Background
Methods
Statistical analyses
Results
Year | Blood cultures | Patients | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nBC | Negative | Positive | Contaminated | n | Age | Sex | |
Mean/Median (Q1; Q3) [years] | (male, %)** | ||||||
BCs nBC (%) | BCs nBC (%) | BCs nBC (%) | |||||
2015 | 50,452 | 41,852 (83.0) | 7296 (14.4) | 1304 (2.6) | 12,644 | 63.8 70 (55;79) | 57.2 |
2016 | 60,483 | 50,067 (82.8) | 8226 (13.6) | 2190 (3.6) | 18,170 | 64.7 72 (57;80) | 63.0 |
2017 | 63,219 | 51,800 (81.9) | 9309 (14.7) | 2110 (3.4) | 18,742 | 65.5 73 (58;81) | 61.2 |
2018 | 83,790 | 70,938 (84.7) | 10,755 (12.8) | 2097 (2.5) | 21,820 | 66.3 72 (59;81) | 57.2 |
2019 | 85,340 | 73,710 (86.4) | 9760 (11.4) | 1870 (2.2) | 20,291 | 66.9 72 (59;81) | 57.9 |
total | 343,284 | 288,367 (84.0) | 45,346 (13.2) | 9571 (2.8) | 82,527* | 65.2 72 (57;80) | 58.7 |
Pathogen | overall | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
nepisode = 28,366 | % | nepisode = 4845 | % | nepisode = 5242 | % | nepisode = 5722 | % | nepisode = 6573 | % | nepisode = 5,985 | % | |
E. coli | 7207 | 25.4 | 1133 | 23.4 | 1343 | 25.6 | 1490 | 26.0 | 1678 | 25.5 | 1563 | 26.1 |
S. aureus | 4297 | 15.2 | 759 | 15.7 | 832 | 15.9 | 859 | 15.0 | 1005 | 15.3 | 842 | 14.1 |
S. epidermidis | 2309 | 8.1 | 491 | 10.1 | 411 | 7.8 | 458 | 8.0 | 494 | 7.5 | 455 | 7.6 |
K. pneumonia | 1302 | 4.6 | 235 | 4.9 | 255 | 4.9 | 253 | 4.4 | 275 | 4.2 | 284 | 4.7 |
E. faecalis | 1250 | 4.4 | 222 | 4.6 | 231 | 4.4 | 263 | 4.6 | 268 | 4.1 | 266 | 4.4 |
E. faecium | 1185 | 4.2 | 259 | 5.3 | 239 | 4.6 | 234 | 4.1 | 251 | 3.8 | 202 | 3.4 |
Candida spp. | 760 | 2.7 | 137 | 2.8 | 181 | 3.5 | 176 | 3.1 | 158 | 2.4 | 109 | 1.8 |
P. mirabilis | 636 | 2.2 | 89 | 1.8 | 105 | 2.0 | 120 | 2.1 | 169 | 2.6 | 153 | 2.6 |
P. aeruginosa | 489 | 1.7 | 63 | 1.3 | 78 | 1.5 | 93 | 1.6 | 136 | 2.1 | 119 | 2.0 |
S. pneumoniae | 461 | 1.6 | 66 | 1.4 | 77 | 1.5 | 91 | 1.6 | 137 | 2.1 | 90 | 1.5 |
S. hominis | 447 | 1.6 | 123 | 2.5 | 60 | 1.1 | 80 | 1.4 | 93 | 1.4 | 91 | 1.5 |
other | 8023 | 28.3 | 1268 | 26.2 | 1430 | 27.3 | 1605 | 28.0 | 1909 | 29.0 | 1811 | 30.2 |
Gram-positive pathogens
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | OR (95% CI) p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aureus | ||||||
Oxacillin/Methicillin | 608/63 (10.4) | 772/48 (6.2) | 818/33 (4.0) | 933/50 (5.4) | 824/21 (2.5) | 0.74 (0.66; 0.83) < 0.001 |
Rifampicin | 550/2 (0.4) | 598/4 (0.7) | 510/10 (1.9) | 735/2 (0.3) | 597/5 (0.8) | 1.05 (0.81; 1.37) 0.71 |
Fluoroquinolones | 608/190 (31.3) | 767/186 (24.3) | 813/167 (20.5) | 800/144 (18.0) | 627/126 (20.1) | 0.81 (0.76; 0.87) < 0.001 |
E. faecium | ||||||
Vancomycin | 227/38 (16.7) | 227/68 (30.0) | 215/68 (31.6) | 228/97 (42.5) | 186/50 (26.9) | 1.19 (1.08; 1.31) < 0.001 |
Teicoplanin | 186/32 (17.2) | 184/49 (26.6) | 150/42 (28.0) | 196/56 (28.6) | 156/22 (14.1) | 0.99 (0.88; 1.12) 0.92 |
Linezolid | 220/3 (1.4) | 219/2 (0.9) | 205/4 (2.0) | 222/20 (9.0) | 185/5 (2.7) | 1.50 (1.19; 1.90) < 0.001 |
Daptomycin | 7/1 (14.3) | 16/2 (12.5) | 24/2 (8.3) | 32/3 (9.4) | 48/8 (16.7) | 1.08 (0.74; 1.57) 0.71 |
Tigecycline | 149/1 (0.7) | 159/1 (0.6) | 190/2 (1.1) | 213/1 (0.5) | 161/6 (3.7) | 1.79 (0.89; 3.62) 0.10 |
Gram-negative pathogens
2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | OR (95% CI) p value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | ||||||
Aminopenicillin | 941/486 (51.6) | 1,282/711 (55.5) | 1,426/785 (55.0) | 1,595/920 (57.7) | 1,536/940 (61.2) | 1.06 (1.02; 1.10) 0.006 |
Fluoroquinolones | 941/221 (23.5) | 1,286/315 (24.5) | 1,441/367 (25.5) | 1,600/438 (27.4) | 1,567/384 (24.5) | 1.01 (0.97; 1.05) 0.72 |
Cefotaxime | 938/100 (10.7) | 973/134 (13.8) | 912/122 (13.4) | 1,228/178 (14.5) | 1,355/197 (14.5) | 1.08 (1.02; 1.14). 0.007 |
Carbapenems | 941/1 (0.1) | 1,286/3 (0.2) | 1,441/3 (0.2) | 1,600/0 (0.0) | 1,538/1 (0.1) | –6 |
Aminoglycosides | 941/57 (6.1) | 1,286/122 (9.5) | 1,473/143 (9.7) | 1,594/151 (9.5) | 1,535/280 (18.2)2 | 1.30 (1.21; 1.40) < 0.001 |
Fosfomycin | 339/1 (0.4) | 562/6 (1.1) | 630/6 (1.0) | 637/9 (1.4) | 518/7 (1.4) | –6 |
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 941/293 (31.1) | 1281/408 (31.9) | 1435/439 (30.6) | 1593/444 (27.9) | 1533 /403 (26.3) | 0.93 (0.89; 0.97) < 0.001 |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | ||||||
Fluoroquinolones | 181/25 (13.8) | 232/38 (16.4) | 227/40 (17.6) | 254/49 (19.3) | 270/36 (13.3) | 1.02 (0.91; 1.15) 0.72 |
Cefotaxime | 181/18 (9.9) | 197/26 (13.3) | 154/21 (13.6) | 202/24 (11.9) | 242/18 (7.4) | 0.93 (0.81; 1.08) 0.35 |
Carbapenems | 181/2 (1.1) | 232/0 (0.0) | 227/0 (0.0) | 254/2 (0.8) | 270/2 (0.7) | –6 |
Aminoglycosides | 181/7 (3.9) | 232/12 (5.2) | 227/14 (6.2) | 253/18 (7.1) | 270/33 (12.2)2 | 1.47 (1.19; 1.82) < 0.001 |
Fosfomycin | 54/6 (11.1) | 117/19 (16.2) | 113/15 (13.3) | 115/16 (13.9) | 92/12 (13.0) | 1.01 (0.82; 1.24) 0.95 |
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole | 181/22 (12.2) | 231/34 (14.7) | 227/33 (14.5) | 253/33 (13.0) | 270/39 (14.4) | 1.06 (0.88; 1.26) 0.56 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | ||||||
Fluoroquinolones | 48/10 (16.3) | 72/15 (18.1) | 87/23 (16.5) | 120/19 (13.5) | –5 | 1.21 (0.97; 1.51) 0.09 |
Ceftazidime | 47/3 (4.8) | 72/3 (2.8) | 85/7 (7.2) | 127/6 (4.0) | –5 | 2.14 (1.29; 3.54) 0.003 |
Piperacillin/Tazobactam | 46/7 (12.2) | 71/4 (5.6) | 85/9 (9.5) | 131/19 (14.1) | –5 | 1.30 (0.97; 1.74) 0.07 |
Carbapenems | 46/4 (9.8) | 72/10 (13.9) | 88/17 (17.4) | 131/17 (11.7) | –5 | 1.17 (0.92; 1.49) 0.20 |
Aminoglycosides | 47/6 (11.9) | 72/4 (2.8) | 88/8 (7.0) | 129/3 (1.6) | –5 | 1.03 (0.72; 1.47) 0.88 |
Combined resistance3 | 46/5 (10.9) | 71/3 (4.2) | 87/8 (9.2) | 127/7 (5.5) | –5 | –6 |
Acinetobacter spp. | –5 | |||||
Fluoroquinolones | 27/5 (18.5) | 33/6 (18.2) | 35/11 (31.4) | 32/8 (25.0) | –5 | –6 |
Carbapenems | 27/0 (0.0) | 33/1 (3.0) | 35/3 (8.6) | 33/1 (3.0) | –5 | –6 |
Aminoglycosides | 27/1 (3.7) | 33/0 (0.0) | 33/3 (9.1) | 32/1 (3.1) | –5 | –6 |
Combined resistance4 | 27/0 (0.0) | 33/0 (0.0) | 33/2 (6.1) | 32/1 (3.1) | –5 | –6 |