Key Points
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Twenty-eight percent of elite Japanese athletes showed a PSQI global score above the cutoff for poor sleep quality.
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The PSQI global score above the cutoff for poor sleep quality was associated with five factors: “time in bed,” “eating breakfast every morning,” “avoiding the use of electronic devices (PC, smartphone, etc.) just before bedtime,” “depressive mood,” and “not thinking about troubles in bed.”
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Forty percent of the athletes had been informed by someone about “snoring loudly” and/or “leg twitching or jerking during sleep.”
Background
Methods
Participants
Questionnaire
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Has any of your family, people living with you, or people who have stayed in the same room as you during a tour or other occasions made the following remarks to you?(A) You snore loudly(B) You take long pauses between breaths while asleep(C) Your legs twitch or jerk while asleep(D) You show episodes of disorientation or confusion during sleep(E) You show other types of restlessness while asleep
・Being bathed in sunlight after getting up | |
・Eating breakfast every morning | |
・Not taking a nap after 15:00 | |
・Not going out to bright places after 21:00 | |
・Avoiding the use of electronic devices just before bed time | |
・Not drinking alcohol to induce sleep | |
・Not thinking about troubles in bed | |
・Keeping the bedroom quiet and comfortable | |
・Using a comfortable mattress and bedclothing | |
・Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) |
Statistical Analysis
Results
Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) | ||
Earliest training-practice start time | Before or at 7:00 | 68 | (15.5) | 60 | (16.6) |
7:01–8:00 | 16 | (3.6) | 26 | (7.2) | |
8:01–9:00 | 121 | (27.5) | 97 | (26.9) | |
9:01–10:00 | 152 | (34.5) | 120 | (33.2) | |
After 10:00 | 83 | (18.9) | 58 | (16.1) | |
Latest training-practice end time | Before or at 18:00 | 261 | (59.5) | 152 | (42.2) |
18:01–19:00 | 47 | (10.7) | 69 | (19.2) | |
19:01–20:00 | 47 | (10.7) | 69 | (19.2) | |
20:01–21:00 | 68 | (15.5) | 54 | (15.0) | |
After 21:00 | 16 | (3.6) | 16 | (4.4) | |
Hours of training-practice per week | 20 h or less than 20 h | 190 | (43.6) | 144 | (40.2) |
20.1–30 h | 164 | (37.6) | 130 | (36.3) | |
30.1–40 h | 66 | (15.1) | 53 | (14.8) | |
40.1–50 h | 10 | (2.3) | 18 | (5.0) | |
More than 50 h | 6 | (1.4) | 13 | (3.6) | |
Number of training-practice session per week | 1–5 times per week | 88 | (19.6) | 70 | (19.0) |
6–10 times per week | 231 | (51.4) | 177 | (48.1) | |
More than 10 times per week | 130 | (29.0) | 121 | (32.9) | |
Usual getting up time | Before or at 6:00 | 100 | (22.3) | 103 | (28.0) |
6:01–7:00 | 191 | (42.5) | 182 | (49.5) | |
7:01–8:00 | 118 | (26.3) | 68 | (18.5) | |
After 8:00 | 40 | (8.9) | 15 | (4.1) | |
Usual time in bed | < 5 h | 4 | (0.9) | 2 | (0.5) |
≧ 5 and < 6 h | 7 | (1.6) | 21 | (5.7) | |
≧ 6 and ≦ 7 h | 142 | (31.6) | 132 | (35.9) | |
> 7 and ≦ 8 h | 186 | (41.4) | 155 | (42.1) | |
> 8 h | 110 | (24.5) | 58 | (15.8) | |
Nocturnal sleep duration | < 5 h | 3 | (0.7) | 7 | (1.9) |
≧ 5 and < 6 h | 19 | (4.2) | 36 | (9.8) | |
≧ 6 and ≦ 7 h | 258 | (57.5) | 225 | (61.1) | |
> 7 and ≦ 8 h | 144 | (32.1) | 90 | (24.5) | |
> 8 h | 25 | (5.6) | 10 | (2.7) | |
Frequency of naps | No habit | 126 | (28.1) | 89 | (24.2) |
Less than once per week | 59 | (13.1) | 69 | (18.8) | |
1–2 times per week | 99 | (22.0) | 67 | (18.2) | |
3–5 times per week | 118 | (26.3) | 87 | (23.6) | |
Almost every day | 47 | (10.5) | 56 | (15.2) | |
Nap duration | ≦ 30 min | 63 | (14.0) | 53 | (14.4) |
31–60 min | 147 | (32.7) | 134 | (36.4) | |
61–90 min | 75 | (16.7) | 50 | (13.6) | |
≧ 90 min | 11 | (2.4) | 13 | (3.5) | |
Depends on case | 27 | (6.0) | 29 | (7.9) |
Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
h | (n) | h | (n) | ||
Aquatics | Swimming | 6.9 | (12) | 7.6 | (12) |
Diving | 7.0 | (4) | |||
Synchronized swimming | 7.6 | (11) | |||
Water polo | 7.9 | (15) | 7.1 | (15) | |
Archery | 7.3 | (4) | 6.8 | (5) | |
Athletics | 7.5 | (33) | 7.4 | (26) | |
Badminton | 8.1 | (11) | 8.0 | (11) | |
Baseball | Baseball | 7.7 | (30) | ||
Softball | 7.2 | (16) | |||
Basketball | 8.0 | (20) | 7.6 | (24) | |
Bowling | 7.5 | (5) | 6.9 | (5) | |
Boxing | 7.9 | (4) | |||
Canoe/kayak | Sprint | 7.8 | (9) | 8.6 | (4) |
Obstacle slalom | 8.0 | (4) | |||
Cricket | 6.7 | (13) | |||
Cycling | Track | 7.8 | (11) | 7.9 | (8) |
Road race | 8.5 | (5) | 7.6 | (6) | |
Mountain bike | |||||
Bicycle motocross | |||||
Equestrian | 7.4 | (8) | |||
Fencing | 7.6 | (9) | 7.4 | (8) | |
Football | 8.1 | (21) | 7.9 | (19) | |
Golf | 8.1 | (4) | |||
Gymnastics | Artistic | 8.3 | (4) | ||
Rhythmic | |||||
Trampoline | 7.7 | (8) | |||
Handball | 7.8 | (22) | 7.6 | (19) | |
Hockey | 8.3 | (25) | 7.2 | (18) | |
Judo | 7.0 | (12) | 7.6 | (8) | |
Kabaddi | 6.3 | (10) | 6.1 | (10) | |
Karate | 8.1 | (4) | 6.1 | (4) | |
Modern pentathlon | 7.7 | (9) | 7.6 | (6) | |
Rowing | 7.3 | (15) | |||
Rugby | 7.9 | (18) | 7.0 | (18) | |
Sailing | 7.9 | (6) | 8.5 | ||
Sepaktakraw | 7.0 | (13) | 6.4 | (9) | |
Shooting | 7.2 | (8) | 6.7 | (11) | |
Squash | 6.3 | (2) | |||
Table tennis | 7.3 | (4) | 7.7 | (7) | |
Taekwondo | 6.6 | (4) | |||
Tennis | Tennis | 8.1 | (5) | 7.9 | (5) |
Soft tennis | 7.6 | (5) | 7.2 | (4) | |
Triathlon | 6.8 | (5) | 7.0 | (7) | |
Volleyball | Volleyball | 7.5 | (24) | 7.7 | (20) |
Beach volleyball | |||||
Weightlifting | 7.3 | (7) | 6.7 | (6) | |
Wrestling | 7.4 | (13) | |||
Wushu | 7.4 | (7) | 6.8 | (6) |
Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Score |
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) | ||
PSQI-global score | ≤ 5.5 | 338 | 75.3 | 250 | 67.9 | |
> 5.5 | 111 | 24.7 | 118 | 32.1 | ||
PSQI-sub-category score | Self-rated sleep quality | 0 | 50 | 11.1 | 40 | 10.9 |
1 | 309 | 68.8 | 226 | 61.4 | ||
2 | 87 | 19.4 | 100 | 27.2 | ||
3 | 3 | 0.7 | 2 | 0.5 | ||
Sleep latency | 0 | 146 | 32.5 | 127 | 34.5 | |
1 | 185 | 41.2 | 145 | 39.4 | ||
2 | 100 | 22.3 | 80 | 21.7 | ||
3 | 18 | 4.0 | 16 | 4.3 | ||
Sleep duration | 0 | 169 | 37.6 | 100 | 27.2 | |
1 | 258 | 57.5 | 225 | 61.1 | ||
2 | 19 | 4.2 | 36 | 9.8 | ||
3 | 3 | 0.7 | 7 | 1.9 | ||
Sleep efficiency | 0 | 399 | 88.9 | 317 | 86.1 | |
1 | 43 | 9.6 | 42 | 11.4 | ||
2 | 5 | 1.1 | 7 | 1.9 | ||
3 | 2 | 0.4 | 2 | 0.5 | ||
Sleep disturbance | 0 | 163 | 36.3 | 108 | 29.3 | |
1 | 283 | 63.0 | 254 | 69.0 | ||
2 | 3 | 0.7 | 6 | 1.6 | ||
3 | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | ||
Use of sleeping meds | 0 | 434 | 96.7 | 362 | 98.4 | |
1 | 10 | 2.2 | 4 | 1.1 | ||
2 | 1 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.3 | ||
3 | 4 | 0.9 | 1 | 0.3 | ||
Daytime dysfunction | 0 | 254 | 56.6 | 170 | 46.2 | |
1 | 154 | 34.3 | 162 | 44.0 | ||
2 | 33 | 7.3 | 33 | 9.0 | ||
3 | 8 | 1.8 | 3 | 0.8 | ||
ESS-score | ≤ 10.5 | 337 | 75.1 | 215 | 58.4 | |
> 10.5 | 112 | 24.9 | 153 | 41.6 |
Male | Female | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N
| (%) |
N
| (%) | ||
Loud snoring | Not at all. | 236 | (52.6) | 267 | (72.6) |
Yes, sometimes. | 167 | (37.2) | 86 | (23.4) | |
Yes, frequently. | 46 | (10.2) | 15 | (4.1) | |
Long pauses between breaths while asleep | Not at all. | 419 | (93.3) | 361 | (98.1) |
Yes, sometimes. | 25 | (5.6) | 6 | (1.6) | |
Yes, frequently. | 5 | (1.1) | 1 | (0.3) | |
Legs twitching or jerking while asleep | Not at all. | 251 | (55.9) | 164 | (44.6) |
Yes, sometimes. | 144 | (32.1) | 136 | (37.0) | |
Yes, frequently. | 54 | (12.0) | 68 | (18.5) | |
Episodes of disorientation or confusion during sleep | Not at all. | 398 | (88.6) | 329 | (89.4) |
Yes, sometimes. | 48 | (10.7) | 36 | (9.8) | |
Yes, frequently. | 3 | (0.7) | 3 | (0.8) | |
Other forms of restlessness while asleep | Not at all. | 411 | (91.5) | 326 | (88.6) |
Yes, sometimes. | 28 | (6.2) | 36 | (9.8) | |
Yes, frequently. | 10 | (2.2) | 6 | (1.6) |
β | SE | Wald-square | Odds | 95% CI | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Univariate logistic regression analysis | |||||||
General information | Sex | − 0.336 | 0.157 | 4.578 | 0.715 | 0.525–0.972 | < 0.05 |
Age | 0.003 | 0.017 | 0.029 | 1.003 | 0969–1.038 | 0.86 | |
Body mass index | 0.138 | 0.190 | 0.528 | 1.148 | 0.791–1.666 | 0.47 | |
Frequency of overseas trips | − 0.040 | 0.035 | 1.314 | 0.961 | 0.897–1.029 | 0.25 | |
Daily schedule | Earliest training-practice start time | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.894 | 1.029 | 0.970–1.091 | 0.34 |
Latest training-practice end time | − 0.055 | 0.039 | 1.952 | 0.947 | 0.877–1.022 | 0.16 | |
Hours of training-practice per week | − 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.780 | 0.994 | 0.980–1.008 | 0.38 | |
Bed time | − 0.222 | 0.083 | 7.200 | 0.801 | 0.682–0.942 | < 0.01 | |
Getting up time | 0.123 | 0.078 | 2.474 | 1.131 | 0.970–1.319 | 0.12 | |
Time in bed | − 0.357 | 0.081 | 19.586 | 0.700 | 0.598–0.820 | < 0.001 | |
Nap duration | 0.161 | 0.159 | 1.025 | 1.175 | 0.860–1.604 | 0.31 | |
Clinical information | Loud snoring | 0.105 | 0.122 | 0.743 | 1.111 | 0.874–1.412 | 0.39 |
Sleep apnea | 0.044 | 0.246 | 0.032 | 1.045 | 0.645–1.693 | 0.86 | |
Legs twitching or jerking during sleep | − 0.183 | 0.103 | 3.151 | 0.833 | 0.680–1.019 | 0.08 | |
Disorientation or confusion during sleep | − 0.215 | 0.186 | 1.341 | 0.806 | 0.560–1.161 | 0.25 | |
Mood | Depressive mood | − 1.363 | 0.194 | 49.569 | 0.256 | 0.175–0.374 | < 0.001 |
Sleep hygiene | Being bathed in sunlight after getting up | − 0.318 | 0.161 | 3.876 | 0.728 | 0.530–0.999 | < 0.05 |
Eating breakfast every morning | − 0.763 | 0.194 | 15.395 | 0.466 | 0.319–0.683 | < 0.001 | |
Not taking a nap after 15:00 | − 0.224 | 0.159 | 1.984 | 0.799 | 0.585–1.092 | 0.16 | |
Not going out to bright places after 21:00 | − 0.150 | 0.164 | 0.831 | 0.861 | 0.624–1.188 | 0.36 | |
Avoid using electronic devices just before bed time | − 0.833 | 0.285 | 8.580 | 0.435 | 0.249–0.759 | < 0.01 | |
Not drinking alcohol to induce sleep | − 0.462 | 0.197 | 5.506 | 0.630 | 0.429–0.927 | < 0.05 | |
Not thinking about troubles in bed | 1.066 | 0.166 | 41.021 | 2.903 | 2.095–4.023 | < 0.001 | |
Keeping the bedroom quiet and comfortable | − 0.645 | 0.222 | 8.423 | 0.525 | 0.339–0.811 | < 0.01 | |
Using a comfortable mattress and bedclothing | 0.569 | 0.166 | 11.726 | 1.766 | 1.275–2.445 | < 0.001 | |
Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) | − 0.614 | 0.163 | 14.276 | 0.541 | 0.392–0.744 | < 0.001 | |
(B) Multiple logistic regression analysis | |||||||
General information | Sex | − 0.147 | 0.188 | 0.608 | 0.863 | 0.597–1.368 | 0.44 |
Daily schedule | Bed time | 0.099 | 0.109 | 0.823 | 1.104 | 0.891–1.368 | 0.36 |
Time in bed | 0.401 | 0.106 | 14.319 | 1.494 | 1.213–1.839 | < 0.001 | |
Mood | Depressive mood | − 1.170 | 0.212 | 30.496 | 0.310 | 0.205–0.470 | < 0.001 |
Sleep hygiene | Being bathed in sunlight after getting up | − 0.166 | 0.185 | 0.802 | 0.847 | 0.589–1.218 | 0.37 |
Eating breakfast every morning | − 0.593 | 0.225 | 6.955 | 0.552 | 0.355–0.859 | < 0.01 | |
Avoid using electronic devices just before bed time | − 0.625 | 0.313 | 3.989 | 0.535 | 0.290–0.988 | < 0.05 | |
Not drinking alcohol to induce sleep | − 0.174 | 0.224 | 0.606 | 0.840 | 0.541–1.303 | 0.44 | |
Not thinking about troubles in bed | − 0.759 | 0.184 | 16.962 | 0.468 | 0.326–0.672 | < 0.001 | |
Keeping the bedroom quiet and comfortable | − 0.312 | 0.254 | 1.510 | 0.732 | 0.445–1.204 | 0.22 | |
Using a comfortable mattress and bedclothing | − 0.214 | 0.192 | 1.248 | 0.807 | 0.554–1.176 | 0.26 | |
Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) | − 0.328 | 0.184 | 3.182 | 0.720 | 0.503–1.033 | 0.07 |
β | SE | Wald-square | Odds | 95% CI | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Univariate logistic regression analysis | |||||||
General information | Age | − 0.028 | 0.027 | 1.090 | 0.972 | 0.922–1.025 | 0.296 |
Body mass index | 0.006 | 0.037 | 0.024 | 1.006 | 0.935–1.081 | 0.878 | |
Frequency of overseas trips | 0.029 | 0.047 | 0.381 | 1.029 | 0.939–1.129 | 0.537 | |
Daily schedule | Earliest training-practice start time | 0.000 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.995 | 0.925–1.082 | 0.995 |
Latest training-practice end time | 0.062 | 0.055 | 1.265 | 1.064 | 0.955–1.186 | 0.261 | |
Hours of training-practice per week | 0.003 | 0.011 | 0.055 | 1.003 | 0.982–1.024 | 0.814 | |
Bed time | 0.260 | 0.112 | 5.394 | 1.297 | 1.041–1.614 | 0.020 | |
Getting up time | 0.027 | 0.103 | 0.067 | 1.027 | 0.840–1.255 | 0.796 | |
Time in bed | − 0.294 | 0.110 | 7.132 | 0.745 | 0.601–0.925 | 0.008 | |
Nap duration | − 0.039 | 0.220 | 0.031 | 0.962 | 0.625–1.482 | 0.861 | |
Clinical information | Loud snoring | − 0.032 | 0.219 | 0.021 | 0.969 | 0.631–1.489 | 0.886 |
Sleep apnea | − 0.291 | 0.470 | 0.383 | 0.748 | 0.298–1.879 | 0.536 | |
Legs twitching or jerking during sleep | 0.292 | 0.219 | 1.772 | 1.339 | 0.871–2.059 | 0.183 | |
Disorientation or confusion during sleep | 0.271 | 0.329 | 0.677 | 1.311 | 0.688–2.497 | 0.411 | |
Mood | Depressive mood | 1.667 | 0.294 | 32.198 | 5.297 | 2.976–9.421 | 0.000 |
Sleep hygiene | Being bathed in sunlight after getting up | 0.430 | 0.224 | 3.695 | 1.537 | 0.992–2.384 | 0.055 |
Eating breakfast every morning | 0.851 | 0.241 | 12.761 | 2.366 | 1.475–3.796 | 0.000 | |
Not taking a nap after 15:00 | 0.173 | 0.219 | 0.621 | 1.188 | 0.774–1.825 | 0.431 | |
Not going out to bright places after 21:00 | 0.518 | 0.259 | 4.019 | 1.679 | 1.012–2.787 | 0.045 | |
Avoid using electronic devices just before bed time | 0.873 | 0.396 | 4.853 | 2.394 | 1.101–5.206 | 0.028 | |
Not drinking alcohol to induce sleep | 0.404 | 0.239 | 2.860 | 1.499 | 0.938–2.395 | 0.091 | |
Not thinking about troubles in bed | 1.038 | 0.233 | 31.453 | 3.700 | 2.342–5.845 | 0.000 | |
Keeping the bedroom quiet and comfortable | 0.781 | 0.264 | 8.778 | 2.184 | 1.303–3.663 | 0.003 | |
Using a comfortable mattress and bedclothing | 0.721 | 0.224 | 10.391 | 2.056 | 1.326–3.187 | 0.001 | |
Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) | 0.649 | 0.227 | 8.190 | 1.913 | 1.227–2.983 | 0.004 | |
(B) Multiple logistic regression analysis | |||||||
Daily schedule | Bed time | 0.108 | 0.137 | 0.623 | 1.114 | 0.852–1.456 | 0.430 |
Time in bed | − 0.275 | 0.128 | 4.615 | 0.760 | 0.591–0.976 | 0.032 | |
Mood | Depressive mood | 1.497 | 0.319 | 21.976 | 4.468 | 2.390–8.355 | 0.000 |
Sleep hygiene | Eating breakfast every morning | 0.431 | 0.284 | 2.308 | 1.539 | 0.882–2.685 | 0.129 |
Not going out to bright places after 21:00 | 0.088 | 0.300 | 0.087 | 1.092 | 0.607–1.965 | 0.768 | |
Avoid using electronic devices just before bed time | 0.552 | 0.443 | 1.555 | 1.737 | 0.729–4.138 | 0.212 | |
Not thinking about troubles in bed | 0.952 | 0.257 | 13.776 | 2.591 | 1.567–4.284 | 0.000 | |
Keeping the bedroom quiet and comfortable | 0.343 | 0.312 | 1.210 | 1.409 | 0.765–2.597 | 0.271 | |
Using a comfortable mattress and bedclothing | 0.128 | 0.269 | 0.226 | 1.137 | 0.670–1.927 | 0.635 | |
Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) | 0.188 | 0.269 | 0.486 | 1.207 | 0.712–2.046 | 0.486 |
β | SE | Wald-square | Odds | 95% CI | P value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(A) Univariate logistic regression analysis | |||||||
General information | Age | 0.024 | 0.023 | 1.131 | 1.024 | 0.980–1.070 | 0.296 |
Body mass index | 0.047 | 0.043 | 1.191 | 1.048 | 0.964–1.139 | 0.878 | |
Frequency of overseas trips | 0.007 | 0.050 | 0.022 | 1.007 | 0.914–1.111 | 0.882 | |
Daily schedule | Earliest training-practice start time | − 0.063 | 0.045 | 1.918 | 0.939 | 0.859–1.026 | 0.166 |
Latest training-practice end time | 0.012 | 0.056 | 0.050 | 1.013 | 0.908–1.129 | 0.823 | |
Hours of training-practice per week | 0.006 | 0.009 | 0.458 | 1.006 | 0.988–1.025 | 0.499 | |
Bed time | 0.141 | 0.125 | 1.280 | 1.151 | 0.902–1.470 | 0.258 | |
Getting up time | − 0.277 | 0.127 | 4.794 | 0.758 | 0.591–0.971 | 0.029 | |
Time in bed | − 0.378 | 0.120 | 9.895 | 0.685 | 0.542–0.867 | 0.002 | |
Nap duration | 0.361 | 0.233 | 2.411 | 1.435 | 0.910–2.265 | 0.121 | |
Clinical information | Loud snoring | − 0.024 | 0.251 | 0.009 | 0.976 | 0.597–1.596 | 0.923 |
Sleep apnea | 1.061 | 0.772 | 1.888 | 2.889 | 0.636–13.121 | 0.169 | |
Legs twitching or jerking during sleep | 0.336 | 0.227 | 2.183 | 1.399 | 0.896–2.185 | 0.140 | |
Disorientation or confusion during sleep | 0.316 | 0.350 | 0.814 | 1.371 | 0.691–2.723 | 0.367 | |
Mood | Depressive mood | 1.036 | 0.257 | 16.218 | 2.817 | 1.702–4.663 | 0.000 |
Sleep hygiene | Being bathed in sunlight after getting up | 0.187 | 0.225 | 0.693 | 1.206 | 0.776–1.873 | 0.405 |
Eating breakfast every morning | 0.848 | 0.301 | 7.908 | 2.334 | 1.293–4.214 | 0.005 | |
Not taking a nap after 15:00 | 0.343 | 0.224 | 2.342 | 1.409 | 0.908–2.186 | 0.767 | |
Not going out to bright places after 21:00 | 0.086 | 0.224 | 0.147 | 1.090 | 0.703–1.689 | 0.701 | |
Avoid using electronic devices just before bed time | 0.772 | 0.410 | 3.546 | 2.164 | 0.969–4.835 | 0.060 | |
Not drinking alcohol to induce sleep | 1.024 | 0.329 | 9.677 | 2.784 | 1.461–5.308 | 0.002 | |
Not thinking about troubles in bed | 0.880 | 0.235 | 13.963 | 2.410 | 1.519–3.823 | 0.000 | |
Keeping the bedroom quiet and comfortable | 0.624 | 0.340 | 3.369 | 1.865 | 0.959–3.630 | 0.066 | |
Using a comfortable mattress and bedclothing | 0.454 | 0.234 | 3.776 | 1.574 | 0.996–2.489 | 0.052 | |
Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) | 0.701 | 0.230 | 9.317 | 2.015 | 1.285–3.159 | 0.002 | |
(B) Multiple logistic regression analysis | |||||||
Daily schedule | Getting up time | − 0.353 | 0.169 | 4.390 | 0.702 | 0.505–0.977 | 0.036 |
Time in bed | − 0.173 | 0.154 | 1.257 | 0.842 | 0.622–1.138 | 0.262 | |
Mood | Depressive mood | 0.922 | 0.277 | 11.092 | 2.515 | 1.462–4.329 | 0.001 |
Sleep hygiene | Eating breakfast every morning | 0.622 | 0.336 | 3.429 | 1.862 | 0.964–3.595 | 0.064 |
Not drinking alcohol to induce sleep | 0.652 | 0.356 | 3.359 | 1.920 | 0.956–3.857 | 0.067 | |
Not thinking about troubles in bed | 0.692 | 0.254 | 7.403 | 1.997 | 1.213–3.286 | 0.007 | |
Preventing an irregular getting up time (within 2 h) | 0.653 | 0.258 | 6.394 | 1.921 | 1.158–3.185 | 0.011 |