The purpose of this study was to determine whether brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer could be detected noninvasively using positron emission tomography (PET) with 64Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-trastuzumab.
Methods
PET was performed on five patients with brain metastases from HER2-positive breast cancer, at 24 or 48 h after the injection of approximately 130 MBq of the probe 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab. Radioactivity in metastatic brain tumors was evaluated based on PET images in five patients. Autoradiography, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis were performed in one surgical case to confirm HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab.
Results
Metastatic brain lesions could be visualized by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET in all of five cases, which might indicated that trastuzumab passes through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was demonstrated in one patient by autoradiography, immunohistochemistry, and LC-MS/MS.
Conclusions
Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET could be a potential noninvasive procedure for serial identification of metastatic brain lesions in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HK, chief of the Nuclear Medicine Group and Cyclotron Facility, did the quality control of radiopharmaceuticals, management of PET/CT study, analysis and interpretation of data, and decision making. AH did the management of LCM and LC-MS/MS studies, analysis, and interpretation of data. MYo did the preparation of specimens, immunohistochemical staining, and pathological diagnosis of biopsy tissue. SS managed the LCM and LC-MS/MS studies. JH, MK, MYu, and HY managed the registration of cases. KY performed the management of the study, registration of cases, analysis and interpretation of data, and decision making. HT did the management of PET/CT study. YM performed the brain tumor removal. YK did the evaluation of safety of trastuzumab imaging and writing of the manuscript. YWad did the optimization of PET scan parameters, evaluation of image quality, and writing of the manuscript. CS performed the core needle biopsy. KaT completed the management and execution of GMP-grade production and delivery of final products and did the writing of the manuscript. YWat completed the planning of the project and writing of the manuscript. YF managed the internal medicine cases. KeT managed the entire study, registration of cases, analysis and interpretation of data, and decision making. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status
ROIs
regions of interest
SUVmax
maximum single-voxel standardized uptake value
TNR
tumor-to-normal tissue count ratios
Background
Many novel molecular targets for anticancer treatment have been discovered. Targeting of HER2 with the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab is a well-established therapeutic strategy for HER2-positive breast cancer in neoadjuvant [1], adjuvant [2], and metastatic settings [3]. Thus, it is important to examine HER2 expression in primary tumor and metastatic sites to determine whether anti-HER2 therapy is indicated.
Although HER2 expression is routinely determined using immunohistochemistry (IHC) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [4], technical problems can arise when lesions are not easily accessible by core needle biopsy [5]. In addition, HER2 expression can vary during the course of the disease [6] and even among tumor lesions in the same patient [7]. To overcome these problems, a novel molecular imaging technique using positron emission tomography (PET) with 124I-, 89Zr-, or 64Cu-labeled antibodies has been studied for the noninvasive evaluation of HER2 expression [8-10].
Anzeige
In a previous study, we reported the production of 64Cu-labeled trastuzumab, specifically 64Cu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA)-trastuzumab and that 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging could detect primary HER2-positive breast cancer and metastatic lesions [10]. This imaging technique can be used to serially monitor HER2 tumor status during HER2-targeting treatment and also to evaluate patients with metastatic brain tumors that are not easily accessible by core needle biopsy.
In this study, we demonstrated that 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging could visualize metastatic brain lesions and confirmed the HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab by means of autoradiography, IHC, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
Methods
Patients
The patients included in this study had histologically confirmed invasive HER2-positive (IHC 3+ or FISH-positive) breast carcinoma with at least one site of measurable brain metastasis, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (PS) of 0 to 1, adequate organ function (neutrophil count ≥1,500/μL, platelet count ≥75,000/μL, hemoglobin concentration ≥9.0 g/dL, serum bilirubin ≤1.5 mg/dL, AST and ALT ≤100 IU/L, serum creatinine ≤1.5 mg/dL, baseline left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) >60%) and were aged between 20 and 75 years. The main exclusion criteria were congestive heart failure, uncontrolled angina pectoris, arrhythmia, symptomatic infectious disease, severe bleeding, pulmonary fibrosis, obstructive bowel disease or severe diarrhea, and symptomatic peripheral or cardiac effusion.
Preparation of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab and PET/CT protocol
64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was prepared as described previously [10]. Briefly, the 64Ni (p, n) 64Cu nuclear reaction was performed with 12-MeV proton irradiation using a small medical cyclotron (HM-12S, Sumitomo Heavy Industries Ltd., Tokyo, Japan). The beam current used was approximately 20 μA (3 h). After purification of trastuzumab IgG (Herceptin®; Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) by ultrafiltration (Amicon Ultra 0.5 mL 50 k) with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the trastuzumab in PBS was added to DOTA mono N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Macrocyclics Inc., Dallas, TX, USA) and dissolved in water. After incubation at 40°C for 3 h, crude DOTA-trastuzumab was purified with PBS by using a PD-10 column. The PBS buffer, including DOTA-trastuzumab (100 μg, 0.7 nmol), was exchanged for a sodium acetate buffer (100 mM, pH 6.5) by filtration. 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was prepared by adding 64CuCl2 to the acetate buffer solution containing DOTA-trastuzumab and incubating the solution for 1 h at 40°C. The reaction mixture was sterilized by filtration through a 0.22-μm Millex GV filter (Merck Millipore, Billerica, MA, USA). The radiolabeling results revealed that the specific activity and radiochemical purity were approximately 350 GBq/μmol and 98%, respectively. Approximately 500 MBq of the final product was obtained by a single radiosynthesis.
Anzeige
PET/CT studies were performed at 1, 24, and 48 h after 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab injection with a Discovery 600 (GE Healthcare, Pewaukee, WI, USA), as described previously [10]. PET image evaluation and quantification of the maximum single-voxel standardized uptake value (SUVmax) were performed using AW Volume Share 4.5 software (GE Healthcare). Regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated within the tumor on the PET/CT images, and the SUVmax was determined. For the background uptake, ROIs were placed within the opposite side of normal brain, and the SUVmax was measured.
Autoradiography, IHC, and LC-MS/MS
One patient (patient no. 5), who had a solitary brain metastasis in the left cerebellum and had planned to undergo surgery, agreed to participate in this study. 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab injection was performed 1 day prior to PET imaging and subsequent surgical resection. A 20-μm-thick frozen section was immediately prepared from the tumor specimen and used as a sample for autoradiography and IHC, and a 10-μm-thick frozen section was prepared for LC-MS/MS analysis. The residual tissue was fixed and used for routine histopathological diagnosis.
For autoradiography, the frozen section was placed on an imaging plate (BAS IP SR 2025, GE healthcare) for 48 h at 4°C to detect the location of radioactivity in the specimen, and the exposed imaging plate then was read with a FLA 9000 laser scanner system (GE Healthcare). IHC staining was also performed on the cryosection adjacent to that used for autoradiography to assess the spatial distribution of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab. The HercepTest™ kit (DAKO, Glostrup, Denmark) was used for detection of HER2-positive tumor cells. Digitization and registration of corresponding images from the autoradiogram and IHC were performed using a microcomputer system and ImageQuant TL Analysis Toolbox software (GE Healthcare).
To measure the exposure levels of trastuzumab in tumor and non-tumor tissue sites, the relative amount of complementarity-determining region (CDR) analyte was estimated by using a laser capture micro-dissection system (LCM; LMD7000, Leica, Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) and LC-MS/MS system (LC; Nexera HPLC system, Shimadzu, Chestnut Ridge, NY, USA; MS; QTRAP 4500, AB SCIEX, Framingham, MA, USA). The schematic structure of the trastuzumab antibody and the structural locations of the CDR and Fc receptor (FCR) are shown in Figure 1. In brief, the dehydrated tumor sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE). Individual tumor and non-tumor regions were visually dissected using LCM. The captured tissues were dissolved in 8 M urea, and the amount of protein was analyzed by BCA protein assay kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA). The crude solutions were treated with reduction by tris-(2-corboxyethyl)-phosphine hydrochloride, alkylation by iodoacetamide, and fragmentation by trypsin at 37°C for 12 h. The peptide-containing reaction mixtures were dissolved in 0.1% formic acid and used as samples for LC-MS/MS. Since the CDR in the trastuzumab heavy chain was digested as a specific peptide (DTYIHWVR, m/z 545.3 detected as a doubly charged ion), this peptide was set as the target analyte in LC-MS/MS (MRM mode, transition was 545.3 > 597.3).
Figure 1
Schematic structure of trastuzumab antibody and the locations of FCR and CDR (red).
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General
All chemical reagents were obtained from commercial sources. This study was conducted according to a protocol approved by the institutional review board and independent ethics committee of the National Cancer Center Hospital. All patients signed a written informed consent form.
Results and discussion
Patient characteristics
Between December 2010 and November 2013, five patients were enrolled in the current study. The median age of the patients was 59 years. Histologically, tumors were invasive ductal breast carcinoma, of either the solid tubular or scirrhous type. Four patients had HER2-positive tumors that were IHC 3+, whereas one patient had a HER2-positive tumor that was both IHC 2+ and FISH positive. One patient (patient no. 5) with a metastatic brain tumor underwent a 24-h PET imaging study, after which the tumor was surgically resected (Table 1).
Table 1
Patient characteristics
Number
Age (y)
Histology
IHC
History of trastuzumab treatment
Number of lesions (φ<1 cm) detected by MRI/CT/64Cu
Number of lesions (φ>1 cm) detected by MRI/CT/64Cu
The mean and standard deviation of the administrated mass of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was 74.4 ± 6.8 μg (range, 67.8 to 80.6 μg). The mean administered activity was 141 ± 8 MBq (range, 133 to 148 MBq).
The administration of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was well tolerated by all subjects. No infusion- or drug-related adverse events were reported in any of the patients. No clinically important trends indicative of safety issues were noted in the laboratory parameters, vital signs, or electrocardiogram parameters.
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PET imaging
In 5 patients, 20 metastatic brain lesions including 7 lesions larger than 1 cm diameter and 13 lesions smaller than 1 cm diameter were previously identified by CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). In this study, all of the HER2-positive brain lesions larger than 1 cm diameter could be seen on the 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET scan at 24 and 48 h after injection. On the other hand, 10 of 13 metastatic brain tumors smaller than 1 cm diameter were not easily identified by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging (Table 1). Typical images of the lesions that could be detected by both MRI and 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET, and the lesion that could not be identified by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET were demonstrated in Figure 2 (white arrow and red arrow). The limited spatial resolution of PET leads to partial volume effects and, consequently, to limited signal recovery for SUVmax, which is affected for small structures. This could be one of the explanations why tumors smaller than 1 cm diameter were not identified by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET. The location, SUVmax, background uptake, and TNR of each lesion visualized by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET are summarized in Table 2. Brain tumor accumulation of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was higher at 48 h than at 24 h after injection in four cases. In the other one case, 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging at 48 h after injection was not carried out because of surgical resection. Since non-specific background uptakes in corresponding normal brain tissues were very low, tumor-to-normal tissue count ratios (TNR) were high (Table 2), resulting in good contrast for detecting brain metastases. The average TNR values at 24 h and 48 h were 6.7 ± 2.1 and 9.8 ± 3.3, respectively.
Figure 2
64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET images of metastatic brain tumors in patients with HER2-positive primary breast tumors. The white arrows show the metastatic brain tumors. Upper panels: 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET images; lower panels: Gd-DTPA-enhanced T1-weighted MRI images. White arrows indicate metastatic brain lesions detectable by both MRI and 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET, and a red arrow indicates a lesion detectable by MRI but not by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET. In patient no. 2 PET image, non-specific high uptake in blood was noted.
Table 2
Accumulation of64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab in brain tumor
Patient number
Lesion number
Location
SUVmax (tumor/BG)
TNR
24 h
48 h
24 h
48 h
1
1
Rt-cerebellum
1.4/0.2
2.1/0.2
9.3
12.5
2
Rt-cerebellum
1.3/0.2
2.1/0.2
8.7
12.4
3
Vermis
1.4/0.2
2.1/0.2
9.1
12.4
4
Lt-cerebellum
1.1/0.2
1.6/0.2
7.1
11.8
2
5
Lt-cerebellum
1.2/0.1
2.1/0.2
8.2
12.2
3
6
Lt-frontal
0.7/0.2
1.0/0.2
4.1
5.5
7
Lt-frontal
0.6/0.2
0.7/0.2
3.3
4.1
4
8
Lt-frontal
0.9/0.2
1.6/0.2
5.8
9.2
9
Rt-cerebellum
0.8/0.2
1.2/0.2
5.1
7.8
5
10
Lt-cerebellum
1.1/0.2
NA/NA
6.1
NA
64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging at 48 h after injection was not carried out because of surgical resection.
BG, background; NA, inpatient no. 5.
×
The balance between the uptake in the tumor, blood clearance of injected 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab, and the radioactive decay of 64Cu indicate the plausible imaging time of 48 h after the injection. Compared to an optimal imaging time of 4 to 5 days after 89Zr-trastuzumab injection [9], imaging time of 48 h after 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab injection seems to be more acceptable in clinical practice. Because of its relatively longer half-life, 89Zn-trastuzumab provides clearer images as the patient can be imaged at longer time points; however, it induces higher radiation exposure. On the other hand, the shorter half-life of 64Cu induces lower radiation exposure; however, it provides images with non-specific activity in the blood [10]. One possible approach to decrease the high uptake of the probe by the liver could be to use cold trastuzumab with 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab injection. However, adequate interval from pre-dosing of the cold trastuzumab should be determined in the future study.
HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab in a human subject
In patient no. 5, a metastatic brain tumor of 2.8 × 3.1 cm was visualized by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging at 24 h after injection (Figure 2). PET imaging was not performed at 48 h after injection in this case because of the scheduled surgical operation. An autoradiogram of the frozen section prepared from the removed brain tumor specimen revealed high accumulation in the area where HER2-positive cells were seen by IHC (Figure 3), confirming the HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging in a human subject.
Figure 3
Histological distributions of64Cu-radioactivity and HER2-positive tumor cells. Left column: HE staining; middle column: IHC; right column: autoradiography. Loupe images (upper panels) show identical distribution of radioactivity and location of HER2-positive tumor cells for HE stain, IHC, and autoradiography samples. Magnified images (lower panels, ×200) confirmed the radioactivity and HER2-positive status of tumor cells.
×
For LC-MS/MS analysis, the tumor and non-tumor areas were dissected by LCM (Figure 4A). The non-tumor area consisted mainly of necrotic tissue. The protein contents in the tumor and non-tumor areas were 26 μg and 21 μg by BCA assay, respectively. The analyte peak area of CDR in the tumor area was significantly higher than that in the non-tumor area. The CDR analyte count ratio for tumor versus non-tumor areas was calculated to be 11:1 (Figure 4B).
Figure 4
Relative amount of trastuzumab-specific CDR in tumor cell regions and non-tumor cell regions. (A) HE staining. Tumor regions (inside solid lines) and non-tumor regions (inside dashed lines) were dissected individually by LCM and collected. (B) The relative amount of trastuzumab-specific CDR. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that the target peptide (DTYIHWVR, m/z 545.3 detected as a doubly charged ion) in tumor cell regions was 11-fold higher than that in non-tumor cell regions.
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Anzeige
This study accumulated safety data and demonstrated clinical cases of brain metastases visualized by 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging. We confirmed the HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab by autoradiography, IHC, and LC-MS/MS in one case of metastatic brain tumor resection.
In clinical settings, it is not possible to obtain metastatic brain tissue samples without surgery. However, brain metastasis is documented in 10% to 16% of patients with metastatic breast cancer during the course of their disease [11,12] and in 40% of patients during the course of herceptin treatment [13]. The IHC profiles of metastatic brain tumors from breast cancer have been reported to differ from the primary site in a certain frequency [14]. Some cases of HER2-positive breast cancer may have HER2-negative brain metastasis, and the converse is also true. Furthermore, since brain metastases generally occur late in the course of metastatic breast cancer, one result of the improving overall survival rate in these patients is that the incidence of brain metastasis will likely increase [15]. Knowing the HER2 status of a metastatic brain tumor would assist in identifying the best additional systemic treatment. 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging is a potential solution for noninvasively and serially evaluating brain tumor HER2 status.
Although it is generally considered that trastuzumab poorly penetrates the blood-brain barrier (BBB), we were able to visualize brain lesions in this study. Therapeutic antibodies such as trastuzumab are thought to be too large or hydrophilic to cross the BBB [16,17]. In addition, penetration of the tumor by monoclonal antibodies may be hindered by increased intratumoral interstitial pressure [18-20]. In this study, however, high CNS penetration of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was demonstrated by LC-MS/MS with an 11-fold higher CDR analyte count in the tumor cell region than the non-tumor cell region and by PET imaging with a TNR of 5 to 12 at 48 h after injection. Another study using 89Zr-trastuzumab PET imaging also demonstrated CNS penetration in patients with metastatic brain tumors, with an 18-fold higher uptake in brain tumors than in normal brain tissue at 4 to 7 days after injection [9]. Some researchers have reported that this increased penetration is likely due to disruption or compromise of the BBB at the site of brain metastasis by the metastatic tumor itself or by cancer therapies such as radiotherapy [21,22], though one report suggested that the BBB in HER2-positive tumors was disrupted less than in triple-negative or basal-type breast cancer [23]. Another potential mechanism for transporting trastuzumab across the BBB is the FCR for immunoglobulin G, which expressed on vessels in the brain [24]. However, further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms involved in transportation across the BBB in tumor sites.
PET imaging with 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab has the potential to characterize HER2 status using a potent quantitative biomarker that can predict the biological effect of anti-HER2 antibodies. This information might help clinicians determine the optimal HER2 inhibitor therapy for each individual. In this study there was high accumulation in the normal liver. The SUVmax in the liver at 24 h and 48 h post-injection ranged 5.1 to 8.2 and 5.2 to 8.0, respectively, which may interrupt to detect occult liver metastasis. The high accumulation in normal liver is likely due to high expression of FCR on liver sinusoidal endothelial cell [25]. Another research group reported that 50 mg of trastuzumab reduced liver uptake of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer [26]. These findings demonstrate that 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET/CT might be applicable not only for breast cancer, but for other kinds of HER2-positive malignancies as well.
Anzeige
In this study, HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was demonstrated for one case. The HER2-positive status of the tumor was confirmed by IHC, high radioactivity was shown in the area of HER2-positive tumor cells by autoradiography, LC-MS/MS revealed an 11-fold higher trastuzumab CDR amount in the tumor cell region than in the non-tumor region, and the average TNR of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging at 48 h was 9.8 ± 3.3. These results strongly suggest the HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab imaging. However, for the other four cases, we could not confirm the HER2 status of metastatic brain tumors because they did not undergo surgery. This is a potential weakness of our study, but in general, it is difficult to sample metastatic brain tumors by surgical operation because patients with HER2-positive breast cancer and metastatic brain tumors are usually treated with systemic chemotherapy. To confirm HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging in humans, more cases of both HER2-positive and HER2-negative tumors are required, along with further study comparing the results of PET imaging with HER2 status.
Conclusions
64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab PET imaging was safe and feasible for outpatients. This technique can be used to visualize metastatic brain lesions in HER2-positive breast cancer patients. HER2 specificity of 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab was demonstrated in a surgical resection case by means of autoradiography, IHC, and LC-MS/MS. To evaluate, 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab is a promising candidate for the noninvasive and serial evaluation of HER2 status in metastatic brain tumors.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Mr. Yuzuru Kono, Mr. Kenta Hiroi, and Mr. Natsuki Honda for their technical support. The authors thank Mr. Takayuki Namma and the staff of Sumitomo Heavy Industries for supporting 64Cu-DOTA-trastuzumab production, and Mr. Akira Hirayama and the staff of GE Healthcare for optimizing PET/CT scan. We also thank Ms. Nao Nakamura and Ms. Rumi Koyama for secretarial support during this study. Finally, we thank all the study participants and patients who provided tissue samples for this analysis. This work was supported by a consignment expense for the Japan Advanced Molecular Imaging Program (JAMP) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT), Japanese Government [10103935 to K.T.].
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution, and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors’ contributions
HK, chief of the Nuclear Medicine Group and Cyclotron Facility, did the quality control of radiopharmaceuticals, management of PET/CT study, analysis and interpretation of data, and decision making. AH did the management of LCM and LC-MS/MS studies, analysis, and interpretation of data. MYo did the preparation of specimens, immunohistochemical staining, and pathological diagnosis of biopsy tissue. SS managed the LCM and LC-MS/MS studies. JH, MK, MYu, and HY managed the registration of cases. KY performed the management of the study, registration of cases, analysis and interpretation of data, and decision making. HT did the management of PET/CT study. YM performed the brain tumor removal. YK did the evaluation of safety of trastuzumab imaging and writing of the manuscript. YWad did the optimization of PET scan parameters, evaluation of image quality, and writing of the manuscript. CS performed the core needle biopsy. KaT completed the management and execution of GMP-grade production and delivery of final products and did the writing of the manuscript. YWat completed the planning of the project and writing of the manuscript. YF managed the internal medicine cases. KeT managed the entire study, registration of cases, analysis and interpretation of data, and decision making. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
