Background
Methods
Data sources and search strategy
Study selection
Data extraction and quality assessment
Statistical analysis
Results
Study selection and study characteristics
First author/publication year | Study location | Study design | Age (years) | Male (%) | Definition of night or weekend | Disease severity | Population | Adjustments | Outcome | OR and 95% CIs | NOS score | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santamaria et al./2015 | 40 ICUs in Australia and New Zealand | Prospective multicenter cohort | Median (IQR) 63 (49–74) | 61 | Night (18:00–06:00) | APACHE III-J risk of death median (IQR) 0.09 (0.03–0.25) | Adult | Markers of illness severity at the time of ICU discharge: age, cardiac surgery, treatment limitation order, tracheostomy, ongoing dialysis, parenteral nutrition, and altered conscious state | In-hospital mortality | 1.16 (0.89, 1.53) | 8 | [15] |
Azevedo et al./2015 | 5 ICUs in Canada | Retrospective multicenter cohort | 57.5 (18.0) | 57.9 | Night (19:00–07:59), weekend (Fri 19:00–Mon 07:59) | APACHE II score 19.4 (7.5) | Adult | Demographics, co-morbidity, APACHE II score at ICU admission, use of mechanical ventilation, ICU length-of-stay, surgical status, admission source, primary diagnostic category, study year, type of hospital | In-hospital mortality | Night 1.29 (1.14, 1.46), weekend 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) | 6 | [31] |
Gantner et al./2014 | 103 ICUs contributing to ANZICS APD from 2005 to 2012 | Retrospective multicenter cohort | After-hours 59.4 (19.8), in-hours 60.3 (19.3) | NA | Night (18:00–06:00) | APACHE III score After-hours 50.0 (25.3), in-hours 46.5 (22.9) | Adult | APACHE III risk of death at ICU admission, presence of treatment limitation orders at ICU admission, diagnostic category, hospital site | In-hospital mortality | 1.34 (1.30, 1.38) | 7 | [30] |
Laupland et al./2011 | French ICUs The Outcomerea database | Retrospective multicenter cohort | Median (IQR) 62 (49–75) | 61 | Night 18:00-07:59) | SAPS II score median (IQR) 40 (28–56) | Adult | Admission SAPSII, medical/surgical classification, presence of septic shock, admission decision to forego life-sustaining therapy(DFLST) order, discharge SOFA score | In-hospital mortality | 1.54 (1.12, 2.11) | 7 | [29] |
Singh et al./2010 | 1 ICU in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Australia | Retrospective single-center cohort | Median 60 | 61.3 | Night (18:00–07:59), weekend (Sat and Sun) | APACHE II score median 18 (range, 1–44) | Adult | Age, APACHE II score at ICU admission, discharge destination | In-hospital mortality | Night 1.38 (1.01, 1.88), weekend 1.04 (0.73, 1.46) | 6 | [10] |
Hanane et al./2008 | 3 ICUs of Mayo Medical Center in USA | Retrospective single-center cohort | Night 61.6 (18.0), day 62.7 (17.8) | Night 56.0, day 53.1 | Night (19:00–06:59) | APACHE III score night 47.6 (21.1), day 44.9 (19.0) | Adult | DNR order by the time of transfer, the last ICU day APACHE III predicted mortality | In-hospital mortality | 1.05 (0.64, 1.70) | 7 | [13] |
Laupland et al./2008 | 4 ICUs in the Calgary Health Region, Alberta, Canada | Retrospective single-center cohort | Median (IQR) 63.7 (49.9–73.8) | 64 | Night (18:00–07:59), weekend (Sat and Sun) | APACHE II score 25.1 (8.48) | Adult | Noncardiac surgery, cardiac surgery, age, APACHE II at ICU admission, weekend admission, night admission, regional resident | In-hospital mortality | Weekday night discharge 1.20 (1.01, 1.41), weekend day discharge 0.81 (0.67, 0.98), weekend night discharge 1.35 (1.05, 1.73) | 6 | [12] |
Pilcher et al./2007 | 40 ICUs in Australia and New Zealand | Retrospective multicenter cohort | Night 58.6 (0.08), day: 59.1 (0.17) | NA | Night (18:00–06:00) | APACHE III score night 47.7 (0.2), day: 46.0 (0.1) | Adult | APACHE III risk of death at admission, emergency admission to ICU | In-hospital mortality | 1.42 (1.32, 1.53) | 6 | [9] |
Tobin et al./2006 | 1 ICU in Australia | Retrospective single-center cohort | 64 (13–98) | 65 | Night (22:00–06:59), weekend (Fri 18:00–Mon 07:59) | APACHE II score median 13 (range 0–53) | Adult | Age, APACHE II score at admission, origin of admission, treatment category | In-hospital mortality | Night 1.63 (1.03, 2.57), weekend 1.46 (1.18, 1.81) | 6 | [8] |
Priestap et al./2006 | 31 Critical care units across Canada | Retrospective multicenter cohort | Night 61.6 (17.7), day 61.7 (17.5) | Night 58, day 57.4 | Night (21:00–06:59) | APACHE II score night 15.7 (7.7), day 15.0 (7.4) | Adult | Differences in illness severity at admission, gender, age, admission source, admission diagnosis, site | In-hospital mortality | 1.22 (1.10, 1.36) | 6 | [11] |
Duke et al./2004 | 1 ICU in the Northern Hospital in Australia | Prospective single-center cohort | Median (IQR) 62 (42–73) | NA | Night (22:00–07:30) | APACHE II score 15 (10–21) | Adult | age, APACHE II predicted mortality at admission, premature discharge, delayed discharge, limitation of medical treatment decision, emergency admission, mechanical ventilation, APACHE II diagnosis, chronic health status categories | In-hospital mortality | 1.7 (1.03, 2.9) | 7 | [7] |
Uusaro et al./2003 | 18 ICUs in university and central hospitals in Finland | Retrospective multicenter cohort | NA | NA | Night (16:00–08:00), weekend (Fri 16:00–Sun 24:00) | SAPS II score 34 (17) | Adult | Disease severity at ICU admission, intensity of care, and whether restrictions for future care were set | In-hospital mortality | Night 1.11 (0.93, 1.31), weekend 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) | 7 | [14] |
Beck et al./2002 | 9 ICUs in a district general hospital in United Kingdom | Retrospective single-center cohort | 57 (19) | 61.7 | Night (20:00–07:59) | APACHE II probabilities 18.3 (18.7) | Adult | Disease severity at ICU admission | In-hospital mortality | 1.70 (1.28, 2.25) | 6 | [6] |
Goldfrad et al./2000 | 88 ICUs in the United Kingdom | Retrospective multicenter cohort | Mean (95% CI) night 57.5 (56.4–58.7), day 58.2 (57.9–58.5) | NA | Night (22:00–06:59) | APACHE II score mean (95% CI), night 15.5 (15.1–16.0), day 14.6 (14.5–14.7) | Adult | Case-mix (age, medical history, acute severity), premature discharge | In-hospital mortality | 1.17 (0.92, 1.49) | 6 | [5] |
First author/publication year | Total number of patients discharged | Discharged during daytime, n (%) | Discharged during nighttime, n (%) | Crude hospital mortality among patients discharged during daytime, % | Crude hospital mortality among patients discharged during nighttime, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Santamaria et al./2015 [15] | 10,211 | 8539 (83.6) | 1672 (16.4) | 4.8 | 7.4 |
Azevedo et al./2015 [31] | 19,622 | 16,117 (82.1) | 3505 (17.9) | 8.8 | 11.8 |
Gantner et al./2014 [30] | 710,535 | 601,151 (84.6) | 109,384 (15.4) | 3.6 | 6.4 |
Laupland et al./2011 [29] | 5992 | 5333 (89.0) | 659 (11.0) | 5 | 9 |
Singh et al./2010 [10] | 1871 | 1221 (65.3) | 650 (34.7) | 10.1 | 13.7 |
Hanane et al./2008 [13] | 11,659 | 11,241 (96.4) | 418 (3.6) | 4.5 | 5.3 |
Laupland et al./2008 [12] | 17,864 | 14,151 (79.2) | 3713 (20.8) | 5 | 12 |
Pilcher et al./2007 [9] | 76,690 | 62,704 (81.8) | 13,986 (18.2) | 5.3 | 8 |
Tobin et al./2006 [8] | 10,903 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Priestap et al./2006 [11] | 47,062 | 42,290 (89.9) | 4772 (10.1) | 9 | 11.8 |
Duke et al./2004 [7] | 1870 | 1578 (84.0) | 292 (16.0) | 4.3 | 8.2 |
Uusaro et al./2003 [14] | 20,623 | 16,952 (82.2) | 3671 (17.8) | 9.8 | 11.5 |
Beck et al./2002 [6] | 1654 | 1351 (81.7) | 303 (18.3) | 11.2 | 18.8 |
Goldfrad et al./2000 [5] | 16,756 | 15,747 (94.0) | 1009 (6.0) | 13 | 18.1 |
First author/publication year | Total number of patients discharged | Discharged during weekend, n (%) | Discharged during weekdays, n (%) | Crude hospital mortality among patients discharged during weekend, % | Crude hospital mortality among patients discharged during weekdays, % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Azevedo et al./2015 [31] | 19,622 | 4676 (23.8) | 14,946 (76.2) | NA | NA |
Singh et al./2010 [10] | 1871 | 567 (30.3) | 1304 (69.7) | NA | NA |
Laupland et al./2008 [12] | 17,864 | 4661 (26.1) | 13,203 (73.9) | 6 | 7 |
Tobin et al./2006 [8] | 10,903 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
Uusaro et al./2003 [14] | 20,623 | 2932 (14.2) | 17,691 (85.8) | 9.2 | 10.2 |
Nighttime discharge and hospital mortality
Analysis | Studies, n
| Odds ratio (95% CI) |
P heterogeneity |
I
2
| Study reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgroup analysis | |||||
The definition of night | |||||
18:00–06:00 | 3 | 1.36 (1.29, 1.43) | 0.198 | 38.30% | |
18:00–07:59 | 3 | 1.30 (1.15, 1.46) | 0.432 | 0.00% | |
19:00–07:59 | 1 | 1.29 (1.14, 1.46) | [31] | ||
19:00–06:59 | 1 | 1.05 (0.64, 1.70) | [13] | ||
22:00–07:30 | 1 | 1.7(1.03, 2.9) | [7] | ||
21:00–06:59 | 1 | 1.22 (1.10, 1.36) | [11] | ||
16:00–08:00 | 1 | 1.11(0.93, 1.31) | [14] | ||
20:00–07:59 | 1 | 1.70 (1.28, 2.25) | [6] | ||
22:00–06:59 | 2 | 1.30 (0.96, 1.76) | 0.209 | 36.80% | |
Geographic region | |||||
Oceania | 6 | 1.35 (1.31, 1.39) | 0.457 | 0.00% | |
Europe | 4 | 1.33 (1.08, 1.63) | 0.039 | 64.00% | |
North America | 4 | 1.24 (1.16, 1.33) | 0.82 | 0.00% | |
Total discharge number | |||||
≤ 10000 | 4 | 1.56 (1.32, 1.84) | 0.785 | 0.00% | |
> 10000 | 10 | 1.29 (1.23, 1.36) | 0.091 | 39.90% | |
Study design | |||||
Multicenter studies | 8 | 1.30 (1.23, 1.38) | 0.067 | 47.00% | |
Single-center studies | 6 | 1.38 (1.20, 1.59) | 0.268 | 22.10% | |
Whether or not adjusted for severity of illness at the time of ICU discharge | |||||
YES | 3 | 1.26 (1.02, 1.57) | 0.296 | 17.80% | |
NO | 11 | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38) | 0.076 | 40.90% | |
Whether or not adjusted for treatment limitation orders | |||||
Yes | 6 | 1.28 (1.15, 1.43) | 0.152 | 38.10% | |
No | 8 | 1.32 (1.23, 1.42) | 0.116 | 39.40% | |
whether or not adjusted for premature discharge | |||||
Yes | 2 | 1.31 (0.94, 1.84) | 0.2 | 39.20% | |
No | 12 | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38) | 0.09 | 37.70% | |
Sensitivity analysis | |||||
Fixed-effects model | 14 | 1.33 (1.30, 1.37) | 0.105 | 33.80% | |
Random-effects model | 14 | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38) | 0.105 | 33.80% | |
One-study-out method | |||||
Santamaria et al./2015 | 1 | 1.31 (1.24, 1.39) | [15] | ||
Azevedo et al./2015 | 1 | 1.31 (1.25, 1.37) | [31] | ||
Gantner et al./2014 | 1 | 1.31 (1.24, 1.38) | [30] | ||
Laupland et al./2011 | 1 | 1.30 (1.21, 1.39) | [29] | ||
Singh et al./2010 | 1 | 1.32 (1.25, 1.39) | [10] | ||
Hanane et al./2008 | 1 | 1.31 (1.25, 1.38) | [13] | ||
Laupland et al./2008 | 1 | 1.32 (1.25, 1.39) | [12] | ||
Pilcher et al./2007 | 1 | 1.31 (1.24, 1.37) | [9] | ||
Tobin et al./2006 | 1 | 1.29 (1.22, 1.36) | [8] | ||
Priestap et al./2006 | 1 | 1.33 (1.26, 1.40) | [11] | ||
Duke et al./2004 | 1 | 1.32 (1.25, 1.38) | [7] | ||
Uusaro et al./2003 | 1 | 1.31 (1.24, 1.38) | [14] | ||
Beck et al./2002 | 1 | 1.31 (1.24, 1.38) | [6] | ||
Goldfrad et al./2000 | 1 | 1.33 (1.27, 1.39) | [5] |