Figures
Abstract
Background
Follistatin (FST), a single chain glycoprotein, is originally isolated from follicular fluid of ovary. Previous studies have revealed that serum FST served as a biomarker for pregnancy and ovarian mucinous tumor. However, whether FST can serve as a biomarker for diagnosis in lung adenocarcinoma of humans remains unclear.
Methods and Results
The study population consisted of 80 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, 40 patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma and 80 healthy subjects. Serum FST levels in patients and healthy subjects were measured using ELISA. The results showed that the positive ratio of serum FST levels was 51.3% (41/80), which was comparable to the sensitivity of FST in 40 patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma (60%, 24/40) using the 95th confidence interval for the healthy subject group as the cut-off value. FST expressions in lung adenocarcinoma were examined by immunohistochemical staining, we found that lung adenocarcinoma could produce FST and there was positive correlation between the level of FST expression and the differential degree of lung adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, the results showed that primary cultured lung adenocarcinoma cells could secrete FST, while cells derived from non-tumor lung tissues almost did not produce FST. In addition, the results of CCK8 assay and flow cytometry showed that using anti-FST monoclonal antibody to neutralize endogenous FST significantly augmented activin A-induced lung adenocarcinoma cells apoptosis.
Conclusions
These data indicate that lung adenocarcinoma cells can secret FST into serum, which may be beneficial to the survival of adenocarcinoma cells by neutralizing activin A action. Thus, FST can serve as a promising biomarker for diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and a useful biotherapy target for lung adenocarcinoma.
Citation: Chen F, Ren P, Feng Y, Liu H, Sun Y, Liu Z, et al. (2014) Follistatin Is a Novel Biomarker for Lung Adenocarcinoma in Humans. PLoS ONE 9(10): e111398. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111398
Editor: Vladimir V. Kalinichenko, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, United States of America
Received: April 13, 2014; Accepted: August 21, 2014; Published: October 27, 2014
Copyright: © 2014 Chen et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: The authors confirm that all data underlying the findings are fully available without restriction. All data are available from the paper and Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31101039) and the Project of Science and Technology of Jilin Province (Grant No. 20110754 and No. 20130522041JH). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Follistatin (FST), a single chain glycoprotein, is originally isolated from follicular fluid of ovary, which has the effect on inhibiting the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) of pituitary cells [1]. As an activin binding protein, two FST molecules encircle one activin molecule and neutralize activin action by burying its receptor binding sites [2]. Activin, a member of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) superfamily, is involved in the acute-phase response, the tissue fibrosis and tumor cell apoptosis [3]–[5]. Previous studies reported that FST participates in various physiological and pathological processes, such as early embryo development [6], establishment of pregnancy [7], ovarian granulosa cell differentiation [8], polycystic ovarian syndrome [9], erythrocyte maturation [10], formation of liver fibrosis and cancer [11]–[12], branching tubules genesis and tubular regeneration after ischemia or reperfusion injury by blocking the action of endogenous activin [13]. Previous studies also revealed that FST protein can be detected not only in the gonads and extragonadal tissues, but also in peripheral blood and cell culture supernatant, and serum FST levels were correlated to pregnancy and cervical cancer [14]–[16].
The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide are lung cancer (1.61 million, 12.7% of the total), breast cancer (1.38 million, 10.9%) and colorectal cancer (1.23 million, 9.7%), and the most common cause of cancer death is lung cancer (1.38 million, 18.2% of the total) [17]. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histologic type of lung cancer in most countries, accounting for almost half of all lung cancers [18]. Due to lack of early diagnosis methods, 80% patients with lung adenocarcinoma were found in late stage and have lost the chance of surgical treatment. Thus, to find a novel serum cancer marker has the great significance for early diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
It was reported that lung tumors can produce neuroendocrine hormone, for example, some small cell lung carcinomas secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [19]–[20]. Our previous studies discovered that ovarian adenocarcinoma can secrete FST [21], but whether lung adenocarcinoma can secrete FST and FST function is still unclear. In search of lung cancer markers, we found that serum FST levels were elevated in some patients of lung adenocarcinoma. In order to clarify the relationship between FST and lung adenocarcinoma, we examined FST levels in serum of patients with lung adenocarcinoma by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and analyzed the expression of FST in lung adenocarcinoma tissues by immunohistochemical staining, as well as further investigated the roles of FST in proliferation and apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells.
Materials and Methods
Ethics statement
The study was approved by The Ethics Committee of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, China, and written informed consents were obtained from all participants prior to study entry.
Patients and Clinical Features
Patients were diagnosed according to the new lung cancer staging system [22]. Serum/cancer tissues of patients with tuberculosis and patients with stage I–III lung adenocarcinoma or stage I–III ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma were collected sequentially from tissue bank, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China, between Jan 2009 and Dec 2013. In addition, age-matched healthy subjects attending the routine examinations in the medical examination center of China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University were recruited as controls.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for FST
Serum samples were obtained according to the previously described methods [21]. All serum samples were collected from patients in the morning of the second day after admission, 2 milliliter of peripheral blood sample was collected from each study subject and serum was obtained by centrifuging at 1500 g for 10 min at 4°C and stored at −80°C until analysed. Serum samples were similarly collected from the healthy subjects in the morning on the day of their routine examination.
Serum FST levels were measured in patients with lung adenocarcinoma, ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma, lung benign disease tuberculosis and healthy subjects, respectively in triplicate, using ELISA kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, USA) according to manufacturer’s instructions. Absorbance was then detected at 450 nm to quantify FST levels.
Immunohistochemical staining for FST
Ten slides of each type lung adenocarcinoma in well differetiation, moderate differetiation and poor differetiation were obtained from the Department of Pathology at China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University for immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining for FST was carried out as previously described [21].
Primary lung adenocarcinoma cell culture
Lung adenocarcinoma tissues and non-tumor lung tissues as control were obtained from patients who underwent a surgical resection. Single cell suspension was prepared by enzyme dispersion [23]. 5×105 cells were plated into 12-well cell culture plates and cultured in Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium (IMDM) (GIBCO, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal calf serum (FCS) (Hyclone, Logan, UT). Cells were incubated at 37°C in a humidified, 95% air and 5% CO2 atmosphere for 24 h. Then the cells were washed twice with IMDM, and cultured in IMDM with 2.5% and 10% FCS for 24, 48 and 72 h, respectively. Finally, the supernatant of cultured cells was harvested by centrifuging at 1,500 g for 10 min at 4°C, and stored at −80°C for the measurement of FST levels.
Human lung adenocarcinoma cells lines culture
Human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 was obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, USA), and cultured in modified polystyrene T-75 tissue culture flasks in RPMI 1640 (GIBCO, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% FCS at 37°C in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator [24].
Cells proliferation assessed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) assay
A549 cells were plated in triplicate in a 96-well plates at 2×104 cells per well and incubated in the absence or presence of various concentrations of recombinant human activin A (R&D, Minneapolis, USA) or anti-FST antibody (1 µg/ml) in 2.5% FCS-RPMI 1640 for 24 h. Cell proliferation was determined by using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK8, Dojindo, Japan) and measured by microplate reader scanning at 450 nm according to the manufacturer’s instruction [25].
Assay of cells apoptosis by Annexin V-PI analysis
Annexin V-PI staining was used to evaluate A549 cells apoptosis according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Roche, Germany). Briefly, A549 cells were plated in a 12-well cell culture plates at 2×105 cells per well and pre-cultured in 2.5% FCS-RPMI 1640 with or without 1 µg/ml anti-FST monoclonal antibody for 2 h, and then were incubated in the presence of 10 ng/ml activin A for 24 h. A549 cells were stained by Annexin V-Alexa Fluor-488/PI and the stained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the percentages of AnnexinV+/PI− (early apoptosis) and AnnexinV+/PI+ (late apoptosis) cells. The experiment was repeated 3 times.
Statistical analysis
Sensitivity for lung cancer was considered as 100×[the number of lung cancer patients with positive tumor marker (true positive)/total number of lung cancer patients (true positive + false negative)] %, specificity for lung cancer as 100×[the number of control healthy subjects with negative tumor marker (true negative)/total number of control healthy subjects (true negative + false positive)] %, [26]. Data were expressed as means ± SD. Results from two groups were compared using two-tailed Student’s t-test. P-value≤0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
Results
Clinical Features of Patients
The main study participants comprised 80 healthy subjects, 40 patients with stage I–III ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma and 80 patients with stage I–III lung adenocarcinoma. Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants are given in Table 1. There was no statistical difference (p>0.05) in age between any of the groups studied, and the smoker number, the average number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking was no difference between lung adenocarcinoma cases and controls (p>0.05).
Serum FST levels
By assaying serum FST levels, we found that it was significantly higher in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma than that in healthy control group (P<0.01, Figure 1A). In contrast, the serum FST levels had no significant difference between patients with lung benign disease tuberculosis and healthy control group (P>0.1). Using the 95th confidence interval in the healthy subjects as the cut-off value, the sensitivity of serum FST levels was 51.3% (41/80) in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and 60% (24/40) in patients with ovarian mucinous cancer (Figure 1B). When the sensitivity and specificity of FST in patients with lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian mucinous cancer were plotted on a ROC curve (Figure 1C), the area under the curve was 0.705 and 0.909 respectively. These data indicated that serum FST levels might be a useful biomarker for diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma.
(A) The serum FST levels were examined by ELISA. (B) The positive ratio of serum FST levels were represented in health subjects and patients using the 95th confidence interval in the healthy subjects as the cut-off value. Cont, health subjects control; Oa, ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma; La, lung adenocarcinoma; Tb, tuberculosis. *P<0.01, compared with health control group. (C) Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve for FST for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer. AUC: the area under the curve.
Relationship between serum FST levels and stage, grade of lung adenocarcinoma
Using the 95th confidence interval in the healthy subjects as the cut-off value, there is no difference in the positive ratio of serum FST levels between female (50%) and male (52.2%) patients with lung adenocarcinoma. In contrast, the positive ratio of serum FST levels were related to disease stages and differentiation grades of lung adenocarcinoma and ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma (table 2).
Expression of FST in lung adenocarcinoma tissues
To confirm FST expression in lung adenocarcinoma, immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine FST protein. The results showed FST immunoreactivity in the glandular duct-like tissues of lung adenocarcinoma. The expression of FST in lung adenocarcinoma was correlated with the differentiation, that is to say, its expression became more pronounced as the grade became worse, i.e. from well-differentiated to poorly-differentiated lung adenocarcinoma (Fig. 2). Using ELISA to detect serum FST, we also found that the positive ratio of serum FST levels in patients with lung adenocarcinoma was correlated with the differentiation grade of lung adenocarcinoma (Table 2), which was similar to the results of immunohistochemical staining.
(A, B) The poorly differentiated, (C, D) moderately differentiated and (E, F) well differentiated lung adenocarcinoma were stained by anti-FST monoclonal antibody, respectively. The arrows in A–F represented the positive staining area for FST. (G, H) No positive staining area was found with normal mouse IgG instead of anti-FST monoclonal antibody as a procedural background control. The graph represents the integrated optical density (IOD) value obtained using IMAGEJ (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/).
FST production from lung adenocarcinoma cells
To clarify FST production in lung adenocarcinoma, cells obtained from lung adenocarcinoma tissues and non-tumor lung tissues were cultured in vitro and FST levels in the supernatants of cultured cells were detected using ELISA. As shown in Figure 3A, FST production was identified in the supernatant of cultured lung adenocarcinoma cells, but was almost not found in the supernatant of control cells derived from non-tumor lung tissues in 10% FCS-IMDM. Furthermore, the immunocytochemical staining revealed that human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 also produced FST protein (Fig. 3B). These data suggested that human lung adenocarcinoma cells secrete FST and the increased FST in serum of patients with lung adenocarcinoma might be produced by lung adenocarcinoma cells.
(A) The tumor cells were incubated in 2.5% and 10% FCS-IMEM culture medium, respectively. The non-tumor lung tissue cells were incubated in 10% FCS-IMEM culture medium. The supernatants of cultured cells were harvested at the indicated time point and FST levels were detected by ELISA. ○ Lung adenocarcinoma cells with 10% FCS-IMDM medium. Δ Lung adenocarcinoma cells with 2.5% FCS-IMDM medium. • Non-tumor lung tissue cells with 10% FCS-IMEM medium. (B) FST protein expression in human lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells was examined by immunocytochemical staining with anti-FST antibody (Anti-FST). A procedural background control (Control) was performed using normal mouse IgG instead of anti-FST antibody.
Effects of FST on A549 proliferation
Previous studies have reported that activin A can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of lung cancer cells [5]. As an activin binding protein, FST can neutralize activin A action by burying its receptor binding sites [27]. Therefore, the proliferation of A549 cells was assessed by CCK8 assay. The results showed that after cultured A549 cells with different concentrations activin A (0–40 ng/ml) for 24 h, 40 ng/ml activin A could significantly inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells compared with untreated cells (P<0.05, Fig. 4A). However, when anti-FST monoclonal antibody was applied to neutralize endogenous FST, even 10 ng/ml activin A could also remarkably inhibit the proliferation of A549 cells (Fig. 4B). These results indicated that endogenous FST produced by lung adenocarcinoma cells might promote survival of tumor cells by neutralizing activin bioactivities.
(A) Proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells treated with 0–40 ng/ml activin A for 24 h was determined by using the cell counting kit-8. Absorbance was detected at 450 nm to express the cell viabilities. *P<0.05 compared with 0 controls. (B) A549 cells were incubated in the presence of 0–20 ng/ml activin A (□) or 1 µg/ml anti-FST monoclonal antibody + 0–20 ng/ml activin A (▪).*P<0.05, compared with activin A group and 0 control.
Role of FST in A549 cells apoptosis
To further investigate the biological role of FST, we analyzed the effect of FST on activin A-induced lung adenocarcinoma cell apoptosis. The results showed that after lung adenocarcinoma cells were cultured only in the presence of 10 ng/ml activin A for 24 h, there was no significant apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells compared with control (P>0.05, Fig. 5). While after using anti-FST monoclonal antibody to neutralize endogenous FST, 10 ng/ml activin A could significantly induced apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma cells (P<0.01).
A549 cells were incubated for 24 hours in the absence of activin A (A), presence of 10 ng/ml activin A (B) or 1 µg/ml anti-FST monoclonal antibody + 10 ng/ml activin A (C). A549 cells were stained by Annexin V-Alexa Fluor-488/PI and the stained cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to determine the percentages of AnnexinV+/PI− (early apoptosis) and AnnexinV+/PI+ (late apoptosis) cells. The graph represents means and S.D of triplicate determinations. *P<0.01, compared with 10 ng/ml activin A group and 0 control.
Discussion
Based on the global cancer statistics, lung cancer was the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in males in 2008 globally, and among females, it was the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death [17]. The poor prognosis is attributable to lack of efficient early diagnostic methods and successful treatment for lung cancer. In the Currently, diagnostic methods for lung cancer mainly based on X-ray imaging, percutaneous biopsy, bronchoscope and sputum cytology, etc. Some studies have reported that levels of serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1) and other tumor markers are elevated in some patients with lung cancer, but the sensitivity was about 30%–50% and the specificity is about 60–80% [26], [28]–[29]. In additional, most squamous cell carcinomas are located at the central bronchus of lung, which can be easier diagnosed by bronchoscopical biopsy and/or brush slices and/or sputum cytology. But most common adenocarcinomas in lung cancer are located at the peripheral lung tissues, which only could be diagnosed by percutaneous pleural biopsy puncture. 80% patients with lung adenocarcinoma are in later stage when the cancers are diagnosed and the patients lose the chance of surgical treatment. Serological tests are convenient and easy, but there is still no specific and sensitive serum marker for lung cancer diagnosis.
Planque and his coleagues [30] reported that FST elevated in lung cancer, but they did not mention the information of FST expression in different histological backgrounds. We examined serum FST in patients with lung cancers in different histological backgrounds, including adenocarcinoma, squamous carcinoma, small cell lung carcinoma. We found that serum FST levels were highest in patients with adnocarcinoma and had no diagnostic value in squamous carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma (data not shown). In order to further clarify the clinical significance of FST, the expression of FST protein in tissues of lung adenocarcinoma with different grades was analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. The results showed that the expression of FST in lung adenocarcinoma was correlated with the differentiation of lung adenocarcinoma. The lowest FST expression was observed in well differentiated lung adenocarcinoma, and the highest FST expression in poorly differentiated lung adenocarcinoma. The data above suggested that FST is a useful biomarker for the diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma and a sensitive indicator for the differential grade of lung adenocarcinoma, but FST cannot be a diagnostic biomarker for lung squmous cancinoma and small cell lung cancer.
To confirm FST production from lung adenocarcinoma, cells derived from lung adenocarcinoma and non-tumor lung tissue were cultured and the levels of FST in the supernatant were detected by ELISA. The data revealed that lung adenocarcinoma cells secreted FST in FCS-dependent and time-dependent manner, while cells from non-tumor lung tissues could not secrete FST. Lung adenocarcinoma cells secreted FST in a serum-dependent manner, which is consistent with the FST secretion of pituitary cells as described previously [14]. These findings suggested that elevated FST in serum of patients with lung adenocarcinoma may be directly secreted by adenocarcinoma cells.
Activin has very extensive bioactivities, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis and regulation of immune responses [3], [5], [31]–[34]. As an activin binding protein, FST can inhibit the function of activin A [2], and imbalance of activin A and FST expressions is one of the important factors for tumor genesis. Previous studies showed that activin A can induce lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549 cells apoptosis, and FST can weaken the activin A-induced A549 cell apoptosis [5]. In the present study, we found that 10 ng/ml activin A could not inhibit the proliferation of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells and induce apoptosis of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells. But neutralizing endogenous FST with anti-FST antibody could increase the effect of activin A on inhibiting A549 cells proliferation. Furthermore, flow cytometry assays showed that neutralizing endogenous FST with anti-FST antibody significantly promoted activin A action on inducing apoptosis of A549 cells. The results indicated that FST might promote the growth of lung adenocarcinoma by inhibiting activin A-inducing apoptosis of adenocarcinoma cells. Hirokazu Oligo et al reported that FST suppresses small cell lung cancer multiple-organ metastasis by inhibiting the angiogenesis [35]. The conclusion of this article does not conflict with ours, small cell lung cancer is different from no-small cell lung cancer, such as small cell lung is only sensitive to radiotherapy, but no-small cell lung cancer is sensitive to both of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Some articles show that FST may facilitate prostate cancer cell proliferation invasion and metastasis [36]. Additionally, Bing Wang et al reports that FST inhibits activin A inducing A549 cell apoptosis [5], their conclusion supports the effect of FST in lung adenocarcinoma that we found and is different from the effect of FST in small cell lung cancer that Hirokazu Oligo found. This is because lung adenocarcinoma and small cell lung cancer have different pathological type.
In conclusion, the data in our present studies demonstrated that the elevated FST in serum of patients with lung adenocarcinoma was directly produced by lung adenocarcinoma cells, and might promote the survival of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Thus FST may be an important biomarker for diagnosis of lung adenocarcinoma in humans and a useful target for lung adenocarcinoma biotherapy in humans.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Xianling Cong, Ran Sun, Hongyan Sun and Tie Liu (Department of Tissue Bank, China-Japan Union Hosipital, Jilin University) for their assistance in collecting the tissues and serum samples.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: FC RP CL. Performed the experiments: FC RP FY LH SY. Analyzed the data: LZ CX GJ. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: FC LZ CX GJ. Wrote the paper: FC RP CX.
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