Background
The role of immune response in cancer
MicroRNAs as regulators of cancer-related immunity in solid tumors
Cell lineage | Cellular process | MicroRNAs | |
---|---|---|---|
Immune cell progenitors
| |||
Hematopoietic stem cells | Cell maintenance | let-7ea, miR-29a, miR-99ba, miR-125a, miR-126, miR-212/132 cluster | |
Multipotent progenitors | Cell development |
miR-10 family, miR-126, miR-196b, miR-221/222 | |
Common myeloid progenitors | Cell development |
miR-17, miR-24, miR-126, miR-128, miR-155, miR-181a | |
Common lymphoid progenitors | Cell development | miR-126, miR-128, miR-146, miR-181a | |
Granulocyte–macrophage progenitors | Cell development | miR-16, miR-103, miR-107 | |
Macrophage progenitors | Cell development |
miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-106a
| |
Granulocyte progenitors | Cell development |
miR-223
| |
Erythroid precursors | Cell development | miR-155, miR-221/222
| |
Megakaryocyte precursors | Cell development |
miR-10a/b, miR-17, miR-20, miR-126 | |
Innate immunity
| |||
Monocytes | Cell differentiation |
miR-17-5p, miR-20a, miR-21, miR-106a, miR-155, miR-196b, miR-223, miR-338, miR-342, miR-424
| |
Cell activation |
miR-155, miR-424
| ||
Dendritic cells | Cell differentiation |
miR-21, miR-34a
| |
Cell function | miR-10a, miR-148/152, miR-155, miR-223
| ||
Macrophages | Cell differentiation | miR-15a, miR-16, miR-19a-3p, miR-21, miR-107, miR-146a, miR-424 | |
Cell function |
Let-7, miR-9, miR-21, miR-101, miR-125b, miR-146a, miR-147, miR-155, miR-187, miR-212/132 cluster, miR-378, miR-487b, miR-1224 | ||
Cell polarization | let-7c, let-7f, miR-9, miR-21, miR-33, miR-101, miR-124, miR-125, miR-146, miR-147, miR-155, miR-187, miR-223, miR-342, miR-378, miR-511 | ||
Granulocytes | Cell differentiation | miR-15a, miR-21, miR-27, miR-196b, miR-223
| |
Cell function |
miR-223
| ||
Neutrophils | Cell function |
miR-223
| |
MDSCs | Cell function | miR-494, miR-17-5p/20a | |
Megakaryocytes | Cell differentiation | miR-10a, miR-130a, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-223
| |
Erythrocytes | Cell differentiation | miR-15a, miR-16, miR-24, miR-144, miR-150, miR-155, miR-221/222 cluster, miR-223, miR-451
| |
Natural killer cells | Cell differentiation |
miR-150, miR-181a/b
| |
Cell function | miR-15/16, miR-27a, miR-29, miR-30c-1, miR-30e, miR-155, miR-223, miR-378 | ||
Adaptive immunity
| |||
B cells | Cell differentiation |
miR-17/92 cluster, miR-23a, miR-34a, miR-142, miR-150, miR-155, miR-181 family, miR-212/132 cluster | |
Cell activation | miR-9, miR-17/92 cluster, miR-30, miR-125b, miR-155, miR-181b, miR-223 | ||
Plasma cells | Cell differentiation | miR-148a | |
T cells | Cell differentiation |
miR-17/92 cluster, miR-21, miR-142-3p, miR-150, miR-181a, miR-223 | |
Cell activation |
miR-155, miR-181a, miR-182, miR-214 | ||
T helper cells | Cell differentiation | miR-125b, miR-150
| |
Cell function | miR-182, miR-214, miR-297, miR-669c | ||
T helper 1 cells | Cell differentiation | miR-17/92 cluster, miR-29, miR-146a, miR-148a, miR-155, miR-210, miR-326
| |
T helper 2 cells | Cell differentiation | miR-21, miR-27, miR-28 | |
Cell function |
miR-155
| ||
T cytotoxic cells | Cell differentiation | Let-7f, miR-15b, miR-16, miR-17/92 cluster, miR-21, miR-139, miR-142, miR-150, miR-155, miR-342 | |
Cell function |
miR-17/92 cluster, miR-21, miR-29, miR-23a, miR-24, miR-27a, miR-30b, miR-130/301, miR-139, miR-146a, miR-150, miR-155, miR-214 | ||
T regulatory cells | Cell differentiation | miR-17/92 cluster, miR-10, miR-99a/miR-150, miR-155
| |
Cell function |
miR-142-3p, miR-146a, miR-155
| ||
T helper 17 cells | Cell differentiation | miR-10a, miR-19b, miR-17, miR-155, miR-210, miR-212/132 cluster, miR-301, miR-326
| |
T follicular helper cells | Cell differentiation |
miR-10a, miR-17/92 cluster
|
MicroRNAs and tumor-associated immune cells
Cancer type | miRNA | Expression status and cell localizationb
| Target | Immune-related role | Cancer-related role | Refc
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Breast | ↑miR-10b | Cancer cells | ↓MICB | Suppression of NK-mediated killing of tumor cells | Metastasis developmentd
| [107] |
↑miR-19a-3p | M2 Macrophages | ↓FRA-1 | Macrophage polarization | Inhibition of cancer progression and metastasis development | [95] | |
↑miR-21 | Cancer cells | ↓PIAS3 | Reduced chemokine production and lymphocyte migration, immunoresistance to cancer immunotherapyd
| Cancer cell survival, cell proliferation | [137] | |
↓miR-23a/ 27a/24-2 | Macrophages | ↑A20 ↑JAK1 ↑STAT6 | M2 Macrophage polarization | Xenograft tumor growth | [97] | |
↓miR-126/126a
| Cancer cells | ↑SDF-1α | Downregulation of Ccl2 expression, Suppression of Inflammatory monocyte recruitment | Repression of MSC recruitment, lung metastasis promotion | [100] | |
↓miR-146a | Cancer cells | ↑IRAK1 ↑TRAF6 | Modulation of inflammationc
| Cell Invasion and Migration impairment (NF-kB signaling block) | [92] | |
↑miR-155 | Cancer cells | ↓SOCS1 | STAT3 signaling activation | Cancer cell proliferation, colony formation, and xenograft tumor growth | [141] | |
Myeloid cells | ↓SHIP1 | Tumor-infiltrating innate immune cell recruitment | Antitumor activity | [98] | ||
↑miR-223a
| M2 macrophages and cancer cells | ↓MEF2Cd
| Macrophage differentiationd
| Promotion of cancer cell invasion | [163] | |
↑miR-494 | MDSCs | ↓PTEN | Accumulation of MDSCs | Tumor cell invasion and metastasis development | [117] | |
Gastric | ↓miR-146a | Cancer cells | ↑IRAK1 ↑TRAF6 ↓IL8 | Modulation of inflammationd
| Antitumor activity | [146] |
Ovarian | ↑miR-20a | Cancer cells | ↓MICA/B | Suppression of NK-mediated killing of tumor cells | Long-term cellular proliferation, invasion capabilities | [104] |
↓miR-199a | Cancer cells | ↑IKKβ | Cytokine production | Tumor progression, chemosensitivity (NF-kB signaling modulation) | [148] | |
↑miR-424 | Cancer cells | ↓PDL1 ↓CD80 | T cell activation | Chemosensitivity | [151] | |
Colorectal | ↓miR-17-5p/miR-20a/miR-124 | MDSCs | ↑STAT3 | Inhibition of immunosuppressive potential of MDSCs | Tumor growth | |
↑miR-21/miR-29ba
| Cancer cells and immune cells | ↑IL-6 (Indirectly) | Activation of pro inflammatory immune cellsd
| Promotion of cancer cell invasion, tumor progressiond
| [164] | |
Hepatocellular | ↑miR-20a, miR-96, miR-106b | Cancer cells | ↓MICA | Suppression of NK-mediated killing of tumor cells | Long-term cellular proliferation, invasion capabilitiesd
| [108] |
HBV+/Hepatocellular | ↓miR-34a | Cancer cells | ↑CCL2 | Regulation of Treg recruitment | Suppression of tumor growth/metastasis development | [113] |
Melanoma | ↓miR-34a/c | Cancer cells | ↑ULPB2 | Suppression of NK-mediated killing of tumor cells | Cell cycle arrest, senescence, apoptosis | |
↓miR-17 | T cells | ↑STAT3 | Impairment of T cell responsed
| Tumor growthd
| [142] | |
Melanoma and Lewis lung cancer | ↓miR-155 | Immune cells | ↑HIF1a | Recruitment of MDSC cells to tumor microenvironment | Promotion of tumor growthd
| [118] |
Lung | ↑miR-23a | T cells | ↓BLIMP1 | Suppression of CD8+ T cell functiond
| Tumor progression, TGF-β-mediated immune evasiond
| [145] |
Glioma | ↓miR-124 | T cells | ↑STAT3 | Impairment of T cell responses | Tumor growth | [143] |
Various solid tumors | ↓miR-29 | Cancer cells | ↑B7-H3 | Inhibition of NK and T cell functiond
| Protumor activityd
| |
↓miR-214a
| Cancer cells and CD4+CD25+ T cells | ↓PTEN | Expansion of Treg cells | Promotion of tumor growth | [166] |