Figures
Abstract
Purpose
The immune response is crucial in the development of multi-organ failure (MOF) and complications in end-stage heart failure patients supported by left ventricular assist device (LVAD). However, at pre-implant, the association between inflammatory state and post-LVAD outcome is not yet clarified. Aim of the study was to assess the relationship among pre-implant levels of immune-related cytokines, postoperative inflammatory response and 3-month outcome in LVAD-patients.
Methods
In 41 patients undergoing LVAD implantation, plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, crucial for monocyte modulation, and urine neopterin/creatinine ratio (Neo/Cr), marker of monocyte activation, were assessed preoperatively, at 3 days, 1 and 4 weeks post-LVAD. MOF was evaluated by total sequential organ failure assessment (tSOFA) score. Intensive care unit (ICU)-death and/or post-LVAD tSOFA ≥11 was considered as main adverse outcome. Length of ICU-stay, 1 week-tSOFA score, hospitalisation and 3-month survival were considered additional end-points.
Results
During ICU-stay, 8 patients died of MOF, while 8 of the survivors experienced severe MOF with postoperative tSOFA score ≥11. Pre-implant level of IL-6 ≥ 8.3 pg/mL was identified as significant marker of discrimination between patients with or without adverse outcome (OR 6.642, 95% CI 1.201-36.509, p = 0.030). Patients were divided according to pre-implant IL-6 cutoff of 8.3 pg/ml in A [3.5 (1.2–6.1) pg/mL] and B [24.6 (16.4–38.0) pg/mL] groups. Among pre-implant variables, only white blood cells count was independently associated with pre-implant IL-6 levels higher than 8.3 pg/ml (OR 1.491, 95% CI 1.004–2.217, p = 0.048). The ICU-stay and hospitalisation resulted longer in B-group (p = 0.001 and p = 0.030, respectively). Postoperatively, 1 week-tSOFA score, IL-8 and Neo/Cr levels were higher in B-group.
Citation: Caruso R, Botta L, Verde A, Milazzo F, Vecchi I, Trivella MG, et al. (2014) Relationship between Pre-Implant Interleukin-6 Levels, Inflammatory Response, and Early Outcome in Patients Supported by Left Ventricular Assist Device: A Prospective Study. PLoS ONE 9(3): e90802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090802
Editor: Fadi N. Salloum, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical center, United States of America
Received: July 1, 2013; Accepted: February 4, 2014; Published: March 4, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Caruso et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This study was partially supported by FP7-ICT-2009 project grant agreement 24863 (SensorART - A Remote Controlled Sensorized ARTificial Heart Enabling Patients Empowerment and New Therapy Approaches). No additional external funding received for this study. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
In an era characterised by lack of suitable organs for transplantation, continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs) bridge patients with end-stage heart failure (ESHF) to transplantation (BTT), to further decision (BTD), or to recovery, or are implanted as destination therapy (DT) [1]–[3]. Despite progressive improvements in technologies, intraoperative and perioperative management, favourable outcomes still depend on proper patient selection and strategic timing of implantation. Indications, absolute or relative contraindications are not universally accepted and contrasting data have been published [1]–[4]. With worsening of clinical status of ESHF patients, increase the need for a mechanical circulatory support (MCS) as the peri-operative risk, resulting in a greater exertion in managing the timing of implant [1]–[4]. Indeed, in many centers, LVAD implantation is anticipated, preferably before that the patient experiences hemodynamic collapse [5].
Adverse outcomes and development of multi-organ failure (MOF) in LVAD-patients are related to the activation of systemic inflammation, although mechanisms underlying the multi-organ deterioration remain still poorly understood [6]. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, crucial cytokines for the activation of systemic inflammatory pathways, and neopterin, a marker reflecting monocyte activation, are found to increase after LVAD implantation, particularly in patients affected by MOF [7], the main cause of death during the early phase of MCS [8]. Moreover, pre-implant levels of IL-6 have been associated with hemodynamic status, as defined by Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profiles, with higher levels in patients presenting critical INTERMACS profiles [9]. Since the signal pathways, IL-6-dependent, and specific monocyte attracting chemokines, such as IL-8, are proposed as crucial triggers in controlling monocyte activation, an important condition in the development of MOF and of haemostatic complications [10], it can be assumed that they play a critical role in affecting outcomes during the early phase of LVAD support. The aims of this study were to assess whether preoperative IL-6, IL-8 and neopterin levels affect postoperative inflammatory response and short-term (3 months) outcomes in LVAD-recipients.
Methods
Patients
From January 2005 to February 2012, 56 VAD implantations have been performed in ESHF-patients at our institution. Nothing was changed in our VAD peri-operative management protocol along these years. Patients with a diagnosis of myocarditis or undergoing MCS with a short term device (intra aortic balloon pump, Impella Recover, peripheral or intra-thoracic extracorporeal membrane oxygenation), with a pulsatile or biventricular VAD were excluded as well as patients undergoing concomitant cardiac procedures. One patient listed for a long-term CF-LVAD, requiring unplanned extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support for sudden circulatory failure before LVAD support, was included. Patients with acute cardio-circulatory failure, treated with ECMO as BTD and later treated with complex devices (long-term, intra-corporeal, continuous axial or centrifugal flow LVADs), were not included.
Forty-one patients complying the selection criteria according to guideline indications for mechanical support [11], were definitively enrolled for this study.
Twenty chronic HF (CHF) patients, matched for age, sex, diagnosis and NYHA classes with LVAD-candidates, were enrolled to compare the cytokine levels between chronic state and end-stage of HF disease.
Ethics Statement
This study complied with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital (Milan, Italy) and a signed informed consent has been obtained by all participating patients.
Study design and assays
Baseline demographics, operative characteristics and postoperative details were collected for all patients. Trans-thoracic and or trans-esophageal echocardiography was pre-operatively performed. Hemodynamic data were assessed pre-operatively and then daily, up to a maximum of 1 week, by means of a pulmonary artery Swan-Ganz catheter. MOF was monitored pre-operatively and up to a maximum of 2 weeks calculating the total Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (tSOFA) score. The SOFA system, used for predicting intensive care unit (ICU)-mortality [12], is a daily score from 0 to 4 assigned in proportion to the severity of functional deterioration for each of 6 individual organ systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, hepatic, renal, neurologic, and hemocoagulative). The tSOFA score was calculated by adding the scores for each of the organ systems during the first post-operative weeks [12].
After the operation, right heart dysfunction was diagnosed in the presence of inotropic equivalent >10 and/or right atrial pressure >10 mm Hg [13]. Renal function was assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rate using the abbreviated MDRD formula [14].
The combination of postoperative tSOFA score ≥11 [15] and/or ICU-death was taken into account as main composite adverse outcome.
The following end-points were also considered: tSOFA score at 1 week, length of ICU stay, hospitalisation, and 3-month survival.
Inflammatory parameters
In LVAD-patients, plasma IL-6, IL-8 levels, and urine neopterin levels, a known marker of monocyte activation [16], were measured pre-operatively and at 3, 7 and 30 days after intervention. In all patients, the blood and urine samples were collected pre-operatively in a range limited to 24 hours before cardiopulmonary bypass induction. Plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels were measured according to the method of the manufacturer of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), whereas urinary neopterin levels were measured by an isocratic HPLC method as previously described and normalized by the urine creatinine concentrations as neopterin/creatinine (Neo/Cr) ratio [6].
Statistical Analysis
Data are expressed as median and interquartile range (I-III) or frequency (percentage).
Receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curve and the area under curve (AUC) was performed to determine the best cut-off that discriminate patients with or without adverse outcome. The associations between composite outcome, categorical IL-6 variable and clinical or biochemical parameters was assessed by univariable logistic regression analysis; significant variables (p<0.10) were then entered into a multivariable logistic regression model. Results are presented as odds ratio (OR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Differences between groups were assessed by Student T test or nonparametric Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables and by Chi-square or Fisher exact test for categorical variables. Differences of time-course of biochemical and clinical variables between groups were assessed by nonparametric Friedman test followed by Wilcoxon post-hoc test. A two-tailed p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
Patient characteristics and postoperative outcome
Clinical data of candidates to LVAD implantation and operative characteristics are described in Table 1. Twenty-five patients were treated for a dilated cardiomyopathy. Twenty-eight patients were in NYHA class IV, while the other patients were in NYHA class III. Preoperative intravenous inotropes were used in 25 patients while intra-aortic balloon pump in 13. CF-LVADs were implanted in 35 patients as BTT, in 3 patients as BTD and in 3 patients as DT.
Twenty-six (63%) patients were implanted with HeartMate II LVADs (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA), 8 (20%) with De Bakey LVADs (MicroMed Technology, Houston, TX), 6 (15%) with Incor LVADs (Berlin Heart AG, Germany), and 1 (2%) with HeartWare LVAD (HeartWare, Framingham, MA).
After 1 week on MCS, hemodynamic improvement was observed in all patients with increase of cardiac index [1.7 (1.4–2.0) vs 3.0 (2.6–3.4) L/min/m2 at pre-implant and 1-week post-LVAD, respectively, p<0.001] and decrease of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure [26 (18–30) vs 9 (7–11) mmHg at pre-implant and 1-week post-LVAD, respectively, p<0.001]. Differently, tSOFA score was significantly increased 1 day after intervention with respect to pre-implant value (Figure 1), maintaining higher levels at 3 days and 1 postoperative week. At 2 postoperative weeks, tSOFA score was comparable to preoperative value (Figure 1).
Postoperative profile of tSOFA score in all LVAD-recipients. The tSOFA score ≥ 11 is pointed out by a dashed line.
During ICU stay 8 out of 41 (20%) LVAD-patients died of MOF, septic shock and esophageal haemorrhage [14 (11–23) days]. Detailed clinical in-hospital outcomes and primary causes leading to terminal MOF and death are summarised in Table 2. Among survivors, the length of ICU stay was of 13 (10–19) days, while hospitalisation was of 49 (42–77) days. Eight of the survivor patients experienced severe multi-organ failure evidenced by postoperative tSOFA score ≥11, mainly during the first postoperative week (Figure 1).
The pre-implant levels of IL-6, IL-8 and Neo/Cr of all LVAD-candidates were 9.5 (3.5–25.2) pg/mL, 6.3 (4.6–11.2) pg/mL and 290 (183–563) µmol/moL, respectively.
Relationship between pre-implant cytokine levels and composite adverse outcome
Sixteen of 41 patients (39%) experienced postoperative tSOFA score ≥11 and/or ICU-death, together considered as composite critical outcome. Right heart failure, renal failure and hepatic dysfunction were the main complications contributing to the increased postoperative tSOFA score (Table 2).
Among the ROC curve analysis for IL-6, IL-8 and Neo/Cr, pre-implant IL-6 levels were identified as the only significant marker for discrimination between patients with or without composite critical outcome (Figure 2); the ROC curve indicated an optimal cut-off-point for IL-6 at 8.3 pg/ml, with a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 68%.
Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves of IL-6, IL-8 and Neo/Cr for the detection of patients with composite critical outcome in the early phase of LVAD support.
By univariable analysis, pre-implant plasma IL-6 levels ≥ 8.3 pg/ml and right atrial pressure were significantly higher in LVAD-patients that experienced adverse composite outcome than in patients without composite outcome (Table 1). The tSOFA score was higher, but only as a trend, in LVAD-patients that experienced adverse composite outcome than in patients without composite outcome (Table 1). Surgery-related variables as well as type of used devices (not showed in the table) were comparable between groups.
The variables that reached the significance level of p<0.10 were entered into the final multivariable logistic regression analysis. The only parameter independently associated with composite outcome was pre-implant plasma IL-6 levels ≥ 8.3 pg/ml (OR 6.642, 95% CI 1.201–36.509, p = 0.030).
Patient characteristics according to pre-implant IL-6 levels
Retrospectively, LVAD-candidates were divided in 2 groups according to pre-implant IL-6 cutoff of 8.3 pg/ml. Twenty patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels ≤ of 8.3 pg/ml were assigned to group A [3.5 (1.2–6.1) pg/mL, ranging from 0.4 to 8.3 pg/mL], while the other 21 patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels >8.3 pg/ml were assigned to group B [24.6 (16.4–38.0) pg/mL, ranging from 9.5 to 500.5 pg/mL]. Pre-implant IL-6 levels of all LVAD-candidates were higher than those observed in CHF patients [9.5 (3.5-25.2) and 2.3 (1.5–5.6) pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.002], but among LVAD candidates, only patients of group B showed IL-6 levels significantly higher than CHF patients (p<0.001). Detailed in-hospital complications and causes of death between A and B groups are described in Table 2.
The etiology was comparable between 2 groups of LVAD-candidates defined in according to pre-implant IL-6 cutoff of 8.3 pg/ml (Table 3). Echocardiographic parameters as well as medical therapies didn’t differ between the groups. Preoperative values of white blood cells (WBC) and tSOFA score were significantly higher in B- than in A-group. Among inflammatory variables, only Neo/Cr levels were higher, but only as a trend, in patients of B-group than in patients of A-group (Table 3).
The variables that reached the significance level of p<0.10 were entered into the final multivariable logistic regression analysis. The only parameter independently associated with pre-implant IL-6 levels higher than 8.3 pg/ml was WBC (OR 1.491, 95% CI 1.004–2.217, p = 0.048).
Relationships with tSOFA score at 1 week, ICU stay, hospitalisation and 3-month survival according to pre-implant IL-6 levels
Pre-implant levels of cytokines were not significantly correlated to tSOFA score at 1 week (IL-6: Rs = 0.28, p = 0.077; IL-8: Rs = 0.15, p = 0.361; Neo/Cr: Rs = 0.05, p = 0.749). However, patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels >8.3 pg/ml showed higher tSOFA score at 1 week than patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels ≤ 8.3 [9 (8–10) and 5 (3–10), respectively, p = 0.030].
Among survivors, pre-implant IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly related to the length of ICU stay (IL-6: Rs = 0.52, p = 0.002; IL-8: Rs = 0.38, p = 0.028), and post LVAD hospitalisation (IL-6: Rs = 0.38, p = 0.028; IL-8: Rs = 0.42, p = 0.016).
Patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels >8.3 pg/ml showed more prolonged ICU stay and hospitalisation than patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels ≤ 8.3 (Figure 3), with more frequent complications, in particular hepatic dysfunction and right heart failure (Table 2).
Length of ICU stay (A) and hospitalisation (B) in according to pre-implant IL-6 cutoff. A-group (empty box-plots): patients with plasma IL-6 levels ≤8.3 pg/ml; B-group (dark box-plots): patients with plasma IL-6 levels >8.3 pg/ml.
The 3-month survival rate was comparable with ICU survival rate (81%). The frequency of death was higher, although not significantly, in patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels > 8.3 pg/ml than patients with pre-implant IL-6 levels ≤ 8.3 [6 (30%) and 2 (10%) died patients, respectively, p = 0.238].
Neopterin and cytokine profiles according to pre-implant IL-6 levels
The Neo/Cr levels progressively increased in both groups after LVAD implantation, but, at 3 days, Neo/Cr levels were significantly higher than baseline only in B-group (p = 0.002, Figure 4A). Moreover, postoperative levels of Neo/Cr were always higher in B- than in A-group (Figure 4A).
Postoperative profiles of neopterin (A), IL-8 (B) and IL-6 (C) according to pre-implant IL-6 cutoff (A-group, empty box-plots; B-group, dark box-plots).
Likewise, also the IL-8 levels showed a progressive increment after device implantation in both groups compared to baseline values (Figure 4B); however, postoperative IL-8 levels were always higher in B- than in A-group (Figure 4B).
Differently, in both groups, the IL-6 profiles showed a peak at 3 days, higher than baseline (p<0.001 and p = 0.006 in A- and B-groups, respectively). In A-group, postoperative IL-6 levels maintained higher than baseline, also after 7 days and 1 month (p<0.001, both at 7 days and 1 month), while in B-group, the IL-6 levels at 7 days and 1 month were comparable to the baseline levels. However, at 1 month, the IL-6 levels were higher in B- than in A-group (Figure 4C).
Discussion
The main findings of this study may be summarized as follows: 1) ESHF-patients supported by LVAD with preoperative IL-6 levels higher than 8.3 pg/mL are more susceptible of poor early outcome, longer ICU stay and hospitalisation, when compared to patients with lower IL-6 levels; 2) postoperatively, LVAD-patients with IL-6 levels higher than 8.3 pg/mL showed a more pronounced neopterin and IL-8 release, and MOF severity.
Recent advances in MCS, specifically implantable CF-LVAD therapy, are providing alternatives for patients waiting for heart transplantation (HT), for patients who are HT ineligible or anticipated to experience recovery after LV-unloading [1]-[4]. Every centre involved in advanced HF treatments has to evaluate patient specific risk profile according to one's own experience and to data reported by larger studies. With worsening of clinical status, the need for LVAD increases as well as the peri-operative risk, and optimal operative timing becomes difficult. In this setting, clinical indications, absolute or relative contraindications are not universally accepted because of contrasting published data.
With regard to risk stratification in ESHF-patients, little is known about baseline inflammatory profiles and their impact on clinical outcome and prognosis, and it's reasonable to speculate a role of inflammatory system on the outcome of these fragile patients. In the present study, pre-implant levels of IL-6, IL-8 and neopterin were investigated to evaluate the impact of these monocyte-related inflammatory mediators on the inflammatory response and outcome in LVAD patients. IL-8, a known chemokine attracting monocyte on endothelial cells [17], neopterin, a pteridine produced by activated macrophages [16], and IL-6-dependent signals, mainly associated to progression of HF, are proposed as crucial triggers in controlling monocyte activation and recruitment in vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, important factors for development of MOF [10], [18]. Moreover, neopterin is a key pteridine that links inflammation and redox state in heart failure. Indeed macrophages, stimulated by interferon-gamma, generate neopterin that interferes with reactive species, such as peroxynitrite, inducing myocardial contractile failure [19]. However, in our cohort of LVAD-candidates, only patients with preoperatively elevated IL-6 levels, particularly higher than 8.3 pg/ml, were more susceptible to experience serious complications, as severe MOF, with postoperative tSOFA score ≥11, and/or death in ICU, independently from IL-8 and neopterin levels, as well as from the amount of the pre-implant multi-organ dysfunction. Indeed, in critically ill patients, differences in mortality have been previously reported to be better predicted by the maximal t-SOFA score in the first days of ICU stay; tSOFA score higher than 10 has been associated with elevated mortality rates [15]. Moreover, in our series, patients with elevated IL-6 levels were also characterised by a longer ICU stay, hospitalisation and higher tSOFA score after 1 week, reflecting a greater disarrangement of multi-organ function than in those with lower IL-6 levels. Altogether, these data suggest a more critical clinical course in patients with preoperative elevated IL-6 levels than in patients with lower IL-6 levels.
The concentration range of IL-6 levels has been found extremely broad in our LVAD-candidates, ranging from negligible to extremely pathological values, greater than the highest value found in CHF patients. These data suggest that in a few ESHF patients, the hemodynamic collapse requiring LVAD implantation is associated with increased activation of systemic inflammation, linked to the IL-6 signals; among preoperative variables, IL-6 levels are associated only with the total leukocyte count, regardless of the hemodynamic status, as defined by INTERMACS profiles. Therefore, the evaluation of IL-6 levels in LVAD-candidates may provide additional information on patient's risk profile, in addition to the prognostic information provided by the INTERMACS profiles, and could allow to highlight patients more susceptible of poorer outcome in the early phase of LVAD support, although not strictly associated to the risk of death. Indeed, in our series of patients, the pre-implant cut-off-point for IL-6 at 8.3 pg/ml did not allow to predict survival in the short-time (3 months) of LVAD support.
Postoperatively, elevated IL-6 levels were reported in patients who died because of MOF in the early phase of LVAD support, and the activation of monocytes was proposed as a crucial mechanism involved in the development of MOF [7]. In a previous study we reported that, after LVAD implantation, neopterin levels progressively increased mainly in non-survivors [6]. In the present cohort, postoperative Neo/Cr and IL-8 levels increased mainly in patients who showed preoperative IL-6 levels higher than 8.3 pg/ml, reflecting, postoperatively, a more marked monocyte activation and adverse inflammatory milieu. Moreover, postoperative IL-6 levels showed similar profiles in both groups, with a peak level in the first postoperative days. This finding supports the hypothesis that only IL-6-dependent inflammatory signals, present at pre-implant, may be responsible for triggering stimuli that favor a more marked monocyte activation and adverse inflammatory milieu after LVAD implantation, as evidenced by the greater release of IL-8 and neopterin. In addition, the greater neopterin release in patients with preoperative elevated IL-6 levels might reflect a more marked pro-oxidant behavior, since neopterin is also capable of enhancing peroxynitrite production, favoring LDL oxidation, that exerts chemotactic properties on macrophages [20]. Therefore, different ranges of IL-6 levels in ESHF-patients needing a LVAD support, might differently affect the redox processes and immune response to stress stimuli succeeding LVAD implantation, thus influencing the clinical course and early outcome.
Kirsh et al. [21] reported that a low percentage of monocytes expressing HLA-DR molecules, during the immediate phase of device support, was predictive of ICU-death, suggesting that a low percentage of HLA-DR positive monocytes reflects a postoperative immunoparalysis that hampers tissue repair processes necessary for end-organ recovery. HLA-DR expression is reported as a phenotypic marker of functional monocyte deactivation, making controversial clinical interpretation of the monitoring of neopterin in LVAD-patients. However, the concomitant presence of reduced proportions of CD14+ HLA-DR cells with elevated levels of neopterin was reported in trauma patients and sepsis, together proposed as biomarkers reflecting an immune response, not balanced, susceptible to favors sepsis and adverse MOF [22]–[24]. Therefore, the elevated levels of neopterin and IL-8 found in our LVAD-patients with a poorer outcome might reflect an altered monocyte-mediated immune response, influenced by pre-implant IL-6 levels.
Our single centre study was limited by its relatively small number of patients; the results are not related to a single device but to different CF-LVADs. However, the findings of this study underscore the importance to consider the inflammatory parameters related with monocyte activation during the decision making process of ESHF-patients, to deepen the knowledge of clinical features of patients and better stratify the operative risk, and the risk of MOF or death after LVAD implantation.
Finally, preoperative elevated IL-6 levels, higher than 8.3 pg/mL, are associated, after intervention, to higher release of markers related with the monocyte activation, prolonged course and poorer outcome. Further studies in larger population are needed to validate the cut-off value of IL-6 and of other potential biomarkers which could be helpful in targeting the most appropriate treatment.
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge the skillful cooperation of the Intensive Care Unit and SC Cardiologia 2 staff of CardioThoracic and Vascular Department of Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital in Milan.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: RC AV OP. Performed the experiments: LB LM FM IV RP MF. Analyzed the data: RC LB AV. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RC OP. Wrote the paper: RC. Clinical managment: AV FM IV Surgery managment: LB LM Obtaining funding: MGT MF Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: RP LM MF OP Supervision: MGT.
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