Background
Methods
Study population
Study design and experimental protocol
Surgical procedure
Sample collection and laboratory analysis
Statistical analyses
Ethics statement
Results
Study population
Changes in weight and glucose metabolism
Pre-RYGB
|
1 week
|
3 months
|
1 year
|
*
P
value
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Weight (kg)
|
N (T2D; NGT) | 13; 12 | 12; 12 | 13; 11 | 13; 11 | |
T2D | 129 ± 14 | 127 ± 13 | 112 ± 15*** | 101 ± 20*** |
<0.0001
| |
NGT | 127 ± 15 | 124 ± 15 | 106 ± 13** | 95 ± 16*** |
<0.0001
| |
†P value | 0.57 | 0.29 | 0.25 | 0.49 | ||
BMI (kg/m
2
)
|
N (T2D; NGT) | 13; 12 | 12; 12 | 13; 11 | 13; 11 | |
T2D | 43.2 ± 5.3 | 42.5 ± 5.5 | 37.2 ± 5.8*** | 34.8 ± 7.9*** |
<0.0001
| |
NGT | 41.5 ± 4.8 | 40.5 ± 4.5 | 34.4 ± 3.4** | 31.3 ± 4.8*** |
<0.0001
| |
†P value | 0.34 | 0.4 | 0.12 | 0.42 | ||
Glucose (mmol/L)
|
N (T2D; NGT) | 13; 12 | 12; 12 | 13; 11 | 13; 11 | |
T2D | 8.9 ± 2.3 | 7.0 ± 1.1* | 6.9 ± 1.6** | 6.3 ± 1.6*** |
0.0001
| |
NGT | 5.5 ± 0.7†††
| 5.0 ± 0.6†††
| 4.9 ± 0.4**†††
| 5.0 ± 0.3††
|
0.01
| |
†P value |
<0.0001
|
0.0002
|
0.001
|
0.007
| ||
HbA1c (%)
|
N (T2D; NGT) | 13; 12 | 13; 11 | 13; 10 | ||
T2D | 7.0 ± 0.9 | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.6*** |
0.0007
| ||
NGT | 5.5 ± 0.4†††
| 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 0.22 | ||
†P value |
0.0002
| 0.06 | 0.24 | |||
Insulin (mmol/L)
|
N (T2D; NGT) | 13; 12 | 12; 12 | 13; 11 | 13; 11 | |
T2D | 125.0 ± 77.0 | 72.9 ± 32.1* | 58.1 ± 35.4*** | 46.7 ± 27.1*** |
<0.0001
| |
NGT | 82.2 ± 28.3 | 49.4 ± 13.5 | 42.8 ± 13.8** | 35.8 ± 16.5*** |
0.0001
| |
†P value | 0.29 | 0.053 | 0.6 | 0.45 | ||
HOMA-IR
|
N (T2D; NGT) | 13; 12 | 12; 12 | 13; 11 | 13; 11 | |
T2D | 6.6 ± 3.6 | 3.2 ± 1.5* | 2.5 ± 1.7** | 1.8 ± 1.1*** |
<0.0001
| |
NGT | 2.9 ± 1.1††
| 1.6 ± 0.5††
| 1.3 ± 0.5*†
| 1.1 ± 0.5*** |
0.0002
| |
†P value |
0.002
|
0.001
|
0.047
| 0.11 |
Fasting concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and GLP-1
Variable 1
|
Variable 2
|
Whole group
r
(
N; P
)
|
NGT group
r
(
N; P
)
|
T2D group
r
(
N; P
)
|
---|---|---|---|---|
IL-6
| BMI | 0.16(20; 0.49) | 0.01(9; 0.98) | 0.28(11; 0.40) |
HOMA-IR | 0.19(20; 0.19) | −0.07(9; 0.88) | 0.21(11; 0.52) | |
HbA1c |
0.47(19; 0.04)
| 0.02(8; 0.98) |
0.82(11; 0.002)
| |
TGF-β |
0.65(20; 0.002)
|
0.70(9; 0.04)
|
0.71(11; 0.01)
| |
IL-8
| BMI | 0.02(20; 0.92) | −0.13(9; 0.73) | 0.03(11; 0.94) |
HOMA-IR | 0.06(20; 0.81) | −0.20(9; 0.61) | 0.37(11; 0.26) | |
HbA1c | −0.14(19; 0.57) | 0.15(8; 0.73) | 0.45(11; 0.17) | |
GLP-1 |
0.59(20; 0.007)
|
0.80(9; 0.01)
| 0.54(11; 0.09) | |
Adiponectin | 0.35(20; 0.12) |
0.67(9; 0.05)
| 0.27(11; 0.42) | |
TGF-β
| BMI | 0.28(24; 0.19) | 0.37(11; 0.26) | 0.25(13; 0.42) |
HOMA-IR | 0.05(24; 0.81) | −0.10(11; 0.77) | 0.19(13; 0.54) | |
HbA1c | 0.25(23; 0.26) | 0.07(10; 0.84) |
0.64(13; 0.02)
| |
Adiponectin
| BMI | −0.40(21; 0.07) | −0.28(9; 0.11) | −0.42(12; 0.17) |
HOMA-IR | −0.28(21; 0.21) | −0.57(9; 0.11) | −0.19(12; 0.56) | |
HbA1c | −0.06(20; 0.79) | −0.07(8; 0.86) | −0.32(12; 0.31) | |
GLP-1 |
0.47(21; 0.03)
|
0.87(9; 0.003)
| 0.16(12; 0.62) | |
Leptin |
−0.58(21; 0.01)
|
−0.68(9; 0.04)
| −0.36(12; 0.26) | |
Leptin
| BMI |
0.65(21; 0.002)
|
0.75(9; 0.02)
| 0.56(12; 0.06) |
HOMA-IR | 0.36(21; 0.11) |
0.72(9; 0.03)
| 0.45(12; 0.14) | |
HbA1c | −0.14(20; 0.55) | 0.41(8; 0.31) | −0.08(12; 0.19) | |
Insulin |
0.51(21; 0.02)
| 0.28(9; 0.46) | 0.41(12; 0.81) |
Postprandial concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and GLP-1
Total AUC
|
Mean (95% CI)
|
P
-value
|
---|---|---|
IL-6 (pg/ml × 240 min)
N
= 18
|
0.001
| |
Pre-RYGB | 1525 (1151; 1899) | |
1 week | 3897 (530; 7264) | |
3 months | 1471 (1099; 1843) | |
1 year | 1312 (803; 1821)b
| |
Adiponectin (μg/ml × 240 min)
N
= 18
|
<0.0001
| |
Pre-RYGB | 2006 (1615; 2398) | |
1 week | 1891 (1505; 2278) | |
3 months | 2188 (1801; 2575)b
| |
1 year | 3541 (2821; 4261)a,b,c
| |
Leptin (ng/ml × 240 min)
N
= 18
|
<0.0001
| |
Pre-RYGB | 16997 (11138; 22856) | |
1 week | 8883 (5600; 12166)a
| |
3 months | 9113 (4981; 13245)a
| |
1 year | 7883 (3904; 11862)a
| |
GLP-1 (pmol/l × 240 min)
N
= 21
|
<0.0001
| |
Pre-RYGB | 2742 (2433; 3051) | |
1 week | 10257 (7962; 12551)a
| |
3 months | 11606 (8833; 14379)a
| |
1 year | 11642 (8398; 14886)a
|