Background
Methods
Selection of participants
ToM tasks
Scanning protocol
Data processing
Voxel-based morphometry
Statistical analysis
Results
Population characteristics
HC (n = 16) | DLB (n = 33) | AD (n = 15) | Test statistic, P value | Post hoc analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex, M/F | 7/9 | 16/17 | 8/7 | χ2 = 0.097, P = 0.952 | |
Age, yra
| 68.3 (10.5) | 68 (8.4) | 70.9 (11.1) | F = 0.491, P = 0.614 | |
Handedness, R/L | 15/1 | 30/3 | 14/1 | χ2 = 0.156, P = 0.925 | |
Education, yra
| 11.9 (3.2) | 12.4 (3.2) | 13.5 (3.6) | F = 0.882, P = 0.419 | |
Disease duration, yra
| 4.6 (4.2) | 3.6 (1.8) | F = 0.715, P = 0.402 | ||
MMSEa
| 29.3 (0.9) | 27.2 (1.8) | 27 (2.6) | H = 17.833, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD |
IADL on scale of 8a
| 7.8 (0.4) | 7.1 (1.3) | 7.6 (0.8) | H = 3.671, P = 0.160 | |
Hallucinations | 0 % | 66.6 % | 0 % | χ2 = 31.492, P < 0.000 | |
Fluctuations | |||||
Mayo Clinic Fluctuation Scale | 37.5 % | 93.9 % | 26.7 % | χ2 = 26.810, P < 0.000 | |
Clinician Assessment of Fluctuation | 0.56 (2.25) | 3.78 (3.1) | 0.38 (1) | H = 22.050, P < 0.000 | DLB > HC and AD |
Parkinsonism | |||||
Akinesia (0/1/2/3/4) | 16/0/0/0/0 | 11/18/4/0/0 | 15/1/0/0/0 | H = 27.189, P < 0.000 | DLB > HC and AD |
Rigidity (0/1/2/3/4) | 16/0/0/0/0 | 4/25/3/1/0 | 10/5/0/0/0 | H = 35.112, P < 0.000 | DLB > HC and AD |
Tremor at rest (0/1/2/3/4) | 16/0/0/0/0 | 20/12/0/0/0 | 13/2/0/0/0 | H = 9.031, P = 0.011 | DLB > HC |
Treatments | |||||
Cholinesterase inhibitor | 0 % | 28.1 % | 41.7 % | χ2 = 7.535 P = 0.023 | |
Neuroleptics | 0 % | 6.3 % | 0 % | χ2 = 1.810, P = 0.404 | |
l-dopa or dopaminergic agonists | 6.3 %b
| 43.8 % | 0 % | χ2 = 11.611, P = 0.003 | |
Cerebrospinal fluid | |||||
Normal/abnormal | 27/0 | 0/12 | χ2 = 40, P < 0.000 | ||
Aβ42
a
| 943.1 (334.5) | 533.3 (306.9) | F = 12.369, P = 0.001 | DLB > AD | |
Taua
| 303.1 (110.1) | 643.1 (305.7) | F = 27.135, P < 0.000 | AD > DLB | |
p-Taua
| 46.3 (14.3) | 86.7 (26.6) | F = 38.712, P < 0.000 | AD > DLB | |
IATIa
| 1.7 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.3) | F = 35.606, P < 0.000 | DLB > AD | |
Hippocampi atrophy | |||||
Right (0/1/2/3/4) | 4/9/2/0/0 | 11/10/5/1/0 | 0/3/6/0/0 | H = 8.030, P = 0.018 | AD > HC and DLB |
Left (0/1/2/3/4) | 6/7/2/0/0 | 13/8/5/1/0 | 0/5/3/1/0 | H = 6.590, P = 0.037 | AD > DLB |
HC (n = 16) | DLB (n = 33) | AD (n = 15) | Test statistic, P value | Post hoc analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
FAB on scale of 18a
| 17.3 (1.2) | 15.3 (2.2) | 15 (3.2) | H = 13.343, P = 0.001 | HC > DLB and AD |
FCSRT | |||||
IR on scale of 16a
| 15.8 (0.4) | 14.8 (1.4) | 13.5 (2) | H = 18.429, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD, DLB > AD |
FR on scale of 48a
| 31.3 (3.9) | 22.6 (7.9) | 9.4 (7) | H = 36.616, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD, DLB > AD |
TR on scale of 48a
| 47.3 (0.9) | 43 (6.8) | 25.5 (12.3) | H = 32.488, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD, DLB > AD |
CFR on scale of 16a
| 12.6 (1.7) | 8.5 (3.8) | 3.3 (4) | H = 26.461, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD, DLB > AD |
CTR on scale of 16a
| 15.9 (0.3) | 14.8 (2) | 8.8 (4.9) | H = 26.548, P < 0.000 | HC and DLB > AD |
DMS48 | |||||
Set 1,a % | 99 (2) | 93 (6) | 88 (11) | H = 13.752, P = 0.001 | HC > DLB and AD |
Set 2,a % | 99 (1) | 93 (7) | 83 (10) | H = 19.771, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD |
Rey-Osterrieth complex figure testa
| 34.5 (1.6) | 29.6 (7.9) | 31.7 (4.2) | H = 6.088, P = 0.048 | HC > DLB |
VOSP | |||||
Number localisationa
| 10.1 (2.7) | 8.2 (2.2) | 8.3 (2.3) | H = 5.526, P = 0.063 | |
Cube analysisa
| 10 (2.1) | 9 (1.5) | 7.9 (3.4) | H = 2.677, P = 0.262 | |
TMT Aa
| 42.7 (13.9) | 64.3 (27.7) | 53.7 (15.3) | H = 9.09, P = 0.011 | DLB > HC |
TMT Ba
| 97.9 (34.1) | 164.2 (89.8) | 149.5 (73.5) | H = 8.994, P = 0.011 | DLB > HC |
DSST on scale of 19a
| 11.4 (2.3) | 7.7 (2.3) | 10.3 (3) | H = 17.972, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB |
Digit span | |||||
Directa
| 8.8 (2.2) | 6.8 (1.9) | 7.7 (2.6) | H = 4.499, P = 0.105 | |
Indirecta
| 5.8 (1.8) | 4.4 (1.5) | 4.5 (1.4) | H = 7.781, P = 0.02 | HC > DLB |
Lexical evocation | |||||
Formala
| 24.6 (8.6) | 16 (7.7) | 22.7 (7.1) | H = 11.814, P = 0.003 | HC > DLB |
Semantica
| 37 (7.9) | 23.7 (7.5) | 21.6 (9.5) | H = 23.494, P < 0.000 | HC > DLB and AD |
DO80a
| 79.6 (0.6) | 77.1 (3.5) | 71.2 (20.3) | H = 8.655, P = 0.013 | HC > DLB and AD |
Praxis | |||||
Symbolica
| 4.9 (0.5) | 4.7 (0.5) | 5.4 (1.6) | H = 4.104, P = 0.128 | |
Actiona
| 9.9 (0.3) | 9 (1.3) | 9.4 (0.8) | H = 6.761, P = 0.034 | HC > DLB |
Abstracta
| 7.9 (0.5) | 6.6 (1.7) | 7.9 (0.3) | H = 14.780, P = 0.001 | HC and AD > DLB |
ToM tasks
HC (n = 16) | DLB (n = 33) | AD (n = 15) | Test statistic, P value | Post hoc analysis | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ekman’s Facial Emotion Recognition test | |||||
Impaired subjects | 12.5 % | 28.6 % | 23.1 % | χ2 = 0.830, P = 0.660 | |
Total score on scale of 35 | 28.6 (3.2) | 27.1 (3.3) | 26.6 (2.8) | H = 2.39, P = 0.303 | |
Happiness on scale of 5 | 5 (0) | 4.8 (0.4) | 4.8 (0.4) | H = 3.244, P = 0.197 | |
Fear on scale of 5 | 2.1 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.3) | 1.9 (1.6) | H = 0.295, P = 0.863 | |
Disgust on scale of 5 | 4.3 (0.8) | 4 (1) | 4.3 (1.3) | H = 3.337, P = 0.189 | |
Anger on scale of 5) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.3) | H = 0.344, P = 0.842 | |
Surprise on scale of 5 | 4.9 (0.3) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.1 (0.6) | H = 15.573, P = 0.001 | HC > DLB and AD |
Sadness on scale of 5 | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.4) | H = 0.174, P = 0.917 | |
Neutral on scale of 5 | 4.9 (0.3) | 4.5 (1) | 4.5 (0.7) | H = 3.774, P = 0.151 | |
Reading the Mind in the Eyes test | |||||
Impaired subjects | 14.3 % | 48.4 % | 33.3 % | χ2 = 4.066, P = 0.131 | |
Total score on scale of 36 | 23.9 (2.8) | 20.6 (4.2) | 21.6 (3.4) | H = 8.425, P = 0.015 | HC > DLB |
Faux Pas Recognition test | |||||
Impaired subjects | 12.5 % | 42.3 % | 43.9 % | χ2 = 5.301 P = 0.071 | |
Faux pas stories on scale of 30 | 23.8 (4.2) | 19.3 (5.3) | 20.6 (6) | H = 6.817, P = 0.033 | HC > DLB |
Corrects hits on scale of 5 | 4.8 (0.4) | 4.3 (1) | 4.4 (0.9) | H = 2.61, P = 0.271 | |
Question 3, % | 84.1 (18.4) | 76.4 (25.3) | 75.5 (16.3) | H = 1.761, P = 0.415 | |
Question 4, % | 48.1 (24.3) | 35.5 (26.5) | 33.6 (26.4) | H = 3.091, P = 0.213 | |
Intentionality, % | 80.9 (22.2) | 82.5 (20.1) | 69.2 (28.3) | H = 2.611, P = 0.271 | |
Emotional attribution, % | 89.1 (15.4) | 71.4 (26.4) | 83 (17.5) | H = 5.493, P = 0.064 | |
Correct rejection on scale of 10 | 9.6 (1.1) | 8.9 (2) | 8.7 (2.2) | H = 2.04, P = 0.361 | |
CQ on scale of 20 | 19.9 (0.3) | 19.2 (1.7) | 19.1 (1) | H = 5.868, P = 0.053 | |
Mini-SEA on scale of 30 | 24.7 (2.4) | 21.9 (2.9) | 22.7 (2.2) | H = 9.682, P = 0.008 | HC > DLB |
Ekman’s Facial Emotion Recognition test
Reading the Mind in the Eyes test
Faux Pas Recognition test
Mini-Social cognition and Emotional Assessment score
Ekman’s Facial Emotion Recognition test | RME test | FPR test | Mini-SEA | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | −0.408 | −0.351 | 0.072 | −0.026 |
Education level | 0.527a
| 0.265 | 0.410a
| 0.527a
|
Disease duration | −0.125 | 0.007 | 0.198 | −0.017 |
IADL | 0.433 | 0.423a
| 0.198 | 0.210 |
MMSE | 0.216 | 0.243 | 0.226 | 0.262 |
FAB | 0.365 | 0.480b
| 0.193 | 0.331 |
Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test | 0.312 | 0.410a
| 0.770 | 0.226 |
Number localisation | 0.358 | 0.241 | 0.177 | 0.324 |
Cube analysis | 0.189 | 0.213 | 0.023 | 0.337 |
TMT A | 0.102 | −0.231 | −0.220 | −0.175 |
TMT B | −0.230 | −0.549b
| −0.024 | −0.160 |
Indirect digit span | 0.088 | 0.140 | −0.270 | −0.138 |
Phonemic lexical evocation | 0.276 | 0.287 | 0.269 | 0.248 |
Semantic lexical evocation | 0.295 | 0.403a
| 0.254 | 0.198 |
VBM analysis
Comparison of atrophy between patients with DLB, patients with AD and HC group
Correlation analysis for Ekman’s Facial Emotion Recognition test
Anatomical regions | BA | R/L | MNI coordinates | T value | Cluster size | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x axis |
y axis |
z axis | |||||
Ekman’s Facial Emotion Recognition test | |||||||
Correlations | |||||||
Middle frontal gyrus | 10 | R | 36 | 51 | 7 | 8.27 | 130 |
Precuneus | 31 | L | −21 | −73 | 25 | 6.29 | 37 |
RME test | |||||||
Correlations | |||||||
Middle frontal gyrus | 9 | R | 31 | 18 | 36 | 6.16 | 99 |
Inferior frontal gyrus | 10 | R | 39 | 39 | −0 | 4.41 | 28 |
Group analysis | |||||||
Superior frontal gyrus | 9 | R | 26 | 35 | 39 | 5.30 | 36 |
10 | L | −16 | 62 | 15 | 5.60 | 177 | |
11 | R | 22 | 47 | −15 | 4.33 | 27 | |
Middle frontal gyrus | 6 | R | 20 | 5 | 67 | 5.18 | 117 |
10 | R | 40 | 50 | 6 | 7.10 | 283 | |
11 | L | −24 | 50 | −14 | 6.11 | 168 | |
11 | R | 38 | 54 | −8 | 5.20 | 32 | |
46 | R | 42 | 29 | 27 | 4.73 | 184 | |
46 | L | −34 | 51 | 7 | 4.56 | 47 | |
Orbital gyrus | 11 | L | −3 | 45 | −20 | 6.46 | 1396 |
Inferior parietal lobule | 40 | R | 39 | −42 | 40 | 4.07 | 33 |
Fusiform gyrus | 19 | R | 52 | −66 | −23 | 6.84 | 322 |
FPR test | |||||||
Correlations | |||||||
Medial frontal gyrus | 10 | R | 8 | 51 | 10 | 9.42 | 129 |
Cingulate gyrus | 32 | R | 3 | 29 | 36 | 5.33 | 51 |
Supramarginal gyrus | 40 | R | 37 | −52 | 25 | 5.55 | 28 |
Precuneus | 7 | R | 9 | −76 | 36 | 5.16 | 47 |
Insula | 13 | L | −38 | −7 | −8 | 4.67 | 42 |
Group analysis | |||||||
Superior frontal gyrus | 9 | L | −27 | 42 | 33 | 6 | 42 |
Medial frontal gyrus | 10 | R | 8 | 51 | 10 | 4.41 | 50 |
Inferior frontal gyrus | 46 | R | 49 | 42 | 6 | 5.64 | 25 |
9 | L | −60 | 9 | 28 | 5.15 | 42 | |
Orbital gyrus | 11 | L | −3 | 45 | −21 | 5.88 | 27 |
Insula | 13 | L | −38 | −6 | −9 | 5.94 | 41 |
13 | R | 40 | 20 | 3 | 5.70 | 29 |