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Abstract
Esophageal cancer is the eighth most common cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer associated death worldwide. Besides environmental risk factors, genetic factors might play an important role in the esophageal cancer carcinogenesis. We conducted a hospital based case–control study to evaluate the genetic susceptibility of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the microRNAs on the development of esophageal cancer. A total of 629 esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cases and 686 controls were recruited for this study. The hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A genotypes were determined using Ligation Detection Reaction (LDR) method. Our results demonstrated that hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 CC genotype had a decreased risk of ESCC. The association was evident among patients who never drinking. Hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A might associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC in patients who smoking. These findings indicated that functional polymorphisms hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A might alter individual susceptibility to ESCC. However, our results were obtained with a limited sample size. Future larger studies with other ethnic populations are required to confirm current findings.
Citation: Yin J, Wang X, Zheng L, Shi Y, Wang L, Shao A, et al. (2013) Hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A Polymorphisms Are Associated with the Risk of Esophageal Cancer in a Chinese Population. PLoS ONE 8(11): e80570. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0080570
Editor: Xin-Yuan Guan, The University of Hong Kong, China
Received: August 28, 2013; Accepted: October 4, 2013; Published: November 18, 2013
Copyright: © 2013 Yin et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (81101889, 81000028), Jiangsu Province Natural Science Foundation (BK2010333,BK2011481), Social Development Foundation of Zhenjiang (SH2010017) and Changzhou Young Talents and Science-Technology Foundation of Health Bureau (QN201102). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are tiny noncoding RNAs that act as posttranscriptional gene regulatory elements [1]. Specifically, miRNAs act by binding to the 3’-untranslated region of target genes and to consequently down-regulate their expression [2]. MiRNAs are important players in carcinogenesis [3].
Genetic factors, such as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), may contribute to carcinogenesis [4]. The SNPs in the genomic miRNA sequences could influence miRNA-dependent regulation, affect the final level and function of miRNAs and alter consequently tumor susceptibility [5].
Members of the miR-34 family are direct p53 targets, and their expression is directly induced by p53 in response to DNA damage or oncogenic stress [6]. In previous studies in colorectal cancer [7], oral cancer [8] and malignant melanoma [9], down-regulation of mir-34b/c by methylation was found. Hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 polymorphism is located within the CpG island of pri-miR-34b/c, and might be the predicted binding site for GATA-X transcription factors [10]. Hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C polymorphism was associated with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma [11], hepatocellular carcinoma [12], colorectal cancer [13] and breast cancer survival [14].
Besides hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A were also associated with the risk of different types of cancers. The rs531564 C>G SNP in pri-miR-124-1 was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer [15] and esophageal cancer in males [16]. The pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T polymorphism was a founder mutation specific to the Antwerp area and associated with high risk for breast cancer [17]. Hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A polymorphism was associated with reduced breast cancer risk [18]. Hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A polymorphism was also significantly associated with both the overall survival and the recurrence-free survival of colorectal cancer [19].
We previously investigated miR-196a2 rs11614913 T>C, miR-146a rs2910164 C>G, miR-499 rs3746444 T>C, miR-26a-1 rs7372209 C>T and miR-27a rs895819 T>C SNPs and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) risk in 380 cancer cases and 380 controls [20]. We found miR-196a2 rs11614913 T>C might contribute to decreased ESCC risk among women patients and patients who never smoking or drinking [20]. Now, the objective of this investigation was to evaluate the association between hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A genotypes and ESCC risk. We performed genotyping analyses for the four miRNA SNPs with 629 ESCC cases and 686 controls in a Chinese population.
Materials and Methods
Ethical approval of the study protocol
This hospital-based case-control study was approved by the Review Board of Jiangsu University (Zhenjiang, China). We have complied with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki regarding ethical conduct of research involving human subjects and/or animals. All subjects provided written informed consent to be included in the study.
Patients and Controls
629 subjects with esophageal cancer were consecutively recruited from the Affiliated People’s Hospital of Jiangsu University and Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University (Zhenjiang, China) between October 2008 and December 2010. Diagnosis was done by biopsy and all cases of esophageal cancer were ESCC. The exclusion criteria were patients who previously had: cancer; any metastasized cancer; radiotherapy or chemotherapy. The 686 controls were patients without cancer frequency-matched to the cases with regard to age (±5 years) and sex recruited from the two hospitals mentioned above during the same time period. Most of the controls were admitted to the hospitals for the treatment of trauma.
Each subject was personally questioned by trained interviewers using a pre-tested questionnaire to obtain information on demographic data (e.g., age, sex) and related risk factors (including tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption). After the interview, 2-mL samples of venous blood were collected from each subject. Individuals who smoked one cigarette per day for >1 year were defined as “smokers”. Subjects who consumed ≥3 alcoholic drinks a week for >6 months were considered to be “alcohol drinkers”.
Isolation of DNA and genotyping by Ligation Detection Reaction
Blood samples were collected from patients using Vacutainers and transferred to tubes lined with ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA). Genomic DNA was isolated from whole blood with the QIAamp DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen, Berlin, Germany) [21]. Sample DNA were amplified by PCR according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. The samples were genotyped using the Ligation Detection Reaction (LDR) method with technical support from the Shanghai Biowing Applied Biotechnology Company as previously described [22]. For quality control, repeated analyses were done for 160 (12.17%) randomly selected samples with high DNA quality.
Statistical Analyses
Differences in the distributions of demographic characteristics, selected variables, and genotypes of the hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A variants between the cases and controls were evaluated using student t test and the χ2 test. The associations between the four SNPs and risk of ESCC were estimated by computing the ORs and their 95% CIs using logistic regression analyses for crude ORs and adjusted ORs when adjusting for age, sex, smoking and drinking status. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) was tested by a goodness-of-fit χ2 test to compare the observed genotype frequencies to the expected ones among the control subjects. All statistical analyses were performed with SAS 9.1.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA).
Results
Characteristics of the study population
Characteristics of cases and controls included in the study are summarized in Table 1. The cases and controls appeared to be adequately matched on age and sex as suggested by the χ2 tests (p = 0.541 and p = 0.185, respectively). As shown in Table 1, significant difference was detected on smoking status between the cases and the controls (p < 0.001), and drinking rate was higher in ESCC patients than in control subjects (p < 0.001). The primary information for four genotyped SNPs was in Table 2. The genotyping success rate is ranging from 95.13% to 96.81% in all 1315 samples. The concordance rates of repeated analyses were 100% for all four SNPs. Minor allele frequency (MAF) in our controls was similar to MAF for Chinese in database for all four SNPs (Table 2). The observed genotype frequencies for hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A polymorphisms in the controls were in HWE (p = 0.675, p = 0.400 and p = 0.299) except pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T (not available) (Table 2).
Associations between hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A polymorphisms and risk of ESCC
The genotype distributions of hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A in the cases and the controls are shown in Table 3. In the single locus analyses, the genotype frequencies of hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C were 46.2% (TT), 46.3% (TC), and 7.5% (CC) in the case patients and 46.1% (TT), 43.1% (TC), and 10.8% (CC) in the control subjects, and the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.101). In the recessive model, when the hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 TT/TC genotypes were used as the reference group, the CC homozygote genotype was associated with a statistically significantly decreased risk for ESCC (CC vs. TT/TC: adjusted OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.44–0.97, p = 0.036). When the hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 TT homozygote genotype was used as the reference group, the TC genotype was not associated with the risk for ESCC (TC vs. TT: adjusted OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.88–1.40, p = 0.397); the CC genotype was not associated with the risk for ESCC (CC vs. TT: adjusted OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.45–1.04, p = 0.076). In the dominant model, the hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 TC/CC variants were not associated with the risk for ESCC, compared with the hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 TT genotype (adjusted OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.82–1.28, p = 0.853) (Table 3).
No association was observed between pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A polymorphisms and the risk of ESCC (Table 3). For pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T, all genotypes are GG homozygotes (Table 3).
Stratification analyses of hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A and risk of ESCC
To evaluate the effects of hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A genotypes on ESCC risk according to different age, sex, smoking and alcohol drinking status; we performed the stratification analyses (Table 4). A significantly decreased risk of ESCC associated with the hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C polymorphism was evident among patients who never drinking (CC vs. TT/TC: adjusted OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.34–0.94, p = 0.029) (Table 4). In patients who smoking, hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A might associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC (AA vs. CC/CA: adjusted OR = 4.94, 95% CI = 1.42–17.21, p = 0.012) (Table 4).
Discussion
In this hospital-based case-control study of ESCC, we investigated the associations of hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C, pri-miR-124-1 rs531564 C>G, pre-miR-125a rs12975333 G>T and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A with risk of ESCC in a high risk Chinese population. Our multivariable logistic analysis revealed that hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 CC genotype had a decreased risk of ESCC. The association was evident among patients who never drinking. Hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A might associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC in patients who smoking.
It is well known that members of the miR-34 family expression is directly induced by p53 in response to DNA damage or oncogenic stress [6]. A rat model experiment indicated that the alteration of miR-34b/c under an inflammatory microenvironment can be influenced by p53 [23]. By DNA methylation of its own promoter, miR-34 family has been silenced in numerous cancers [24]. By triggering Wnt signaling cascades, the loss of miR-34 impairs p53-mediated cell death. Overexpression of miR-34 can induce apoptosis [25]–[27]. The role of miR-34a in the suppression of tumor growth has also been detected in vivo [28]. In a previous study, down-regulation of mir-34b/c by methylation was found in colorectal cancer [7], oral cancer [8] and malignant melanoma [9]. The hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C SNP is located within the CpG island of pri-miR-34b/c and may affect a predicted GATA-X transcription factor binding [10]. Hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C polymorphism was associated with the risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma [11], hepatocellular carcinoma [12], colorectal cancer [13] and breast cancer survival [14]. Hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A polymorphism was associated with reduced breast cancer risk [18] and both the overall survival and the recurrence-free survival of colorectal cancer [19]. In our study, we found hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 CC genotype had a decreased risk of ESCC among patients who never drinking, hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A might associated with a significantly increased risk of ESCC in patients who smoking, indicating gene-environment interaction.
The frequencies of genetic polymorphisms often vary between ethnic groups. In the present Chinese study, the allele frequency of hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 C was 0.324 among 686 control subjects, which is slightly higher than that of Japanese population (0.261) and similar to that of European population (0.310) and Sub-Saharan African population (0.305). The allele frequency of hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 A was 0.188 among 686 control subjects, which is in accordance with that of Chinese population (0.200) and Japanese population (0.178). But the allele frequency is significantly lower than that of European population (0.575) and Sub-Saharan African population (0.783) (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP, http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).
Using Power and Sample Size Calculation (PS, version 3.0, 2009, http://biostat.mc.vanderbilt.edu/twiki/bin/view/Main/PowerSampleSize), considering hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C mutant alleles in the control group, OR, ESCC samples and control samples, the power of our analysis (α = 0.05) was 0.929 in 600 ESCC cases and 673 controls with adjusted OR 0.65. The power of our analysis (α = 0.05) was 0.962 in 404 ESCC cases and 519 controls with adjusted OR 0.57 in non- drinking subgroup. For hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A, the power of our analysis (α = 0.05) was 1.000 in 263 ESCC cases and 179 controls with adjusted OR 4.94 in smoking subgroup.
In this case-control study, several limitations need to be addressed. Firstly, the patients and controls were enrolled from hospitals and may not represent the general population. Secondly, statistical power of our study was limited the especially in stratification analyses, it is better that the control group being larger than the case group; therefore it is possible to have a more statistical power. Thirdly, detailed information on cancer metastasis and survival were not recruited till now, which restricted further analyses on the role of the four polymorphisms in ESCC progression and prognosis. Finally, the information about viral infections and immune parameters was not available, which restricted the power of our analyses.
In conclusion, our study provides evidence that functional polymorphisms hsa-miR-34b/c rs4938723 T>C and hsa-miR-423 rs6505162 C>A might alter individual susceptibility to ESCC. Future larger studies with other ethnic populations and functional analysis are required to confirm current findings.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: JY WT SC HG. Performed the experiments: XW YS LW AS. Analyzed the data: HG JY SC. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: XW LZ GD CL RL. Wrote the paper: JY WT SC HG. Critical review of manuscript: YC SC HG.
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