Figures
Abstract
REG4, which encodes Reg IV protein, is a member of the calcium-dependent lectin superfamily and potent activator of the epidermal growth factor receptor/Akt/activator protein-1 signaling pathway. Several human cancers overexpress Reg IV, and Reg IV expression is associated with intestinal phenotype differentiation. However, regulation of REG4 transcription remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether CDX2 regulates Reg IV expression in gastric cancer (GC) cells. Expression of Reg IV and CDX2 was analyzed by Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in 9 GC cell lines and 2 colon cancer cell lines. The function of the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene was characterized by luciferase assay. In 9 GC cell lines, endogenous Reg IV and CDX2 expression were well correlated. Using an estrogen receptor-regulated form of CDX2, rapid induction of Reg IV expression was observed in HT-29 cells. Reporter gene assays revealed an important role in transcription for consensus CDX2 DNA binding elements in the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that CDX2 binds directly to the 5′-flanking region of REG4. These results indicate that CDX2 protein directly regulates Reg IV expression.
Citation: Naito Y, Oue N, Hinoi T, Sakamoto N, Sentani K, Ohdan H, et al. (2012) Reg IV Is a Direct Target of Intestinal Transcriptional Factor CDX2 in Gastric Cancer. PLoS ONE 7(11): e47545. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047545
Editor: Wael El-Rifai, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, United States of America
Received: May 24, 2012; Accepted: September 12, 2012; Published: November 2, 2012
Copyright: © 2012 Naito et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Research from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Science, Sports, and Technology of Japan, and, in part, by a Grant-in-Aid for the Third Comprehensive 10-Year Strategy for Cancer Control and for Cancer Research from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan, and for the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation (Program for Promotion of Fundamental Studies in Health Sciences). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common human cancers in the world. Cancer develops as a result of multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations [1]. We previously performed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) of four primary GCs and identified several GC-specific genes [2]. Of these genes, regenerating islet-derived family member 4 (REG4, which encodes Reg IV protein) is a candidate gene for cancer-specific expression [3]. REG4 is a member of the REG gene family, which belongs to the calcium-dependent lectin superfamily. REG4 was originally identified by high-throughput sequence analysis of a large inflammatory bowel disease cDNA library [4]. Reg IV is a potent activator of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)/Akt/activator protein-1 (AP-1) signaling pathway in colon cancer cells and increases expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl and survivin, which are proteins associated with the inhibition of apoptosis [5]. Amplification of the REG4 gene has been reported in pancreatic cancer [6]. Reg IV has been identified as one of the genes up-regulated in cancer-initiating cells [7]. We have previously examined the effect of forced expression of Reg IV in GC cell line. We showed that Reg IV inhibits 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis through EGFR activation in GC cells [8]. In contrast, Reg IV-overexpressing cells did not show significant differences in proliferation and invasion activity compared with cells transfected with empty vector [8]. These findings support the notion that Reg IV protein participates in gastric carcinogenesis.
GC can be subdivided into four phenotypes according to mucin expression: gastric or foveolar phenotype; intestinal phenotype; intestinal and gastric mixed phenotype; and neither gastric nor intestinal phenotype [9]. Distinct genetic changes appear to be associated with gastric and intestinal phenotype GC [10]. In our previous observations, Reg IV was expressed in 30% of GC cases and was correlated with intestinal phenotype [11]. A number of immunohistochemical analyses of Reg IV have been reported in human cancers [11]–[20]. In general, these analyses reported that Reg IV is expressed in adenocarcinoma cells displaying an intestinal phenotype. It has been reported that Reg IV expression is induced by GLI1, which is a key transcriptional factor in the Hedgehog signaling pathway [21], or by growth factors such as EGF, transforming growth factor-α (TGF-α), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), or basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) [22]. However, these molecules are unlikely to account for the association between Reg IV expression and intestinal phenotype differentiation.
We have previously found that expression of Reg IV was correlated with CDX2 expression [11]. CDX2 is a mammalian caudal-related intestinal transcription factor and important for the maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells [23], [24]. Several lines of evidence suggest that intestinal metaplasia of the stomach and intestinal phenotype GC are associated with ectopic CDX2 expression [9], [25]. In the present study, we investigated whether CDX2 regulates Reg IV expression in GC and found that CDX2 directly binds to the 5′-flanking region of REG4 gene and enhances the promoter activity.
Results
Reg IV and CDX2 Expression are Correlated in GC Cells
We first investigated induction of Reg IV expression by CDX2 in GC cell lines. Western blot analysis of CDX2 in 9 GC cell lines revealed that no or low-level expression of CDX2 was detected in MKN-7, TMK-1, HSC-44PE, and KATO-III (Fig. 1A). To determine if CDX2 and Reg IV expression were tightly correlated in GC cells, Western blot and quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analyses of Reg IV were performed on 9 GC cell lines. As shown in Fig. 1A, Reg IV protein expression was only detected in the 3 cell lines with high levels of REG4 transcripts measured by qRT-PCR. Of the 5 GC cell lines with CDX2 protein expression, 2 cell lines (MKN-1 and MKN-28) lacked detectable expression of REG4 transcripts and protein. The cell lines with undetectable CDX2 protein expression (MKN-7, TMK-1, HSC-44PE, and KATO-III) did not show REG4 transcripts or protein (Fig. 1A).
A: Western blot analysis of CDX2, Reg IV, and β-actin and qRT-PCR analysis of REG4 in 9 GC cell lines. B: Western blot analysis of CDX2, Reg IV, and β-actin and qRT-PCR analysis of REG4 in HT-29/PGS-CDX2, HT-29/PGS-neo, SW480/PGS-CDX2, and SW480/PGS-neo. C: Western blot analysis of Reg IV and β-actin and qRT-PCR analysis of REG4 in HT-29/CDX2-ER. Time course of REG4 gene induction in response to activation of a CDX2-ER fusion protein by 4-OHT was analyzed. D: Western blot analysis of CDX2, Reg IV, and β-actin and qRT-PCR analysis of REG4 in HSC-39 cells transfected with CDX2 siRNA (siRNA1 and siRNA2) and the negative control siRNA. The units of REG4 mRNA expression level are arbitrary. P values were calculated using Student’s t-test. * N.S. = not significant.
Next, we generated a polyclonal population of MKN-7, TMK-1, HSC-44PE, and KATO-III cells expressing high levels of CDX2 by infection of the cells with replication-defective retroviruses carrying a full-length human CDX2 cDNA because no or low-level expression of CDX2 was detected in these cell lines. However, overexpression of CDX2 failed to activate Reg IV expression by Western blot (data not shown). Because it is possible that CDX2 alone is not sufficient for activating Reg IV expression, expression of CDH17 (encoding LI-cadherin protein), which is one of the targets of CDX2 [24], was also investigated. However, activation of LI-cadherin expression was not found in MKN-7, TMK-1, HSC-44PE, and KATO-III cells expressing high levels of CDX2 (data not shown). Because we showed activation of LI-cadherin expression by CDX2 in the HT-29 colon cancer cell line [24], induction of Reg IV expression was investigated in the same cell line. As shown in Fig. 1B, induction of Reg IV expression was detected in HT-29 cells infected with retroviruses carrying a full-length human CDX2 cDNA. We also generated a polyclonal population of SW480 (colon cancer cell line) cells expressing high levels of CDX2 by infection of the cells with replication-defective retroviruses carrying a full-length human CDX2 cDNA. As shown in Fig. 1B, induction of Reg IV expression was found in SW480 cells infected with retroviruses carrying a full-length human CDX2 cDNA. These results suggest that Reg IV expression can be induced by CDX2 in cell lines derived from colon cancer. Because in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, CDX2 and Reg IV expression are well correlated [11], the use of a colon cancer cell line might be suitable for the model of intestinal metaplasia.
To better assess the relationship between CDX2 and Reg IV expression, we studied Reg IV expression in an HT-29-derived line with tightly regulated CDX2 activity. We used a polyclonal HT-29 cell line that had been transduced with the pCDX2-ER vector. The pCDX2-ER vector encodes a chimeric protein in which full-length CDX2 sequences are fused upstream of a mutated estrogen receptor (ER) ligand–binding domain. The mutated ER ligand-binding domain no longer binds estrogen, but retains the ability to bind tamoxifen. Treatment of the HT-29/CDX2-ER cell line with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) resulted in strong induction of Reg IV protein expression within 48 hours (Fig. 1C). These results indicate that Reg IV is a direct or primary target gene regulated by CDX2. However, CDX2 alone is not sufficient for activating Reg IV expression.
Inhibition of CDX2 by RNA Interference (RNAi) Results in the Down-regulation of Reg IV in GC Cells
To determine whether CDX2 is necessary for Reg IV expression in GC cells, we analyzed the effect of inhibiting CDX2 expression by RNAi in the level of Reg IV expression in HSC-39 cell line because high endogenous CDX2 and Reg IV expression was detected in HSC-39 cell line. CDX2-specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) significantly suppressed CDX2 protein expression 3 days after transfection, and expression of Reg IV transcript was down-regulated approximately 50% by CDX2 siRNAs in HSC-39 compared with its levels in control siRNA-treated cells (Fig. 1D). These results indicate that CDX2 is involved in maintaining Reg IV gene expression.
Functional Characterization the 5′-flanking Region of REG4 Gene by Luciferase Assay
To identify potential CDX2-binding sites in the REG4 promoter region, a search of the genomic sequences immediately 5′ to the presumptive transcription start site was performed, using a consensus binding element for the CdxA chicken caudal homologue (5′-A, A/T, T, A/T, A, T, A/G-3′) [26] and a previously described search algorithm [27]. We found four putative CDX2-binding sites in the 2 kilobase (kb) 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene (Fig. 2A). These were: site A (5′-AATAATA-3′, from −1828 to −1834), site B (5′-CTTTACAG-3′, from −901 to −908), site C (5′-TTTTATGG-3′, from −114 to −121), site D (5′- AATAATA -3′, from −90 to −96). To assess the role of these presumptive CDX2-binding sites in regulating REG4 transcription, various reporter gene constructs were generated. As shown in Fig. 2B, reporter gene constructs containing 2.1, 1.2, or 0.6 kb of 5′-flanking sequence from the REG4 gene showed strong activity in the HSC-39 cells, which display strong endogenous expression of REG4 transcripts and protein. By comparison, MKN-1 cells have little endogenous REG4 transcript and displayed little or no transcriptional activity induced by the 2.1, 1.2, or 0.6 kb REG4 reporter gene constructs (data not shown). The REG4 reporter gene constructs containing base pairs −116 to +58 and −87 to +58 had reduced activity in the HSC-39 cells (Fig. 2B), indicating that sequences between base pairs −634 and −116 play a key role in activating REG4 transcription. Furthermore, we analyzed single and multiple mutations in the presumptive CDX2-binding sites in the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene using HSC-39 cells (Fig. 2C). As expected, presumptive CDX2-binding site C, which is located between base pairs −634 and −116, plays a crucial role in activating REG4 transcription.
Localization of regulatory elements and CDX2 binding sites in the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene. A: Schematic representation of the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene. The location and sequence of 4 consensus CDX2-binding sites in the 5′-flanking region of REG4 (i.e., sites A, B, C, and D) is indicated. B: Schematic representation of REG4 reporter gene constructs. The REG4 genomic DNA sequences present in the reporter gene vectors are indicated. Key sequences for REG4 transcription reside between base pairs −634 and −116. Reporter assays with the series of REG4 deletion constructs were performed in the CDX2-expressing GC cell line, HSC-39. The luciferase activity of the empty pGL4.10 basic vector was assigned a value of 1. The reporter assays were performed in triplicate, and mean and SD values of luciferase activity are shown. C: Localized mutations in the candidate CDX2-binding sites (i.e., sites A, B, C, and D) were introduced into the −2019/+58 construct, and the series of constructs generated is shown. The CDX2 candidate binding site designated as “C” plays critical roles in REG4 transcription. Reporter assays were performed in CDX2-expressing GC cell line, HSC-39. The activity of the pGL4.10 basic vector was assigned a value of 1. Assays were performed in triplicate. Mean and SD luciferase activity values are shown.
CDX2 Directly Binds to the 5′-flanking Region of REG4 Gene
To analyze whether CDX2 directly binds to the putative CDX2-binding sites in the REG4 5′-flanking region, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays using HSC-39 cells. Using 6 primers for the REG4 5′-flanking region (Fig. 3A), we recovered DNA fragments containing the REG4 5′-flanking region by primer 1, which encompasses presumptive CDX2-binding site C (Fig. 3B). DNA fragments from the 5′-flanking region of REG4, which were generated using primers 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 such that they did not contain presumptive CDX2 binding sites, were not recovered by the anti-CDX2 antibody. The specificity of recovery of the REG4 promoter region following ChIP with anti-CDX2 antibody was shown by the fact that other irrelevant DNA fragments lacking CDX2-binding sites (e.g., exon 3 of the CDX1 gene) were not recovered (Fig. 3B). In addition, mock immunoprecipitation (mouse IgG) yielded few REG4 or CDX1-specific DNA fragments (Fig. 3B). All these findings suggest that CDX2 activates REG4 transcription by directly binding to sequences in the 5′-flanking region of the gene.
A: Schematic representation of the 5′-flanking region of the REG4 gene. The location of 4 consensus CDX2-binding sites in the 5′-flanking region of REG4 (sites A, B, C, and D) and PCR primers (REG4 Primer 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) are indicated. B: CDX2 binding to REG4 promoter region shown by ChIP. Bulk (input) DNA was prepared as well as DNA isolated from ChIP with anti-CDX2 monoclonal antibody or mouse IgG. qPCRs were performed in triplicate for each sample primer set, and the mean and SD of the three experiments was calculated. C: ChIP analysis of H3K27me3 enrichment in the REG4 gene promoter. ChIP enrichment was measured using qPCR. qPCRs were performed in triplicate for each sample primer set, and the mean and SD of the three experiments was calculated. P values were calculated using Student′s t-test. * N.S. = not significant.
Trimethylation of Histone H3 Lysine 27 (H3K27me3) on the REG4 Promoter in the GC Cell Lines
Although CDX2 protein expression was found in MKN-1 and MKN-28 cell lines, these 2 cell lines lacked detectable expression of REG4 transcript and protein. Because it has been reported that DNA hypermethylation of CpG islands is associated with silencing of several genes [28], we investigate whether DNA methylation induced transcriptional inactivation of Reg IV in MKN-1 and MKN-28 cells. We treated these cells with a demethylating agent, 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (Aza-dC) and then performed qRT-PCR. However, Reg IV expression was not restored in these cell lines (data not shown), suggesting that DNA methylation is not likely to affect Reg IV expression. It has been also reported that H3K27me3 has been associated with repressed gene expression [29]. We further investigated H3K27me3 in GC cell lines. To determine the enrichment of H3K27me3 on the REG4 promoter in the GC cell lines, ChIP assays were performed. In MKN-1 and MKN-28 cell lines, H3K27me3 levels on the REG4 promoter region were high, whereas in HSC-39 cell line, H3K27me3 level on the REG4 promoter region was low (Fig. 3C). These results suggest that closed chromatin structure of REG4 promoter can inhibit Reg IV expression by CDX2.
Discussion
Although it has been reported that Reg IV expression is induced by GLI1 [21] or EGF [22], these molecules are unlikely to account for the association between Reg IV and intestinal differentiation. In the present study, we showed that endogenous CDX2 and Reg IV expression were well correlated in GC cell lines. In addition, using an ER-regulated form of CDX2, we found that there was rapid induction of Reg IV expression after 4-OHT treatment. Reporter gene assays revealed an important role for consensus CDX2 DNA binding elements in the REG4 promoter region in its transcription. Subsequent ChIP assays showed that CDX2 binds directly to the REG4 promoter. We previously showed that in primary GC tissue and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, CDX2 and Reg IV expression were well correlated [11]. These results indicate that CDX2 protein directly regulates Reg IV expression in GC and intestinal metaplasia of the stomach.
CDX2 is overexpressed in intestinal phenotype GC and in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach [9], [25]. In contrast, loss of CDX2 expression was observed in a subset of primary colorectal cancers, usually in poorly differentiated colorectal cancers [30]. The significance of alteration of CDX2 expression in human cancers remains unclear, and therefore it is important to define the target genes which are downstream of CDX2. We have identified several CDX2-regulated genes such as CDH17 (which encodes LI-cadherin) [24], HEPH (which encodes hephaestin) [31], ABCB1 (which encodes multidrug resistance 1) [32], and DSC2 (which encodes desmocollin 2) [33]. Among these genes, ABCB1 was originally identified as an overexpressed and amplified gene in multiple drug-resistant cells, and its product, P-glycoprotein, seems to play a critical role in drug resistance [34]. Previously, we reported that forced expression of Reg IV in GC cells inhibited 5-FU-induced apoptosis through induction of Bcl-2 and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase [8]. Taken together, it is possible that in intestinal phenotype GC, expression (or ectopic expression) of CDX2 induces Reg IV and multidrug resistance 1 expression, resulting in an increase in drug-resistance. In fact, it has been reported that postoperative chemotherapy is not beneficial for patients with intestinal phenotype GC [35].
Although our data support the view that CDX2 plays a role in regulating REG4 transcription via binding to the promoter region, several findings indicate that CDX2 alone is not sufficient for activating REG4 expression. In the present study, we generated a polyclonal population of MKN-7, TMK-1, HSC-44PE, and KATO-III cells which express high levels of CDX2 by infection with retroviruses carrying a full-length human CDX2 cDNA. However, overexpression of CDX2 failed to activate Reg IV expression. In GC cell lines, none of the cell lines with undetectable CDX2 protein expression had detectable REG4 transcripts and protein. Therefore, CDX2 is required for Reg IV expression, but CDX2 alone is not sufficient for activating Reg IV expression. In the present study, nine GC cell lines were studied. The origins of the cell lines were as follows. The MKN-7, MKN-28, and MKN-74 cell lines were established from intestinal type GC. The TMK-1 and MKN-45 cell lines were established from diffuse type GC. The KATO-III, HSC-39, and HSC-44PE cell lines were established from signet ring cell carcinoma. The MKN-1 cell line was established from adenosquamous cell carcinoma. Because in intestinal metaplasia of the stomach, CDX2 and Reg IV expression are well correlated, GC cell lines established from diffuse type GC or signet ring cell carcinoma may not be suitable for the analysis of Reg IV induction by CDX2. In fact, Reg IV expression can be induced by CDX2 in cell lines derived from colon cancer in the present study. Furthermore, we showed that H3K27me3 levels on the REG4 promoter region were high in MKN-1 and MKN-28 GC cell lines. These 2 cell lines lacked detectable expression of REG4 although CDX2 protein expression was found. Therefore, H3K27me3 levels on the REG4 promoter region may be high in MKN-7, TMK-1, HSC-44PE, and KATO-III cells, in which overexpression of CDX2 failed to activate Reg IV expression.
It has been reported that REG4 mRNA expression was enhanced by stimulation with TGF-α, EGF, HGF, or bFGF through activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway [22]. Thus, it could be hypothesized that Reg IV is also regulated by downstream transcriptional factors of MAPK pathways. We performed in silico analyses of the REG4 gene 5′-flanking region, and found at least one presumptive AP-1 consensus sequences (at −883 base pairs of REG4 gene 5′-flanking region), which is a downstream transcriptional factor of MAPK signalling. In the present study, HSC-39 cells showed similar transcriptional activity of reporter gene constructs containing 1.2 kb and 0.6 kb of REG4 5′-flanking sequence. As the effect of EGF or TGF-α on REG4 transcription was not investigated in the present study, further investigation is needed to clarify the signalling mechanisms which induce regulation of REG4 transcription.
In conclusion, our present data show that CDX2 protein directly regulates Reg IV expression. Reg IV activates the EGFR/Akt/AP-1 signaling pathway. As intestinal phenotype GC frequently expresses EGFR [36], it is suggested that this Reg IV-activated pathway plays an important role in this subtype of GC. Because CDX2 also induces expression of the multidrug resistance gene, ABCB1, anti-EGFR therapy but not chemotherapy may be beneficial for patients with intestinal phenotype GC.
Materials and Methods
Plasmids
The CDX2 cDNA was inserted into the multiple cloning site of the retroviral expression vector pPGS-CMV-CITE-neo as described previously [24]. The full-length, wild-type CDX2 cDNA was also subcloned into the retroviral vector pBabe-Puro ER as described previously to generate pCDX2-ER [24]. The pCDX2-ER vector encodes a chimeric protein in which full-length CDX2 sequences are fused upstream of a mutated ER ligand–binding domain. The mutated ER ligand-binding domain no longer binds estrogen, but retains the ability to bind tamoxifen. Genomic DNA sequences from the 5′-flanking region of the human REG4 gene were amplified by PCR using genomic DNA purified from HSC-39 cells as a template and subcloned into the pGL4.10 [luc2] vector (Promega, Madison, WI). PCR-based approaches were used to introduce mutations into the presumptive CDX2-binding sites in the pGL4.10-REG4 reporter gene construct using QuikChange Site-Directed Mutagenesis Kit (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA). Four putative CDX2-binding sites were changed. All fragments generated by PCR were verified by automated sequencing. The plasmid pGL4.74 [hRluc/TK] vector (Promega) was used as a control for transfection efficiency in reporter assays.
Cell Lines, Retrovirus Infections, and Drug Treatment
The amphotropic Phoenix packaging cell line was provided by G. Nolan (Stanford University, Stanford, CA) [37]. Nine cell lines derived from human GC and 2 cell lines derived from human colon cancer were used. The TMK-1 cell line was established in our laboratory [38]. The HSC-39 and HSC-44PE cell lines were established by one of the authors (Kazuyoshi Yanagihara) [39], [40]. Five GC cell lines of the MKN series were kindly provided by Dr. Toshimitsu Suzuki [41], [42]. The KATO-III cell line was kindly provided by Dr. Morimasa Sekiguchi [43]. The HT-29 and SW480 colon cancer cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. Cells were stored in liquid nitrogen until the initiation of this study. After thawing from frozen stock, the cells were kept at low passage throughout the study. Consistent cell morphology was monitored by comparison of microscopic images. The Phoenix packaging cells were transfected with retroviral expression constructs (pPGS-CDX2, pPGS-neo, and pCDX2-ER) and the supernatant containing nonreplicating amphotropic virus was harvested as previously described [24]. In HT-29 cells expressing the CDX2-ER fusion protein (HT-29/CDX2-ER), CDX2 function was activated by addition of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) to the growth medium at a final concentration of 500 nmol. To investigate whether DNA methylation induced transcriptional inactivation of Reg IV, cells were treated with a final concentration of 1 µM Aza-dC (Sigma Chemical) for 5 days before they were harvested for RNA extraction.
Western Blot Analysis
For Western blot analysis, cells were lysed as described previously [44]. Protein concentrations were determined by Bradford protein assay (BioRad, Richmond, CA) with BSA used as the standard. The lysates (20 µg) were solubilized in Laemmli’s sample buffer by boiling and then subjected to 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electro-transfer onto a nitrocellulose filter. The filter was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with an anti-Reg IV antibody (rabbit polyclonal antibody developed in our laboratory, Ref. 10) or anti-CDX2 antibody (BioGenex, San Ramon, CA). Peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG was used in the secondary reaction. Immunocomplexes were visualized with an ECL Plus Western Blot Detection System (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ). β-actin (Sigma Chemical) was also detected as a loading control.
qRT-PCR Analysis
Total RNA was extracted with an RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA), and 1 µg of total RNA was converted to cDNA with a First Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Amersham Biosciences). Quantitation of REG4 mRNA levels was performed by real-time fluorescence detection as described previously [45]. PCR was performed with a SYBR Green PCR Core Reagents Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). Real-time detection of the emission intensity of SYBR green bound to double-stranded DNA was performed with an ABI PRISM 7900 Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems) as described previously [46]. ACTB-specific PCR products were amplified from the same RNA samples and served as an internal control. Sequences of primers for REG4 qRT-PCR are shown in Table 1. qRT-PCRs were performed in triplicate for each sample primer set, and the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the three experiments was calculated as the relative quantification value. At the end of 40 PCR cycles, reaction products were separated electrophoretically on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels for visual confirmation of PCR products.
RNAi
To knockdown the endogenous CDX2, RNAi was performed. Two siRNA duplexes targeting CDX2 (5′-AACCAGGACGAAAGACAAAUA-3′, CDX2 siRNA1; and 5′-AAGCCUCAGUGUCUGGCUCUG-3′, CDX2 siRNA2) and a nonsilencing siRNA duplex (5′-AAUUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3′) were synthesized (Qiagen). Transfection was performed using Lipofectamine RNAiMAX (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, 60 pmol of siRNA and 10 µL of Lipofectamine RNAiMAX were mixed in 1 mL of RPMI medium (10 nmol/L final siRNA concentration). After 20 min of incubation, the mixture was added to the cells and these were plated on dishes for each assay. Three days after transfection, cells were analyzed for all experiments.
Reporter Gene Assays
HSC-39 and MKN-1 cells were seeded in 6-well plates (BD Falcon, Franklin Lakes, NJ). Transfection of cells at 50%–80% confluency was performed with 3 µL of FuGENE6 Transfection Reagent (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN), 0.8 µg of pGL4.10 reporter gene constructs, and 0.2 µg pGL4.74 [hRluc/TK] vector (Promega). At 48 hours after transfection, cells were collected and resuspended in passive lysis buffer (Promega). Luciferase activity was determined with a dual luciferase assay system (GloMax 96 Microplate Luminometer, Promega).
ChIP Assays
The ChIP assays were performed using the EZ-ChIP Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Kit (Millipore, Billerica, MA) per manufacture instructions. To analyze whether CDX2 directly binds to the putative CDX2-binding sites in the REG4 5′-flanking region, we performed ChIP assays using HSC-39 cells. In brief, HSC-39 cells (1–2×107) were cross linked with 1% formaldehyde in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 15 min at 37°C, and glycine was added to quench reactive aldehydes. After washing cells with cold PBS, cells were resuspended in SDS lysis buffer (1% SDS, 10 mM EDTA, and 50 mM Tris pH 8.1) with Proteinase Inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics). After samples were sonicated, chromatin extracts containing DNA fragments (average size, 500 base pairs) were immunoprecipitated using 2 µg monoclonal anti-CDX2 antibody (BioGenex) or 2 µg mouse IgG (Millipore). Each immunoprecipitated DNA sample was quantified by qPCR using primers listed in Table 1. As a negative control, an approximately 200 base pairs DNA fragment from exon 3 of the CDX1 gene was amplified by PCR using specific primers (Table 1).
To determine the enrichment of H3K27me3 on the REG4 promoter in the GC cell lines, ChIP assays were performed using MKN-1, MKN-28, and HSC-39 cell lines. In brief, GC cells (1–2×107) were cross linked with 1% formaldehyde in PBS for 15 min at 37°C, and glycine was added to quench reactive aldehydes. After washing cells with cold PBS, cells were resuspended in SDS lysis buffer with Proteinase Inhibitor (Roche Diagnostics). After samples were sonicated, chromatin extracts containing DNA fragments (average size, 500 base pairs) were immunoprecipitated using 2 µg polyclonal anti-H3K27me3 antibody (Abcam, Cambridge, MA) or 2 µg rabbit IgG (Millipore). Each immunoprecipitated DNA sample was quantified by qPCR using REG4 Primer 1 (Table 1).
qPCRs were performed in triplicate for each sample primer set, and the mean and standard deviation (SD) of the three experiments was calculated as the relative quantification value. At the end of 40 PCR cycles, reaction products were separated electrophoretically on 8% non-denaturing polyacrylamide gels for visual confirmation of PCR products.
Acknowledgments
We thank Mr Shinichi Norimura for excellent technical assistance and advice. This work was carried out with the kind cooperation of the Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Hiroshima University. We thank the Analysis Center of Life Science, Hiroshima University, for the use of their facilities.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YN NO TH NS KS HO KY HS WY. Performed the experiments: YN NO NS. Analyzed the data: YN NO NS. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: TH HO KY HS. Wrote the paper: YN NO WY.
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