Background
Cancer immune escape
Regulatory immune cells
Disable antigen processing and presentation of cancer cells
Immune inhibitory cytokines and immune checkpoints
The role of miRNAs in cancer immune evasion
The miRNAs regulating cancer antigen processing and presentation
Targets of miRNAs | miRNAs | Cancer cell types | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
TAP1 | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | [53] |
TAP2 | miR-125a-5p | Esophageal adenocarcinoma | [54] |
LMP8 | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | [53] |
miR-451 | Lung cancer | [55] | |
LMP9 | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | [53] |
LMP10 | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | [53] |
MHC-I | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | [53] |
miR-148a-3p | Esophageal adenocarcinoma | [54] | |
miR-27a | Colorectal cancer | [56] | |
β2-microglobulin | miR-9 | Nasopharyngeal cancer | [53] |
HLA-G-targeting miRNAs
The MHC-I chain-related molecules A/B and miRNAs
The targets of miRNAs | miRNAs | Cancer cell types | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
MICA | miR-20a | Ovarian cancer | [74] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | |||
Breast cancer | [77] | ||
Colorectal cancer | [78] | ||
Gastric cancer | [79] | ||
miR-93 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | ||
miR-106b | Hepatocellular carcinoma | ||
miR-106a | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-519a-3p | Breast cancer | [81] | |
miR-125ba | Multiple myeloma | [82] | |
miR-373 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-302c | Multiple cancers | [83] | |
miR-520c | Multiple cancers | [83] | |
miR-153b | Pancreatic cancer | [84] | |
MICB | miR-20a | Breast cancer | [77] |
Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | ||
miR-373 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-29a/b/c | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-15b | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-195 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-16 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-424 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-106a | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-107 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-17 | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [75] | |
miR-302c | Multiple cancers | [83] | |
miR-520c | Multiple cancers | [83] | |
ULBP | miR-20a | Breast cancer | [77] |
miR-519a-3p | Breast cancer | [81] | |
miR-302c | Multiple cancers | [83] | |
miR-520c | Multiple cancers | [83] |
Immune checkpoint ligand-associated miRNAs
miRNAs | Effects of miRNA on PD-L1 expression | Cancer cell types | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
miR-195-5p | Downregulating | Pancreatic cancer | [87] |
Downregulating | Colon adenocarcinoma | [91] | |
Downregulating | Prostate cancer | [98] | |
Downregulating | DLBCL | [99] | |
miR-3609 | Downregulating | Breast cancer | [86] |
miR-148a-3p | Downregulating | Colorectal cancer | [88] |
miR-873 | Downregulating | Breast cancer | [89] |
miR-146a | Upregulating | Melanoma | [100] |
miR-497-5p | Downregulating | Clear cell renal cell carcinoma | [90] |
miR-16 | Downregulating | Prostate cancer | [98] |
Downregulating | MPM | [96] | |
miR-34a | Downregulating | B cell lymphomas | [92] |
Downregulating | Glioma | [93] | |
Downregulating | AML | ||
miR-140 | Downregulating | Cervical cancer | [95] |
Downregulating | NSCLC | [103] | |
miR-142 | Downregulating | Cervical cancer | [95] |
Downregulating | NSCLC | [104] | |
Downregulating | Pancreatic cancer | [105] | |
miR-340 | Downregulating | Cervical cancer | [95] |
miR-383 | Downregulating | Cervical cancer | [95] |
miR-18a | Upregulating | Cervical cancer | [95] |
miR-3127-5p | Upregulating | NSCLC | [97] |
miR-200 family | Downregulating | Lung cancer | [106] |
Downregulating | Hepatocellular carcinoma | [107] | |
Downregulating | AML | [101] | |
miR-375 | Downregulating | HNSCC | [108] |
miR-138 | Downregulating | Colorectal cancer | [94] |
Downregulating | Colorectal cancer | [109] | |
miR-15a | Downregulating | MPM | [96] |
miR-193a-3p | Downregulating | MPM | [96] |
miR-93 | Downregulating | Pancreatic cancer | [110] |
miR-106b | Downregulating | Pancreatic cancer | [110] |
miR-17-5p | Downregulating | Melanoma | [111] |
miR-197 | Downregulating | NSCLC | [112] |
The miRNAs and tumor-mediated immune cell death
Cancer cell metabolite-related miRNAs
Cancer cell-derived miRNAs regulating immune evasion via exosomes or vehicles
Immune cells regulated by cancer cells-derived exosomal miRNAs | miRNAs | Cancer cell types | Effects on anti-cancer immune response | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Effector T cells | miR-690 | Melanoma | Immunosuppressive | [125] |
miR-24-3p | NPC | Immunosuppressive | [126] | |
miR-891a | NPC | Immunosuppressive | [126] | |
miR-106a-5p | NPC | Immunosuppressive | [126] | |
miR-20a-5p | NPC | Immunosuppressive | [126] | |
miR-1908 | NPC | Immunosuppressive | [126] | |
TAMs | miR-222-3p | EOC | Immunosuppressive | [127] |
miR-940 | EOC | Immunosuppressive | [128] | |
miR-21-3p | EOC | Immunosuppressive | [129] | |
miR-125b-5p | EOC | Immunosuppressive | [129] | |
miR-181d-5p | EOC | Immunosuppressive | [129] | |
miR-21 | Head and neck cancer | Immunosuppressive | [130] | |
miR-1246 | Colon cancer | Immunosuppressive | [131] | |
miR-16 | Breast cancer | Immunostimulatory | [132] | |
MDSCs | miR-107 | Gastric cancer | Immunosuppressive | [133] |
miR-21 | OSCC | Immunosuppressive | [134] | |
miR-21 | Glioma | Immunosuppressive | [135] | |
miR-10a | Glioma | Immunosuppressive | [135] | |
miR-29a | Glioma | Immunosuppressive | [136] | |
miR-92a | Glioma | Immunosuppressive | [136] | |
miR-155 | CLL | Immunosuppressive | [137] | |
CAFs | miR-27a | Gastric cancer | Immunosuppressive | [138] |
miR-1247-3p | HCC | Immunosuppressive | [139] | |
miR-21 | HCC | Immunosuppressive | [140] |