelefsky [67] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | T stage, Gleason, RT dose, pre-RT PSA, Nadir PSA | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 812 (81) | DM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Zelefsky [67] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | T stage, Gleason, RT dose, pre-RT PSA, Nadir PSA | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 843 (65) | PCSM | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Zelefsky [67] | Survival model (Cox) | T stage, Gleason, RT dose, pre-RT PSA, Nadir PSA | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 769 (246) | BFFF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Thames [59] | Survival model (Cox) | T stage, Gleason Score, ln(initial PSA), PSA indicator interval, non-treatment day ratio, dose, Overall treatment time | No, Institution adjustment and PSA interval are cohort specific | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 3426 (1445) | BCF | 2D or 3D-CRT |
Taylor [58] | Joint model (longitudinal and survival) | Gleason score, T stage, PSA before treatment, Dose and date of radiation, Serial PSA values after treatment | Yes | External (separate cohort not stated) | Not stated | NA | 3232 (458) | Clinical recurrence (local, regional or distant) | EBRT |
Murgic [50] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, PSA, T-stage, Gleason, ADT use, Pelvic RT, RT dose, Maximum biopsy core, percent positive cores | No, pelvic RT included | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 590 (NR) | BFFF | EBRT |
Murgic [50] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, PSA, T-stage, Gleason, ADT use, Pelvic RT, RT dose, Maximum biopsy core, percent positive cores | No, pelvic RT included | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 590 (NR) | FFM | EBRT |
Murgic [50] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, PSA, T-stage, Gleason, ADT use, Pelvic RT, RT dose, Maximum biopsy core, percent positive cores | Yes, pelvic RT included | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 590 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT |
Murgic [50] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, PSA, T-stage, Gleason, ADT use, Pelvic RT, RT dose, Maximum biopsy core, percent positive cores | Yes, pelvic RT included | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 590 (NR) | OS | EBRT |
Spratt [55] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, T-stage, Gleason score, pre-treatment PSA, >50% core involvement, use of ADT, and PSA density | Yes, PSA density can be calculated | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1002 (NR) | BCF | IMRT |
Spratt [55] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, T-stage, Gleason score, pre-treatment PSA, >50% core involvement, use of ADT, and PSA density | Yes, PSA density can be calculated | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1002 (NR) | DMFS | IMRT |
Spratt [55] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | Age, T-stage, Gleason score, pre-treatment PSA, >50% core involvement, use of ADT, and PSA density | Yes, PSA density can be calculated | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1002 (NR) | PCSM | IMRT |
Sabolch [53] | Survival model (Cox) | Pre-treatment PSA, T-stage, Gleason score, GP5, ADT, and Charlson comorbidity index. | No, includes Charlson comorbidity index | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 718 (NR) | BFFF | 3D CT or IMRT |
Sabolch [53] | Survival model (Cox) | Pre-treatment PSA, T-stage, Gleason score, GP5, ADT, and Charlson comorbidity index. | No, includes Charlson comorbidity index | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 718 (NR) | Freedom from Metastases | 3D CT or IMRT |
Sabolch [53] | Survival model (Cox) | Pre-treatment PSA, T-stage, Gleason score, GP5, ADT, and Charlson comorbidity index. | No, includes Charlson comorbidity index | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 718 (NR) | PCSM | 3D CT or IMRT |
Sabolch [53] | Survival model (Cox) | Pre-treatment PSA, T-stage, Gleason score, GP5, ADT, and Charlson comorbidity index. | No, includes Charlson comorbidity index | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 718 (NR) | OS | 3D CT or IMRT |
Huang [47] | Survival model (Cox) | Gleason score, iPSA, and % positive cores | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1056 (176) | BCF | EBRT |
Huang [47] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | Gleason score, iPSA, and % positive cores | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1056 (30) | PCSM | EBRT |
Huang [47] | Survival model (Cox) | Gleason score, iPSA, and % positive cores | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1056 (634) | OS | EBRT |
Feng [28] | Survival model (Cox); also recursive partitioning | age, race, T stage, PSA, No of biopsy cores taken, percent positive cores, Gleason Score, NCCN risk group, RT dose, Pelvic RT, ADT | No, includes pelvic RT | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 651 (NR) | FFM | EBRT |
Feng [28] | Survival model (Cox); also recursive partitioning | age, race, T stage, PSA, No of biopsy cores taken, percent positive cores, Gleason Score, NCCN risk group, RT dose, Pelvic RT, ADT | No, includes pelvic RT | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 651 (NR) | PCSM | EBRT |
Feng [28] | Survival model (Cox); also recursive partitioning | age, race, T stage, PSA, No of biopsy cores taken, percent positive cores, Gleason Score, NCCN risk group, RT dose, Pelvic RT, ADT | No, Includes pelvic RT | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 651 (NR) | BFFF | EBRT |
Feng [28] | Survival model (Cox); also recursive partitioning | age, race, T stage, PSA, No of biopsy cores taken, percent positive cores, Gleason Score, NCCN risk group, RT dose, Pelvic RT, ADT | No, includes Pelvic RT | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 651 (NR) | OS | EBRT |
Engineer [9] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, Tumour stage, Gleason score, PSA, ADT, radiation dose, period of treatment | No, includes period of treatment | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 174 (21) | BFFF | 2D or 3D-CRT |
Engineer [9] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, Tumour stage, Gleason score, PSA, ADT, radiation dose, period of treatment | No, includes period of treatment | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 174 (98) | Disease free survival | 2D or 3D-CRT |
Engineer [9] | Survival model (Cox) | Age, Tumour stage, Gleason score, PSA, ADT, radiation dose, period of treatment | No, includes period of treatment | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 174 (124) | OS | 2D or 3D-CRT |
Denham [44] | Survival model (Cox) | Time to biochemical failure | Yes | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 802 (125) | PCSM | EBRT |
Denham [44] | Survival model (Cox) | PSA doubling time | No, multiple PSA measures required | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 802 (125) | PCSM | EBRT |
D’Amico [43] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | PSA velocity, biopsy Gleason score, PSA, and clinical stage | No, PSA velocity | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 288 (32) | PCSM | 3D-CRT |
Slater [54] | Survival model (Cox) | NCCN grouping, percent positive biopsy cores (PPBC), percentage of cancer volume (PCV), maximum involvement of biopsy scores (MIBC) | No, percentage cancer volume | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 398 (NR) | bNED | Proton and photonbeam therapy |
D’Ambrosio [41] | Survival model (Cox) | Non-treatment day ratio, absolute number of non-treatment days, Gleason, pre-treatment PSA, T stage, radiation dose | No, includes treatment days | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 1796 (NR) | BCF | 3D-CRT, IMRT |
Author | Model type | Variables | Variable readily available? | Validation (I/E) | Accuracy | Metric | Sample size (number of events) | Outcome | Tx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rodrigues [14] | Survival model (Cox) | T stage, PSA and Gleason | Yes | Internal (cross validation) | 0.64 | c-index | 7839 (NR) | OS | Brachytherapy and or EBRT |
Rodrigues [14] | Survival model (Cox) | T stage, PSA and Gleason | Yes | Internal (cross validation) | 0.67 | c-index | 7839 (NR) | BFFF | Brachytherapy and or EBRT |
Delouya [19] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA score (Age, PSA, Gleason score, T-stage, PPB) | Yes | External | 0.69, 95%CI 55.0 to 83.8; 0.66, 95%CI 54.4 to 78.3; 0.68, 95%CI 58.5 to 77.2; 0.62 95%CI 53.2 to 70.7 | c-index at 2, 3, 4, and 5 years | 744 (47) | BFFF | Brachytherapy or EBRT |
Delouya [19] | Survival model (Cox) | D’Amico classification (T-stage, PSA and Gleason) | Yes | External | 59.1% - 61.6%; and 54.5% - 61.6% | 3-5 year sensitivity and specificity | 744 (47) | BFFF | Brachytherapy or EBRT |
Wattson [61] | Survival Model (Fine and Gray) | Number of high-risk factors (prostate-specific antigen >20 ng/mL, biopsy Gleason score 8–10, or clinical stage T2c), adjusted for age, comorbidity, and the type of supplemental treatment | No, comorbidity | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 2234 (57) | PCSM | EBRT and or Brachytherapy |
Kubicek [48] | Survival model | Mid therapy PSA (<25% vs > =25%) | No, mid therapy PSA cohort specific | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 717 (NR) | Disease free survival | Brachytherapy and EBRT |
Kubicek [48] | Survival model | Mid therapy PSA (<25% vs > =25%) | No, mid therapy PSA cohort specific | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 717 (NR) | OS | Brachytherapy and EBRT |
Krishnan [20] | Survival model (Cox) | CAPRA scores (based on PSA, Biopsy Gleason, Age at diagnosis, clinical tumour stage and % biopsy cores positive for cancer) | Yes | External | Not stated | NA | 345 (45) | BCF | EBRT and/or LDR |
McKenna [49] | Survival model (Cox) | Patient age, hormonal treatment, baseline PSA, and degree of extracapsular extension, pre-treatment MRI | Yes, where MRI is routine | Not stated | Not stated | NA | 80 (4) | Metastatic recurrence and BCF | EBRT or EBRT with Brachytherapy |
Study Id | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cooperberg [39] | high | low | low | low |
Bittner [27] | high | low | high | low |
Buyyounouski [38] | low | low | low | low |
Cooperberg (41) | low | high | low | low |
Delouya [19] | low | high | low | low |
Engineer [9] | low | high | low | low |
Feng [28] | low | low | low | low |
Frank [25] | unclear | high | low | low |
Frank [45] | unclear | low | unclear | low |
Halverson [46] | low | low | low | low |
Huang [47] | low | low | low | low |
Kaplan [12] | unclear | high | low | low |
Krishnan [20] | low | high | low | low |
Kubicek [48] | low | low | low | high |
Marshall [11] | unclear | low | low | low |
Potters [16] | unclear | high | low | low |
Rodrigues [14] | high | unclear | low | low |
Proust-Lima [51] | low | low | unclear | low |
Sabolch [53] | low | low | low | low |
Sanpaolo [21] | low | low | low | low |
Slater [54] | high | low | low | low |
Spratt [55] | low | low | low | low |
Steigler [56] | low | low | low | unclear |
Taylor [58] | low | low | unclear | low |
Vainshtein [18] | low | low | low | low |
Vance [60] | low | low | low | low |
Wattson [61] | low | high | low | low |
Westphalen [62] | unclear | high | low | low |
Williams [17] | low | high | low | low |
Yoshida [15] | unclear | low | unclear | low |
Zaorsky [65] | low | low | low | low |
Zelefsky [10] | low | high | low | low |
Zelefsky [68] | low | low | low | low |
Zelefsky [66] | low | low | low | low |
Zumsteg [69] | low | low | low | low |
D’Amico [43] | low | high | low | low |
Yu [64] | low | low | low | low |
D’Ambrosio [41] | unclear | low | low | low |
Denham [44] | low | unclear | low | low |
McKenna [49] | unclear | high | low | high |
Yu [63] | low | unclear | unclear | low |
D’Amico [42] | low | low | low | low |
Zelefsky [67] | low | low | low | low |
Thames [59] | low | low | unclear | low |
Qian [52] | low | low | low | low |
Sylvester [57] | low | low | low | high |
Murgic [50] | low | high | low | low |
Low/47 | 34 (72%) | 30 (64%) | 40 (85%) | 43 (91%) |