Figures
Abstract
Introduction
Upper limb evaluation of patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is crucially important to evaluations of efficacy of new treatments in non-ambulant patients. In patients who have lost ambulation, there are few validated and informative outcome measures. In addition, longitudinal data demonstrating sensitivity to clinical evolution of outcome measures over short-term periods are lacking.
Patients and Methods
We report here the results of a one-year multicenter study using specifically designed tools to assess grip, pinch strength, and hand function in wheelchair-bound patients. Our study assessed 53 non-ambulant patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy aged 17.1 ± 4.8 years (range: 9 – 28.1 years). The average Brooke functional score of these patients was 4.6 ± 1.1. The average forced vital capacity was 44.5% predicted and 19 patients used non-invasive ventilation. Patients were assessed at baseline, 6 months, and one year using the Motor Function Measure and innovative devices (namely the MyoSet composed of MyoGrip, MyoPinch, and MoviPlate).
Results
Our study confirmed preliminary data previously reported regarding feasibility of use and of reliability of the MyoSet and the correlation at baseline between distal strength and clinical outcomes such as FVC, Brooke score, age, and duration since loss of ambulation. A significant correlation was observed between the distal upper limb strength and clinical variables. The sensitive dynamometers (MyoGrip and MyoPinch) and MoviPlate captured a 12-month change in non-ambulant Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients of all ages.
Citation: Seferian AM, Moraux A, Annoussamy M, Canal A, Decostre V, Diebate O, et al. (2015) Upper Limb Strength and Function Changes during a One-Year Follow-Up in Non-Ambulant Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Observational Multicenter Trial. PLoS ONE 10(2): e0113999. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113999
Academic Editor: Ronald Cohn, The Hospital for Sick Children, CANADA
Received: July 31, 2014; Accepted: November 2, 2014; Published: February 2, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Seferian et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The ULENAP study was funded by ADNA (Advanced Diagnostics for New Therapeutic Approaches, http://www.institut-merieux.com/projetssante_adna.php), a program dedicated to personalized medicine, coordinated by Institut Merieux and supported by research and innovation aid from the French public agency, OSEO. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: JYH is the inventor of the MyoGrip. JYH and AM are co-inventors of the MyoPinch. JYH, AC, LS and TV are co-inventors of the MoviPlate. This does not alter the authors’ adherence to all PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.
Introduction
Out-of-frame deletions in the dystrophin gene usually lead to Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Patients with DMD become symptomatic before the age of 5 years and generally lose ambulation before the age of 15. The evolution of the disease leads to impaired mobility and subsequent loss of function not only in lower but also in upper limbs [1, 2]. Encouraging results in clinical evaluation of novel approaches for treatment of DMD [3–5] has increased the number of clinical trials in the recent years [6]. Most ongoing therapeutic trials focus on young ambulant DMD patients, and appropriate outcome measures have been developed to monitor effects of therapy on these patients. The preferred primary outcome for DMD evaluation is the 6-minute walk distance [7, 8]. Less can be said about the patients who are drawing near the full-time wheelchair use or those who have lost ambulation. The 2007 International Workshop on Outcome Measures [9] stressed the importance of finding the appropriate outcome measures for non-ambulant patients. For these patients, identifying measures to cover the distal movements (fingers) is of great importance [10].
Observer-rated performance-based scales are currently used as assessment tools for upper limbs in DMD patients. A recent critical review of the existing tools for upper limbs done by Mazzone et al. shows that functional ability in the daily life of these individuals is incompletely addressed by Motor Function Measure (MFM), Jebsen Hand Function Test, or Upper Limb Functional Ability Test [11]. Self-reported measures like Egen Klassifikation, ABILHAND (questionnaire for manual ability), and ACTIVLIM (scale of activity limitations) cover a larger spectrum of activities not observed during clinical evaluation. Mayhew et al. developed a new module—Performance of the Upper Limb—specifically designed for DMD patients to assess upper limb function in ambulant and non-ambulant patients starting from the age of 5 [12, 13]. The weakness of the scales lies in the evaluator subjectivity and limited possible scores (1 point score system on a maximum of 7 points).
A novel approach for upper limbs evaluation was recently proposed by Kurillo et al. [14, 15] using a stereo camera-based reachable-workspace analysis system. This system was able to distinguish individuals with varying degrees of proximal upper limb functional impairments. A pilot study using the Kinect platform to measure functional reaching volume and movement velocity showed encouraging results in a small DMD cohort [16]. This approach is of great interest for patients with preserved proximal mobility, but lack of sensitivity for distal movements limits its utility.
Dynamometers have been used in strength evaluation in patients with various diseases including DMD [17, 18]. Correlations between strength and function have been described in DMD patients [19–21]. Strength measures with the quantitative muscle testing (QMT) system have been used in natural history studies [22, 23] and clinical trials [24, 25]. MyoPinch, MyoGrip, and MoviPlate are tools recently developed at the Institute of Myology to assess upper limb strength and function in neuromuscular patients. We demonstrated the feasibility and reliability of these tools in tests of 30 non-ambulant DMD patients and 30 age-matched male controls [26]. This manuscript describes a study using the same tools and presents the baseline data for all 53 (30 previously reported and 23 presented here for the first time) non-ambulant DMD patients included in the study. We have assessed the sensitivity to change of MyoPinch, MyoGrip, and MoviPlate measurements over one year and have determined the sample size of DMD non-ambulant patients needed in clinical trials to prove whether a given drug effectively stabilizes the disease in non-ambulant patients.
Patients and Methods
The protocol for this trial and supporting CONSORT checklist are available as supporting information; see S1 TREND Checklist and S2 Protocol.
Patients
The present study is part of a multicenter observational study for upper limb evaluation in non-ambulant patients with neuromuscular disorder (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00993161) that took place between January 2010 and January 2013 and present results of DMD patients only. The study design and the preliminary results at baseline for the first 30 DMD patients were previously reported [26]. Patients from different neuromuscular centers from France (Institute of Myology, Trousseau Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris; Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Garches; University Hospital, Lille) and Belgium (University Hospital, Gent; CHR La Citadelle, Liege) were invited to participate in the study. Functional and strength assessments were carried out at each recruiting center. All data from medical histories (age of loss of ambulation, spine deformities, cardiac and respiratory evaluation, intellectual disability, corticosteroids intake) were reviewed. IQ was not formally tested for all patients, but when available, was considered as normal if above 80 [27]. The study was approved by the French Ethics Review Board Paris VI and the Belgian Ethics Review Board of Gent and Liège. Before inclusion, all patients or their parental authorities provided signed informed consent.
Patient inclusion criteria for the multicenter observational study were: age 8 to 30 years, genetically confirmed neuromuscular disorder, and complete loss of ambulation defined as inability to walk 10 meters in the standard conditions of the 6-Minute Walk Test [28]. Exclusion criteria were major cognitive impairment, inability to stay seated for one hour, recent upper limb surgery or trauma, or treatment by corticosteroids initiated less than 6 months prior to the start date of the study. In the analysis reported here, only data on patients with genetically confirmed DMD were included.
Testing devices
Distal upper limb strength and function were assessed for the dominant and the non-dominant sides for each patient using the MyoSet composed of MyoGrip and MyoPinch devices (strength) and the MoviPlate device (motor ability) as described [26]. When performing the MoviPlate, three different positions are noted: 1) forearm in pronation and in contact with the plate; 2) the maneuver is done with one or more fingers touching the cylindrical targets and the forearm is almost not touching the plate; 3) the patient supports his cubital side on the plate and touches the cylinders with a finger and the forearm is in contact with the plate.
Protocol
All patients were evaluated at baseline and 6 and 12 months later. The clinical data recorded at every visit included most recent respiratory data (e.g., forced vital capacity (FVC), type of ventilation), cardiac data (e.g., left ventricular ejection fraction), orthopedic and functional status (including Brooke scale), and the disease history. Baseline assessment encompassed a test-retest evaluation. Both arms were tested using the MyoSet with the side randomly chosen for the first assessment. All patients were given between two and five tests (depending whether last score was lower and reproducible within 10% of previous trials) and the maximal value was recorded on each side. The MFM was also performed at baseline and 6 and 12 months later. Since the patients were all non-ambulant, the total score and D2 (axial and proximal motor skills) and D3 (distal motor skills) sub-scores were used for analysis. Details of the experimental protocol were previously reported [26]. For this paper, we chose to present data only for MyoSet and MFM; the tapping test and the MyoWrist described by Servais et al. were not used in the present analysis due to lacking data in some patients.
Statistical Analyses
Correlations at baseline of strength, function, and clinical parameters. Correlations between strength values (MyoGrip, MyoPinch) and functional scores (MoviPlate, MFM scores) at baseline on both dominant and non-dominant sides were determined using a non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient. Correlation between baseline strength values (MyoGrip, MyoPinch) and functional scores (MoviPlate, MFM scores) on both dominant and non-dominant sides with clinical parameters (age, height, weight, duration since loss of ambulation, FVC, Brooke score) at baseline was also analyzed using a non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient, given the obvious nonlinear relation between values. Baseline values corresponded to the maximum value reached of both test and retest sessions.
One-year follow up
One-year follow up was assessed by performing a repeated measure ANOVA on strength values and functional scores using side and visit as factors. Only patients who were tested at baseline, 6 months and 1 year were included. We first assess the normality of the variables using a test of Shapiro-Wilk. It appeared that MovPlate and MFM value were normally distributed, whilst MyoGrip, MyoPinch, and MFM sub-scores were not. Therefore, we used non-parametric Wilcoxon test to compare variables. Comparisons were verified using Student test for normal values. If a visit effect was found, one-year scores were compared with baseline score using non parametric Wilcoxon test on all available data (including subjects who were not evaluated at a 6-months visit).
In order to assess whether the change over one year was dependent on the disease stage, one-year differences were tested for correlation with the duration since loss of ambulation at baseline using a non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient to take into account possible nonlinear relationships. If a significant correlation was found, scores as a function of duration since loss of ambulation were graphically assessed and cut-offs visually estimated. Visit effects and one-year differences were then reassessed in each subgroup as previously explained. The same analyses were performed on the MFM total score and MFM sub-scores.
The sample size for a future randomized clinical trial with two independent groups was assessed using the sample size formula described previously [29]. The difference to detect was chosen as a stabilization of strength or motor function in the treated group compared to the natural evolution of strength and motor function in the placebo group; this was estimated based on natural history data collected in this study. The standard deviation was calculated as the standard deviation of the one-year differences from the natural history group. The alpha risk was set at 5% and the power at 80%. The analysis was performed on data from patients of all ages and on the subgroups of patients with duration since loss of ambulation under or more than 3 years.
All analyses were performed using the SPSS 19 statistical software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). The limit of statistical significance was set to 0.05.
Results
Fifty-three DMD patients were initially included in the study and 35 completed the one-year evaluation (Fig. 1). The clinical features of patients are presented in Tables 1 and 2. Eighteen patients prematurely left the study: Five patients refused to continue (three patients after the 6-month visit); four were lost to sight; one underwent surgery; one was included in another study; one missed his last visit; and the others left the study for unknown reasons.
Clinical features at baseline
Of the patients initially enrolled, none were invasively ventilated, but 16 used night non-invasive ventilation and three used non-invasive ventilation continuously. Fourteen patients had left ventricular ejection fractions lower than 55%, and five of these patients had dilated cardiomyopathy. Genetic analyses of the initially enrolled subjects revealed 32 exonic deletions, five duplications, and 16 point mutations among the subjects.
Clinical features at one-year
Of the patients who completed the one-year follow up, eleven patients used night non-invasive ventilation (the other five did not participate at the last visit). Nine patients had a left ventricular ejection fraction inferior to 55% (the other five did not participate at the last visit) and 4 of them had dilated cardiomyopathy. Spine surgery had been performed on 31 patients at a mean age of 14 years. Mild intellectual disability was noted in 35.8% of all the patients. The mutations of the patients who completed the one-year visit were comprised of 23 deletions, three duplications and nine point mutations.
Feasibility
Due to major joint retractions, one patient could not perform all the tests with his non-dominant hand; one patient could not perform at all the MyoGrip and the MoviPlate; and two other patients could not perform at all the MoviPlate. MyoPinch was not performed in one patient on both sides at retest because subject tiredness. MyoGrip was not performed on one patient at inclusion due to a lack of availability of the equipment. The weakest patient scored 0.05 kg for grip and 0.07 kg for pinch.
Baseline reliability
We first examined the reliability of our parameters. All the measurements showed very high intra-rater reliability according to intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values (all > 0.9). Reliability was not statistically different in patients with intellectual disability compared to patients without intellectual disability for any of the tests.
Baseline correlation between strength and function (MyoGrip or MyoPinch versus MoviPlate or MFM)
The grip and pinch strengths positively correlated with the MoviPlate or the MFM functional tests (rho > 0.5, with the exception of the correlation between MyoPinch and MoviPlate, which was slightly lower with rho ranging from 0.4 to 0.5) (Table 3).
Baseline correlation between MyoSet and clinical parameters
All tests were negatively correlated with the Brooke score. Data from all tests, with the exception of MoviPlate on the non-dominant hand, were positively correlated with FVC and negatively correlated with age and duration since loss of ambulation (Table 4). There was no significant correlation between test scores and weight or height (data not shown). Data on correlations are summarized graphically in Fig. 2.
One-year follow-up
DMD patients showed a significant decrease in distal strength but not in function from baseline to 6 months and to one year for both dominant and non-dominant sides (Fig. 3, Table 5). This decrease was observed in all DMD patients. Significant negative correlations between the MFM total score or D2 sub-score and duration since loss of ambulation were also observed (Fig. 4, Table 6).
The changes in MoviPlate score from baseline to one year on each side were significantly correlated with the duration since loss of ambulation (rho -0.49, p<0.01 and -0.37, p <0.05 for the non-dominant hand and for the dominant hand, respectively). However, MoviPlate scores did not capture a significant change overall in the patients group over the one-year period. The evolution over the one-year period was very different for younger and older patients (Fig. 4). Patients who had spent less than 3 years in a wheelchair showed a significant increase in motor ability score as measured by MoviPlate on the dominant side. In patients who had spent 3 or more years in a wheelchair, a significant decrease of the MoviPlate score was observed on both sides (Table 7).
Sample size estimation in clinical trials
We estimated the minimum number of patients who must be enrolled in a future clinical trial with outcomes measured using the MyoSet to demonstrate a significant effect of a given intervention in stabilizing the disease during one year. This estimation was performed for all patients and for patients who had spent three or more years in the wheelchair. The results are summarized in Table 8. The number of subjects required was the lowest for MyoPinch and was lower for the MoviPlate in patients who had lost ambulation less than 3 years before the trial began than for those who had been wheelchair-bound for more than 3 years.
Discussion
We demonstrated that the use of sensitive dynamometers could capture changes over the course of a year in non-ambulant DMD patients of all ages. The MoviPlate test only captured a significant change in patients who had been wheelchair bound for more than 3 years but not those who had lost ambulation more recently. Our study confirmed the preliminary data previously reported regarding feasibility and reliability of the MyoSet and the correlation between distal strength and clinical outcomes such as FVC, Brooke score, age, and duration since loss of ambulation [26]. We have recently demonstrated similar reliability of upper limb assessment in spinal muscular atrophy type II and type III patients, with ability to follow disease progression and loss of strength and function over a one-year period in patients older than 14 years (Seferian et al., unpublished data).
Our study population is representative of the general French DMD population. The mean age of loss of ambulation in our study population (i.e., 10 years) was similar to that observed by Desguerre et al. in 75 DMD patients aged from 4 to 18 years [30] and in over 300 patients recorded in the Cochin database (unpublished data), part of the UMD-DMD France database (http://www.umd.be/DMD/).
As steroid treatment is approached differently in clinical centers in France and Belgium and that only recently [2] the practice is beginning to be homogenized over the country for ambulant patients, there is little information regarding the use of steroids in non-ambulant patients. It is no wonder that only 8 patients from our study were on steroids. It is very obvious that older patients did not benefit from the same clinical and therapeutically management as the young DMD. It has already been stated that long-term steroid treatment may reduce the need for spine surgery [31]. In a retrospective study, Dooley et al. found that only 26% of 81 boys who had received steroid therapy had undergone spinal surgery by the age of 18, compared with 69% of boys who had not received steroid therapy by age 19 [31]. Thirty one (58.5%) out of 53 of our patients underwent spine surgery; this high rate could be explained by the scarce use of steroids. None of the patients who completed the study underwent spine surgery during the one year of evaluation. The age of spine surgery in our cohort was also consistent with the data published by Roberto et al. (14 years in the present paper vs. 14.2 years in 174 DMD patients with ages between 9 and 35) [32]. Despite the low rate of steroids use and the high incidence of spine surgery in older patient, this cohort is representative of the French and Belgian French-speaking DMD population in 2012 as followed in six reference centers, since there was no obvious selection bias in the recruitment.
All our DMD subjects were not enrolled in any other concomitant treatment or observational study as indicated by the good clinical practices.
One limitation of our study is related to the drop-out rate at one year of 33.9% and 6-month data are missing from 11 patients (20.7%). The fact that tests were done apart and not in relation with a regularly check-up could have impacted the lesser number of patients accomplishing the one-year visits. We initially chose to conduct assessments outside the regular yearly visit to avoid fatigue during the tests in weak patients who undergo several clinical consultation the same day during their hospital yearly visit. However, we can not rule out that the drop-out of the study was not more important in patients who experienced more rapid deterioration, or achieved significant disease milestones such as night or day ventilation, which may decrease the motivation to take part in an observational study. Similar drop-out rate at one year in observational studies has been observed by others. In a longitudinal study involving 303 patients with different neuromuscular diseases (including DMD) at baseline, the drop-out rate at one year was 46.53% [33].
One limitation of the tools used is that they assess only distal strength and function. Distal function is clinically meaningful for most of non-ambulatory patients since it reflects the ability to write, to use a mobile phone or other portable electronic devices, or to use a joystick driven wheelchair. There are only a few validated measures that assess distal upper limb strength or function. Strength can be assessed by Manual Muscle Testing or hand held myometry. Recently, a collaborative effort of a Clinical Outcome Group made up of clinicians, scientists, parent advocacy groups and industries has led to the construction of an upper limb functional scale that takes into account the proximal and distal function of upper limb [13]. Collection of longitudinal data is currently ongoing.
Another shortcoming remains in defining which differences in strength are clinically meaningful for different age groups. We showed that function is directly correlated with strength as measured by the MyoSet and MFM-D3. The MFM-D3 scores distal motricity, though the strength scores were better correlated with the MFM scores at baseline than at later times, as shown here.
Preliminary data indicate that exon skipping treatment effects are much more evident over longer periods of time than one year [34]. Therefore, sensitive devices that capture a significant change over a 6- to 12-month period would be useful outcome measures in a phase II trial or to aid in making a decision for an extension study or for treatment evaluation in a cohort of non-ambulant patients in whom a formal phase III trial is not possible to design.
DMD patients begin to experience distal upper limb weakness while still ambulant with a proximal to distal progression; grip and key pinch strengths and hand function are thus an indicator of the disease progression.
In a cross-sectional study, Mattar and Sobreira showed that hand strength in DMD patients increased during their first decade [35]. Our study was not designed to reproduce the same results as our population was slightly older compared to theirs (4.3 to 21.9 years vs. 9 to 28 years). The strength values were all correlated with the indices of severity of the disease. Indeed, the values were inversely correlated with Brooke score and FVC and with time spent in the wheelchair. It is known that a severe motor phenotype is significantly associated with lower values of FVC [36]. This correlation was stronger for the strength tests than for the MoviPlate test.
Strength tests (MyoPinch and MyoGrip) seem to be more sensitive than MoviPlate probably because strength decline is a precursor of function decline and that the relationship between both is not linear. Even with a significant decrease of strength, weak subjects can still manage compensatory mechanisms that enable them to perform well at the MoviPlate. The question that is still to be answered is whether a recuperation of strength due to a therapeutic product could have an impact on the subject function. From our point of view, it is important to record both strength and function evolution even if both do not show a significant decline over a year. Most functional assessments with existing methods (scales) do not reflect common disease stages. Even the weakest patients scored below the sensitivity threshold of traditional dynamometers.
Longitudinal data on the sensitivity to change of outcome measures in non-ambulant DMD patients are critically lacking, and this is one of the main reasons why clinical trials are not conducted in this population. A recent study of 41 ambulant and non-ambulant DMD patients showed a good responsiveness (ability to change or stability in absence of change) of the MFM score and sub-scores [33]. The 12-month standardized mean score (individual scores were transformed into annual score changes by linear interpolation) changes reported by Vuillerot et al. showed higher negative values (-7.5 for MFM D2, -4.2 for MFM D3, and -5.8 for the total score, all p<0.05) than our one-year mean scores (-3.5, -3.2 and -2.3, respectively). The differences are due to the fact the Vuillerot et al. analysis included both ambulant and non-ambulant DMD patients (10 or the 41 were ambulant). Although the population described by Vuillerot et al. is younger than our population (mean age 13 vs. 17.9) and had clinically less severe disease (mean Brooke score 3.3 vs. 4.7), these patients appeared to be declining more rapidly than our study group. One explanation could be that our older subjects have more stable disease. Another possibility is related to a limitation of our study: that is the patients who were not evaluated at 1 year (18/53) may constitute a sub-group with a more severe decline.
MoviPlate does not appear to be a sensible tool for use in early non-ambulant patients. It may be of interest as a potential outcome measure in patients who have spent more than 3 years in the wheelchair, however. As the disease progresses, wrist and long finger flexors develop contractures that could limit the utility of this tool. However, these patients seem to find compensating strategies when performing on the MoviPlate, as described in the method section. These different strategies for the MoviPlate test must be taken into consideration when interpreting the data and could explain the lack of correlation at one year for all patients. The significant increase in the MoviPlate score for patients wheelchair bound for less than 3 years was not reflected in improvements in the distal strength tests. This is probably related to motor learning effect in a test where motor strategy certainly plays a role in the strongest patients. In the weakest, strength probably becomes the limiting factor. There is also probably a ceiling effect above which strength decrement does not impact the functional test as it does below this threshold.
Based on our data, we were able to calculate the sample size required to detect significant effects using MyoSet devices in a placebo-controlled therapeutic trial of a compound expected to stabilize disease progression or improve motor function for wheel-chair bound patients. We determined that about 50 patients/group are necessary to detect a significant effect for MoviPlate (for patients with duration since loss of ambulation of 3 years or more) and MyoPinch. This number of patients is similar to numbers of subjects in trials ongoing in the DMD field; ongoing phase III trials of tadalafil (Lilly) and ataluren (PTC therapeutics) include more than 200 patients. Our data indicated that these tools should be considered for trials conducted in non-ambulant patients but that time spent in the wheelchair should be considered. Beside the feasibility in term of number of patients, one must consider that a clinical trial in non-ambulant patients requires tests that are sensitive enough to capture a change during the one year period of the trial. Even if the change measured during this period of time falls below the estimated clinically significant change, it may constitute a strong evidence that further follow up of these patients is required, before concluding that the given drug has no effect in the considered population. Comparison with other outcome measures, such as the PUL module (14, 21) require recording in the same population, as it will be the case in the SKIP-NMD trial for exon skipping 53 (Sarepta). Given the demonstration of feasibility, high reliability, and sensitivity to negative change at one year as well as good correlation with other clinically relevant variables, these innovative measures represent a very promising approach to asses a therapeutic intervention that aims to maintain muscle strength and function in non-ambulant DMD patients.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LS JYH TV. Performed the experiments: AGLM TG ND MM KM ID CTN JMC VT SQR AC VD OD FVP WV SW SD VJ. Analyzed the data: AMS AM MA JYH LS. Wrote the paper: AMS AM JYH LS.
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