Figures
Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a multi-systemic vasculitis that preferentially affects children. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C (ITPKC) has been identified to be an important polymorphism in the risk of KD. This study was conducted to comprehensively investigate the associations between all tagging SNPs of ITPKC in the risk of KD in a Taiwanese population. A total of 950 subjects (381 KD patients and 569 controls) were recruited. Seven tagging SNPs (rs11673492, rs7257602, rs7251246, rs890934, rs10420685, rs2607420, rs2290692) were selected for TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Clinical data of coronary artery lesions (CAL) and aneurysms were collected for analysis. A significant association was found between rs7251246 in ITPKC and CAL formation. Haplotype analysis for ITPKC polymorphisms also confirmed this association in the patients with CAL and aneurysm formation. This is the first study to identify that SNP rs7251246 in ITPKC is associated with the severity of KD.
Citation: Kuo H-C, Hsu Y-W, Lo M-H, Huang Y-H, Chien S-C, Chang W-C (2014) Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism rs7251246 in ITPKC Is Associated with Susceptibility and Coronary Artery Lesions in Kawasaki Disease. PLoS ONE 9(3): e91118. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091118
Editor: Carlo Gaetano, Goethe University, Germany
Received: November 18, 2013; Accepted: February 7, 2014; Published: March 12, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Kuo et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: This work was supported by a grant from the National Science Council, Taiwan (NSC 102-2314-B-182-053-MY3), and grants from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan (CMRPG8B0211 and CMRPG8B0151). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Kawasaki disease (KD) is a systemic inflammatory vasculitis which was first reported in 1974 [1]. It occurs worldwide and mainly affects children less than 5 years of age, and especially in Asian countries. Japan, Korea and Taiwan have the highest reported incidence rates of KD worldwide [2]–[4]. The clinical characteristics of KD include a prolonged fever for more than 5 days, bilateral non-purulent conjunctivitis, diffuse mucosal inflammation, polymorphous skin rashes, indurative angioedema of the hands and feet followed by desquamation, and unilateral non-suppurative cervical lymphadenopathy [3], [5]. The most serious complication of KD is the development of coronary artery lesions (CAL) [6], [7]. In developed countries, KD has become the leading cause of acquired heart diseases in children.
The cause of Kawasaki disease is still unclear, and both genetic and environmental factors are considered to be important in the risk of KD. In 2008, Onouchi et al. first indicated that a functional SNP (rs28493229) in the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase C (ITPKC) gene was associated with KD susceptibility and the development of CAL [8]. This polymorphism of ITPKC (rs28493229) is located in intron 1, and results in different transcriptional levels of mature mRNA by interfering with the efficiency of RNA splicing. In addition, a meta-analysis revealed that the functional polymorphism rs28493229 in ITPKC (rs28493229) significantly contributed to the risk of KD [9]. Furthermore, another SNP in ITPKC (rs2290692 in 3′UTR) was reported to be associated with the susceptibility of KD in a Han Chinese population [10]. Treatment of refractory KD with a calcineurin inhibitor also highlights the role of an ITPKC-mediated immune system in KD [11].
In this study, we comprehensively examined the association between all tagging SNPs in ITPKC and the risk of KD. Seven tagging SNPs (rs11673492, rs7257602, rs7251246, rs890934, rs10420685, rs2607420, rs2290692) were tested. Clinical data of CAL was also evaluated.
Methods
Patients Studied
A total of 381 patients with KD and 569 controls were enrolled in this study. The prevalence of KD is less than 1/1,000 children in the general Taiwanese population. Therefore, we assumed that there were no cases of KD in the control group. All of the KD patients were initially treated with a single dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) (2 g/kg) during a 12-hour period. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and written informed consent was obtained from either the parents or guardians of the children. The patients whose symptoms did not fit the KD criteria and those who had suffered from an acute fever for less than 5 days were excluded. All of the KD patients underwent 2-dimensional pulse Doppler and color flow imaging at least 3 times within 6 to 8 weeks from the onset of the illness [12], [13]. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to visualize the diameter of the right and left coronary arteries on the parasternal short-axis view of the aorta [6]. In accordance with the Japanese Ministry of Health guidelines, a CAL was defined by the internal diameter of the coronary artery being greater than 3 mm (4 mm if the subject was over 5 years of age) or the internal diameter of a segment being at least 1.5 times that of an adjacent segment, as observed in echocardiography. The KD patients with coronary artery ectasia or dilatation which disappeared within the initial 4 weeks after the onset of illness were defined as having transient ectasia and were not judged to have CAL. In addition, coronary arteries were classified on the basis of the presence or absence of aneurysms according to criteria from the JCS Joint Working Group. IVIG responsiveness was defined as defervescence 48 hours after the completion of IVIG treatment and no fever (temperature >38°C) recurrence for at least 7 days after the IVIG treatment with marked improvement or normalization of inflammatory signs.
DNA Extraction
Blood cells were subjected to DNA extraction by first treating them with 0.5% SDS lysis buffer and then protease K (1 mg/ml) for digestion of nuclear proteins for 4 hours at 60°C. Total DNA was harvested using a Gentra extraction kit followed by 70% alcohol precipitation.
Genotyping
Seven tagging SNPs (rs11673492, rs7257602, rs7251246, rs890934, rs10420685, rs2607420, rs2290692) with a minimum allele frequency of greater than 10% in the Han Chinese in Beijing population were selected from the HapMap database (http://hapmap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The ITPKC gene structure is shown in Figure 1. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using the standard method as described previously [14]. Genotyping was carried out using a TaqMan Allelic Discrimination Assay (Applied Biosystems, Foster city, CA). Briefly, polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were performed using a 96-well microplate with an ABI 9700 Thermal Cycler. The thermal cycle conditions were as follows: denaturing at 95°C for 10 minutes, followed by 40 cycles of denaturing at 92°C for 15 seconds and annealing and extension at 60°C for 1 minute. After PCR, fluorescence was measured and analyzed using System SDS software version 1.2.3. The average genotyping success rate in our laboratory is around 95.7%, so some participants did not have genotype data.
Statistical Analysis
All data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. JMP 9.0 for Windows was used for analysis. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was assessed by the χ2 test with 1 degree of freedom. The statistical differences between the cases and controls in genotype and allele frequency were assessed by the χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. The statistical differences in the genotype and allele frequency in the KD patients with and without CAL or aneurysm formation were assessed using the χ2-test. Linkage disequilibrium was assessed for any pair of SNPs, and haplotype blocks were defined using the default setting of Haploview software 4.2 and PHASE version 2.1.
Results
Association between ITPKC Polymorphisms and the Susceptibility to KD
A total of 381 KD patients and 569 controls were recruited in this study, of whom 66.8% of the cases and 56.0% of the controls were male. The mean ages of the patients and controls were 1.7±1.6 years (± standard deviation (SD)) and 5.7±4.9 years, respectively. Most of the study population was children. Overall, 16.8% (64/381) of the patients with KD had CAL formation (Table 1). The distribution of the ITPKC genotypes between the KD patients and healthy subjects is shown in Table 2. ITPKC SNPs rs11673492 and rs2607420 showed significant associations with KD (recessive model, p = 0.0152 for rs11673492, p = 0.0206 for rs2607420). However, the significance disappeared after multiple testing.
rs7251246 Was Associated With CAL Formation
In the comparison of the distribution of the alleles and the risk of CAL formation, four ITPKC SNPs (rs7251246, rs890934, rs10420685 and rs2290692) were observed to be associated with CAL formation. After multiple testing corrections, the significance of rs7251246 remained (Table 3).
Haplotype Analysis of ITPKC in KD
We further calculated pairwise linkage disequilibrium (Figure 2) and analyzed the haplotypes of ITPKC with susceptibility and CAL formation. Pairwise allele analysis indicated that the C/G/G/T/G haplotype had a significant association with CAL formation in the patients with KD compared to the T/T/A/T/C haplotype (p = 0.0333, Table 4).
The number on the cell is the LOD score of D'.
Discussion
A major advancement in the genetic study of KD was made by the discovery of ITPKC in Japan. In 2008, Onouchi et al. first identified a functional polymorphism of ITPKC (rs28493229) that was significantly associated with the susceptibility to KD and CAL in both Japanese and US children [8]. Using cell-based functional studies, they further provided evidence to indicate that the risk C allele of ITPKC reduced the splicing efficiency of ITPKC mRNA that, in turn, possibly contributed to the hyperactivation of Ca2+-dependent NFAT pathways in T cells. ITPKC is a negative regulator of T cells, and it may function as a calcium channel modulator that is involved in controlling immune systems. Lin et al. also reported that the C allele of rs28493229 is associated with KD susceptibility and BCG scar reactivation [15]. Data from meta-analysis studies further support the correlation between rs28493229 of ITPKC and susceptibility to KD [9], [14]. In addition, Peng et al., tested five ITPKC SNPs (including rs28493229, rs79940110, rs10411159, rs2290692, and rs1045705) and found a significant association between rs2290692 and susceptibility to KD [10]. We also confirmed the association between rs2290692 and CAL formation in Taiwanese KD patients. As our findings are in good agreement with the detailed study by Peng et al., we speculate that other genetic variants of the ITPKC gene may be associated with KD. Indeed, a novel SNP, rs7251246, located in intron 1 was identified as an important marker of KD in this study. However, the mechanism by which rs7251246 affects the ITPKC gene expression is still unclear. Splicing caused by rs7251246 might be responsible for ITPKC expression. Further studies on the relationship between ITPKC polymorphism (rs7251246) and the downstream functional relevance during immune responses should be helpful to understand the etiology of KD.
Several lines of evidence suggest that the pathogenesis of KD is mediated by T cell signaling [16]. Examinations of autopsy tissue have demonstrated infiltration of T cells into coronary arterial walls [17]. A mouse model study that mimicked the CAL of KD suggested that T cells are involved in the development of CAL [18]. The beneficial effects of mizoribine, an inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation, in a KD animal model have also been reported [19]. ITPKC acts as a negative regulator of T cell activation, and the risk allele may result in the activation of the calcineurin-mediated NFAT signaling pathway leading to T cell over-activation. The association of ITPKC and KD has been suggested to be the result of defective phosphorylation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3), which releases calcium from intracellular stores resulting in a reduced genetic expression of ITPKC in carriers of the SNP [20]. Reduced ITPKC activity may increase IP3 levels, and further trigger ORAI1-mediated calcium influx. We also previously identified polymorphisms in the ORAI1 gene that were associated with inflammatory diseases [21], [22]. Taken together, the results from current studies on ITPKC also highlight the therapeutic potential of T cell-mediated signaling in the treatment of KD and CAL formation.
In conclusion, we identified a significant association between rs7251246 and the severity of KD. Although further replication studies in a second population are needed, the current findings, at least in part, reflect that variants in the ITPKC gene play an important role in KD.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: Kuo HC, Chang WC. Performed the experiments: Hsu YW, Lo MH, Chiu CC. Analyzed the data: Huang YH. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: Chien HC. Wrote the paper: Kuo HC, Chang WC.
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