Background
Methods
Study population
Measurement of HR-QoL
Other variables
Data analysis
Results
Demographic and disease characteristics
Number (%) or mean (SD) or median (IQR: 25th–75th) | |
---|---|
Country, n (%) | |
Australia | 217 (15%) |
China | 222 (16%) |
Indonesia | 98 (7%) |
Philippines | 124 (9%) |
Singapore | 219 (15%) |
Taiwan | 294 (21%) |
Thailand | 250 (18%) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
Caucasian | 116 (8%) |
Chinese | 699 (49%) |
Filipino | 132 (9%) |
Indonesian | 101 (7%) |
Thai | 254 (18%) |
Malay | 37 (3%) |
Vietnamese/Cambodian | 22 (2%) |
Indian/Sri Lankan | 35 (2%) |
Othera
| 28 (2%) |
Gender, n (%) | |
Female | 1329 (93%) |
Highest attained education levelb
| |
Primary | 241 (17%) |
Secondary | 548 (38%) |
Tertiary | 607 (42%) |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 31.1 (12.2) |
Disease duration (years) | 9.2 (7.7) |
SLICC-DI score | 0 (0–1) |
Damage presentc
| 498 (35%) |
PGA at enrollment | 0.5 (0.2–1) |
Mild flare | 170 (12%) |
Severe flare | 100 (7%) |
SLEDAI-2 K | 4 (2–6) |
Current CNS activityd
| 9 (0.6%) |
Current vasculitisd
| 23 (1.6%) |
Current renal activityd
| 369 (25.9%) |
Current musculoskeletal activityd
| 119 (8.4%) |
Current cutaneous activityd
| 273 (19.2%) |
Current serositisd
| 12 (0.8%) |
Lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) | 593 (42%) |
Number (%) of patients taking prednisoloneg
| 1167 (82%) |
Taking immunosuppressante
| 762 (53.5%) |
Taking antimalarialf
| 1044 (73.3%) |
Median (IQR: 25th–75th) | |
---|---|
Physical functioning | 85 (65–95) |
Role physical | 75 (50–100) |
Bodily pain | 74 (51–84) |
General health | 57 (40–72) |
Vitality | 62.5 (50–75) |
Social functioning | 75 (50–100) |
Role emotional | 83.3 (58.3–100) |
Mental health | 70 (56–80) |
Physical component summary score | 49.73 (42.74–54.67) |
Mental component summary score | 48.34 (40.7–53.32) |
Determinants of HR-QoL
Variable | Physical component summary | Mental component summary | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coeff*
|
p
| 95% CI | Coeff*
|
p
| 95% CI | |
Country | ||||||
Australia | reference | - | - | 1.06 | 0.01 | 1.01–1.10 |
China | 1.14 | <0.001 | 1.10–1.18 | reference | ||
Indonesia | 1.11 | <0.001 | 1.06–1.16 | 1.06 | 0.04 | 1.01–1.12 |
Philippines | 1.23 | <0.001 | 1.18–1.28 | 1.20 | <0.001 | 1.14–1.26 |
Singapore | 1.14 | <0.001 | 1.10–1.18 | 1.13 | <0.001 | 1.08–1.18 |
Taiwan | 1.14 | <0.001 | 1.11–1.18 | 1.05 | 0.01 | 1.01–1.10 |
Thailand | 1.12 | <0.001 | 1.09–1.16 | 1.04 | 0.10 | 0.99–1.08 |
Ethnicity | ||||||
Caucasian | reference | - | - | reference | - | - |
Asian | 1.22 | <0.001 | 1.18–1.26 | 1.03 | 0.19 | 0.99–1.08 |
Gender | ||||||
Female | reference | - | - | reference | - | - |
Male | 1.02 | 0.42 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.99 | 0.95 | 0.95–1.05 |
Education | ||||||
Primary | reference | - | - | reference | - | - |
Secondary | 1.05 | 0.001 | 1.02–1.08 | 1.01 | 0.47 | 0.98–1.05 |
Tertiary | 1.09 | <0.001 | 1.06–1.13 | 1.06 | 0.002 | 1.02–1.09 |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 0.997 | <0.001 | 0.996–0.998 | 1.00 | 0.76 | 0.998–1.001 |
Disease duration (years) | 0.997 | <0.001 | 0.996–0.999 | 1.00 | 0.07 | 0.999–1.003 |
SLEDAI score | 0.994 | <0.001 | 0.992–0.996 | 0.997 | 0.03 | 0.994–0.999 |
Current organ activity | ||||||
CNS | 0.82 | 0.003 | 0.73–0.93 | 0.93 | 0.32 | 0.79–1.08 |
Renal | 0.98 | 0.12 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.99 | 0.37 | 0.96–1.02 |
MSK | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.86–0.93 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.91–0.99 |
Vasculitis | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.83–0.98 | 0.96 | 0.46 | 0.88–1.06 |
Cutaneous | 0.97 | 0.02 | 0.94–0.99 | 0.94 | 0.001 | 0.92–0.98 |
Serositis | 0.86 | 0.01 | 0.77–0.96 | 1.04 | 0.58 | 0.91–1.18 |
PGA (0–3) | 0.94 | <0.001 | 0.93–0.96 | 0.94 | <0.001 | 0.93–0.96 |
Mild flare | 0.95 | 0.002 | 0.92–0.98 | 0.98 | 0.25 | 0.94–1.02 |
Severe flare | 0.89 | <0.001 | 0.86–0.93 | 0.95 | 0.03 | 0.90–0.99 |
Prednisolone dose (mg) | 0.998 | <0.001 | 0.997–0.999 | 0.998 | <0.001 | 0.997–0.999 |
LLDAS | 1.04 | <0.001 | 1.02–1.06 | 1.06 | <0.001 | 1.04–1.09 |
SLICC-DI score | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.94–0.96 | 0.99 | 0.43 | 0.99–1.01 |
Model | Variable | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Common variables | PCS | MCS | PCS | MCS | PCS | MCS | |||||||
Coeff |
p
| Coeff |
p
| Coeff |
p
| Coeff |
p
| Coeff |
p
| Coeff |
p
| ||
Model 1 | Country | ||||||||||||
Australia | reference | - | 1.05 | 0.10 | reference | - | 1.04 | 0.19 | reference | - | 1.06 | 0.08 | |
China | 1.04 | 0.09 | reference | - | 1.06 |
0.02
| reference | - | 1.05 |
0.04
| reference | - | |
Indonesia | 1.01 | 0.73 | 1.06 |
0.04
| 1.02 | 0.40 | 1.07 |
0.03
| 1.02 | 0.45 | 1.07 |
0.02
| |
Philippines | 1.10 |
<0.001
| 1.17 |
<0.001
| 1.12 |
<0.001
| 1.18 |
<0.001
| 1.12 |
<0.001
| 1.19 |
<0.001
| |
Singapore | 1.08 |
<0.01
| 1.12 |
<0.001
| 1.09 |
<0.001
| 1.12 |
<0.001
| 1.09 |
<0.001
| 1.13 |
<0.001
| |
Taiwan | 1.06 |
0.01
| 1.04 | 0.08 | 1.07 | <0.01 | 1.03 | 0.15 | 1.06 |
0.01
| 1.03 | 0.14 | |
Thailand | 1.04 | 0.11 | 1.02 | 0.33 | 1.05 | 0.06 | 1.02 | 0.39 | 1.04 | 0.12 | 1.02 | 0.30 | |
Ethnicity | |||||||||||||
Caucasian | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | |
Asian | 1.10 |
<0.001
| 1.02 | 0.50 | 1.10 |
<0.001
| 1.02 | 0.62 | 1.10 |
<0.001
| 1.02 | 0.53 | |
Education | |||||||||||||
Primary | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | reference | - | |
Secondary | 1.03 |
0.03
| 1.03 | 0.12 | 1.03 |
0.03
| 1.03 | 0.16 | 1.03 |
0.04
| 1.03 | 0.13 | |
Tertiary | 1.05 |
0.002
| 1.06 |
<0.01
| 1.05 |
0.001
| 1.06 |
<0.01
| 1.05 |
0.001
| 1.06 |
<0.01
| |
Age at diagnosis (years) | 0.997 |
<0.001
| 1.00 | 0.39 | 0.997 |
<0.001
| 1.00 | 0.39 | 0.997 |
<0.001
| 1.00 | 0.37 | |
Disease duration (years) | 0.998 |
0.05
| 1.00 | 0.06 | 0.998 |
<0.01
| 1.00 | 0.08 | 0.998 |
<0.01
| 1.00 | 0.10 | |
SLICC-DI score | 0.96 |
<0.001
| 0.99 | 0.13 | 0.96 |
<0.001
| 0.99 | 0.21 | 0.97 |
<0.001
| 0.99 | 0.15 | |
LLDAS | 1.06 |
<0.001
| 1.05 |
<0.001
| - |
-
| - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Model 2 | SLEDAI score | - | - | - | - | 0.997 |
0.05
| 1.00 | 0.35 | - | - | - | - |
PGA (0–3) | - | - | - | - | 0.95 |
<0.001
| 0.97 |
0.02
| - | - | - | - | |
Mild flare | - | - | - | - | 0.98 | 0.26 | 0.98 | 0.25 | - | - | - | - | |
Severe flare | - | - | - | - | 0.97 | 0.11 | 0.97 | 0.33 | - | - | - | - | |
Prednisolone (mg) | - | - | - | - | 0.998 |
0.01
| 0.999 | 0.13 | - | - | - | - | |
Model 3 | Current organ activity | ||||||||||||
Renal | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.00 | 0.43 | 1.02 | 0.29 | |
MSK | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.93 |
<0.001
| 0.99 | 0.55 | |
Vasculitis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 | 0.84 | 1.02 | 0.74 | |
Cutaneous | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.95 | 0.70 | 0.94 |
0.04
| |
Serositis | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.96 | 0.34 | 1.04 | 0.49 | |
PGA (0–3) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 | <0.001
| 0.97 |
0.03
| |
Mild flare | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.99 | 0.59 | 0.99 | 0.58 | |
Severe flare | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.96 |
0.04
| 0.98 | 0.36 | |
Prednisolone (mg) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.998 |
<0.01
| 0.999 | 0.19 |