Association between knee alignment, osteoarthritis disease severity, and subchondral trabecular bone microarchitecture in patients with knee osteoarthritis: a cross-sectional study

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is an important public health problem and one of the world’s leading disabling diseases [1, 2]. OA is currently considered a whole joint disease involving changes in articular cartilage, subchondral trabecular bone (STB), and other articular tissues [3‐5]. Previous studies suggested that STB is closely related to the structure and function of the covered cartilage, and they interact as a functioning synergistic unit [6‐8]. Moreover, there is in vitro and in vivo evidence of biochemical and molecular crosstalk between cartilage and STB and STB microarchitecture changes in early-stage knee OA [9, 10]. In particular, the STB is a shock absorber that buffers the mechanical shock during joint movement, and its structural and property change affects the mechanical load exerted on the cartilage and may play a key role in the initiation and development of OA [4].

The properties and structure of the STB in OA could be characterized by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) [11], X-ray computed tomography (CT) [12], CT arthrography [13], micro-CT (μCT) [14], and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [15, 16]. Previous studies have reported that knee OA severity, based on histological score [17], Kellgren-Lawrence (K-L) grade [18], cartilage defects, and cartilage thinning, was positively correlated with tibial plateau subchondral bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), suggesting that subchondral bone is closely related to OA severity.

The occurrence and deterioration of OA are widely known to result from local mechanical factors acting under systemic susceptibility [19]. Knee alignment, hip-knee-ankle (HKA) angle, as the frontal plane loading index, plays a crucial role in the load distribution of the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments. Knee malalignment causes the load-bearing axis to be biased to one side; therefore, the resulting moment arm increases the load on the side compartment, which is a significant risk factor for predicting the onset and progression of OA [20].

Aberrant knee load index has been associated with local variations in tibial periarticular BMD based on DXA [18, 21, 22]. However, DXA as a two-dimensional quantitative tool can neither distinguish cortical bone from trabecular bone nor characterize the bone microarchitecture. Thus, it is necessary to analyze STB microarchitecture, because better understanding of the effects of knee joint loading on local changes in STB microarchitecture can help us understand their roles in the development of knee OA. Roberts et al. [23] have shown a significant correlation between knee mechanical axis deviation (MAD) and tibial STB microarchitecture, and Finnila et al. [17] have shown a significant correlation between OARSI score and STB microarchitecture. However, to the best of our knowledge, no recent study has simultaneously evaluated the association between knee alignment, STB microarchitecture, and OA severity index of the corresponding compartment in the same patients. Data on this can help us understand more deeply the factors that affect the occurrence and development of OA and identify potential targets for diagnosis and surgical or non-invasive therapies of OA.

In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between STB microarchitecture and HKA angle and to explore the relationship between STB microarchitecture and OA severity under different HKA angles in end-stage knee OA patients. We hypothesized that the HKA angle is closely related to the microarchitecture variation of the STB of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus. Furthermore, we proposed that the variation in STB microarchitecture is related to OA severity.

Seventy-one knee OA patients scheduled for TKA were included in this study. The physical characteristics and radiographic features of patients are reported in Table 1.

This study investigated the variation in tibial plateau STB microarchitecture in end-stage knee OA patients and its association with OA severity under the difference of knee alignment. Tibial plateau STB microarchitecture is associated with the HKA angle and OA severity. With the increase in varus angle and OA severity, the STB in the medial tibia plateau increased in bone volume, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness and decreased in trabecular separation.

With regard to the relationship of knee alignment and subchondral bone, the HKA angle and the ratio of M:L subchondral bone surface area on the tibia and femur are significantly correlated, which suggested that the subchondral bone could change adaptively under the influence of knee alignment [31]. Several previous studies have also found a correlation between knee load and proximal tibial BMD based on DXA [18, 21, 22]. However, as a two-dimensional imaging technology, DXA can neither distinguish trabecular bone from cortical bone for analysis alone nor can characterize STB microarchitecture, which has been shown to change under OA [32, 33]. Thus, it is necessary to study the changes of the STB microarchitecture under OA to understand its effect on OA. MRI was used to evaluate STB microarchitecture in previous studies, but its limited spatial resolution (0.2 × 0.2 × 1.0 mm) limits its ability in microarchitecture analysis [15, 22].

A recent study on the relationship between knee loading index and tibial STB microarchitecture (using μCT) had similar results to that reported in the current finding [23]. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient of MAD with M:L BV/TV in that study was 0.74 (p < 0.01), which is comparable with that of the HKA angle and M:L BV/TV in our study (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). In the multiple regression analysis of the current study, the HKA angle could explain the additional variation in all five STB microarchitecture parameters (Table 3), when controlled for age, sex, and BMI, which are parameters that may influence tibial STB microarchitecture [34]. In addition, our study found that the M:L ratios of the STB microarchitecture parameters had a stronger correlation with the HKA angle than the absolute measurements of the medial and lateral tibial plateaus, which supported the idea that the HKA angle is a coronal load distribution indicator that simultaneously affects the load distribution of the medial and lateral compartments in the knee joint. This finding is in agreement with a previous study that has shown that the correlation between the HKA angle and BMD of the M:L ratios in the tibia is stronger than that of absolute measurement of the unilateral tibia [22].

Previous studies have explored the effect of knee alignment changes on the subchondral bone by analyzing BMD changes of the subchondral bone before and after undergoing high tibial osteotomy, a surgery for correction of knee malalignment [35, 36]. The results showed that following varus deformity correcting, the M:L ratio of the subchondral bone density decreases. However, these studies lacked a control group. In the future, larger randomized controlled studies are necessary to determine whether these interventions directly acting on the knee alignment can alter the subchondral bone BMD and STB microarchitecture. This can be done based on high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT (HR-pQCT) imaging systems, which permit examination of knee periarticular STB microarchitecture in vivo [37, 38].

In addition, our study explored the changes in the STB microarchitecture of the medial and lateral tibia in different HKA angle groups. In the varus alignment group, BV/TV, Tb.N, and Tb.Th were significantly larger and Tb.Sp and BS/BV were significantly smaller in the medial tibial plateau than in the lateral tibial plateau. These findings prove once again the correlation between knee HKA angle and STB microarchitecture. For the intra-group comparison of the STB of the medial and lateral tibia plateaus, significant differences were noted in all five STB microarchitecture parameters between the medial and lateral tibia in the varus alignment group, which indicates that the STB of the medial tibia has suffered from excessive load and had a more serious sclerosis change under the more severe varus alignment deviation in the knee; however, this was not observed in the valgus alignment group. These findings are similar to those of a previous study that analyzed the relationship between knee alignment and tibial microarchitecture, suggesting that knee alignment affects the load distribution on the medial and lateral tibia, thereby altering its STB microarchitecture [39]. These findings suggest that mechanical load is more distributed in the medial compartment in the normally aligned knee and varus alignment deviation further increases the stress load on the medial compartment. Valgus alignment deviation increases the load distribution on the lateral compartment; however, more load is still distributed in the medial compartment until the valgus is large enough [40, 41].

The relationship between subchondral bone degeneration and OA severity has previously been reported in several studies. Among them, Omoumi et al. [13] have shown that in knee OA, cartilage thickness and subchondral bone mineral density based on CT arthrography are negatively correlated, which indicate mutual adaptation in cartilage-subchondral bone loses in the OA state. Bobinac et al. [33] showed the same trends as reported in the current study in subchondral bone and cartilage degeneration under OA; however, they used a 2D histology method for STB microarchitecture and did not consider the effect of knee alignment changes. Finnila et al. [17] showed that the STB microarchitecture parameters based on micro-CT were highly correlated with OARSI scores of cartilage degeneration, indicating that bone sclerosis and cartilage degeneration are coupled. In the present study, we found that cartilage degeneration is significantly associated with more severe sclerosis changes in STB microarchitecture, which supports the theory of a subchondral bone-cartilage functional unit where the OA disease state could destroy the homeostatic relationship between them under abnormal knee loads. In addition, Bhatla et al. [42] showed that subchondral bone changes may be indicative of early OA pathogenesis of post-traumatic knee injuries, and Chen et al. [43] also showed that abnormal STB remodeling is earlier than that of cartilage change and may contribute to the early pathogenesis of T2D-associated knee OA. However, given the cross-sectional design of the present study, we cannot prove the sequence of occurrence and causality between cartilage and STB, which requires further research to investigate the role of STB in progression of OA.

As knee OA with varus and valgus may represent distinct disease phenotypes [44], it is necessary to investigate the correlation between the HKA angle, OA severity, and STB microarchitecture in the varus and valgus alignment subgroups, respectively. In the varus alignment subgroup, associations between the HKA angle and M:L BV/TV were comparable (r = 0.628 [− 0357, 0.776], p < 0.001) to that reported in scientific literatures between the HKA angle and M:L BMD (r range 0.44–0.53) [18, 21]. Although the sample size of the valgus alignment group is limited (n = 11), the HKA angle is also significantly correlated with M:L BV/TV(r = 0.628 [− 0357, 0.776], p = 0.023). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the significant correlation between knee loading index and STB microarchitecture parameters in valgus knee alignment cohort. Therefore, current studies have shown a significant correlation between the HKA angle and M:L BV/TV, regardless of varus or valgus knee alignment. In the valgus alignment group, the correlation between the STB microarchitecture and OARSI score was less significant than that in the varus alignment group, possibly due to the limited sample size.

Several limitations of this study should be discussed. First, we only investigated the STB microarchitecture of the tibial plateau, while the medial and lateral femoral condyles as another part of the tibiofemoral joint also reflected the degeneration of the knee joint under different load conditions. Future research is necessary to add the measurement of femoral condyle STB microarchitecture to the above analysis. Second, because μCT can only be used to analyze human tissue samples in vitro, the samples in this study were limited to patients with TKA. As we know, the progression of OA and the wear of cartilage are the reasons for knee alignment deviation. And we do not have normal, non-osteoarthritis tibial plateau specimens as controls. Hence, we could not determine whether the relationship between the HKA angle and STB microarchitecture shown in this study also exists in patients before TKA or can reflect the early OA disease state. Fortunately, HR-pQCT has been used to evaluate human knee periarticular STB microarchitecture in vivo, which could examine the above relationships in early-stage OA and nonpathological knee. Third, given the cross-sectional design of this study, we were unable to determine the causal directionality of the relationship between OA severity, HKA angle, and STB microarchitecture. A longitudinal study based on HR-pQCT is necessary to investigate the cause of the association of knee alignment with STB microarchitecture. Finally, only 11 patients were included in the valgus alignment group in the current study. The small sample size may influence the significance of the test results after grouping.

In summary, this study found that tibial plateau STB microarchitecture of end-stage knee OA patients is associated with the HKA angle and OA severity. With the increase of knee alignment deviation and OA severity, the STB of the affected side tibial plateau increased in bone volume, trabecular number, and trabecular thickness and decreased in trabecular separation, which suggests that knee malalignment may promote abnormal STB remodeling by altering joint load distribution, thereby affecting the progression of OA. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the effects of knee joint loading on local changes in STB microarchitecture and the role of both in the development of knee OA. In addition, the influence of knee alignment should be considered in the future study of knee periarticular bone structure and properties. Future work that elucidates the cause of the relationship between joint loading and STB microarchitectural changes to identify new targets for OA therapies is required.