Figures
Abstract
Overexpression of p53 is the most frequent genetic alteration in breast cancer. Recently, many studies have shown that the expression of mutant p53 differs for each subtype of breast cancer and is associated with different prognoses. In this study, we aimed to determine the suitable cut-off value to predict the clinical outcome of p53 overexpression and its usefulness as a prognostic factor in each subtype of breast cancer, especially in luminal A breast cancer. Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center. We analyzed a total of 7,739 patients who were surgically treated for invasive breast cancer at Samsung Medical Center between Dec 1995 and Apr 2013. Luminal A subtype was defined as ER&PR + and HER2- and was further subclassified according to Ki-67 and p53 expression as follows: luminal A (Ki-67-,p53-), luminal A (Ki-67+, p53-), luminal A (Ki-67 -, p53+) and luminal A (Ki-67+, p53+). Low-risk luminal A subtype was defined as negative for both Ki-67 and p53 (luminal A [ki-67-, p53-]), and others subtypes were considered to be high-risk luminal A breast cancer. A cut-off value of 10% for p53 was a good predictor of clinical outcome in all patients and luminal A breast cancer patients. The prognostic role of p53 overexpression for OS and DFS was only significant in luminal A subtype. The combination of p53 and Ki-67 has been shown to have the best predictive power as calculated by the area under curve (AUC), especially for long-term overall survival. In this study, we have shown that overexpression of p53 and Ki-67 could be used to discriminate low-risk luminal A subtype in breast cancer. Therefore, using the combination of p53 and Ki-67 expression in discriminating low-risk luminal A breast cancer may improve the prognostic power and provide the greatest clinical utility.
Citation: Lee SK, Bae SY, Lee JH, Lee H-C, Yi H, Kil WH, et al. (2015) Distinguishing Low-Risk Luminal A Breast Cancer Subtypes with Ki-67 and p53 Is More Predictive of Long-Term Survival. PLoS ONE 10(8): e0124658. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124658
Editor: Aamir Ahmad, Wayne State University School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: September 24, 2014; Accepted: March 17, 2015; Published: August 4, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Lee et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Hormone receptor (HR)-positive and HER2-negative breast cancer which is classified as luminal A breast cancer, generally shows favorable prognosis. However, some patients suffer from late recurrence. Given the clinical and molecular heterogeneity of luminal A breast cancer, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance and late relapse [1]. To identify the low-risk luminal A subtype, St. Gallen suggested the reclassification of luminal A breast cancer based on Ki-67 expression [2]. Recently, PR expression has been considered as another criteria for distinguishing the luminal A subtype [3].
p53 is the main regulator of genomic stability through regulation of the cell cycle. Overexpression of p53, which is caused by TP 53 mutation, is the most frequent genetic alteration in breast cancer [4, 5]. Recently, many studies have shown that the expression of p53 mutations differs for each subtype [6] and is related to treatment resistance [7–9]. However, despite the high incidence of genetic alterations in breast cancer, there is no consensus concerning the clinical role of p53 overexpression or even potential clinical applications.
Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine a suitable cut-off value to discriminate the clinical meaning of p53 overexpression and its usefulness as a prognostic factor in each subtype of breast cancer, especially in luminal A breast cancer.
Patients and Methods
Clinicopathologic characteristics
Approval was granted by the Institutional Review Board of Samsung Medical Center (IRB file No. 2014-09-047). To protect the personal information, patient records/information was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic records of patients diagnosed with surgically treated invasive breast cancer at Samsung Medical Center between Dec 1995 and Apr. 2013. During these periods, 7739 patients with complete pathologic data, including tumor size, nuclear grade, multiple tumors, the presence of lymphovascular invasion (LVI), TNM stage, and the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER2, Ki-67 and p53 were included in the analysis. To assess the role of p53 and Ki-67 in luminal A, data for Ki-67 was used from Mar 2003.
Immunohistochemsistry (IHC) staining
Immunohistochemical staining was performed for ER, PR, HER 2, Ki-67 and p53 after surgery for each patient. The Allred score was used to evaluate ER and PR status [10]. The proportion and intensity scores were summed, and tumor cells with a total score of 3–8 were considered ER and PR positive. Scores of 0 and 1 according to IHC were considered negative for HER2 expression and a score of 3 was noted as positive. In the cases of HER2 grade II, HER2 data from FISH assays were recorded. The hot spots of Ki-67 staining (DAKO, clone MIB-1, dilution 1:300) in the cancer cells were counted using a computerized image analysis system (I-SOLUTION DT, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada). Fourteen percent or more was considered as positive as suggestion of St.Gallen [2]. The IHC for p53 was performed using a mouse monoclonal anti-human p53 (clone:BP53.12) antibody (Invitrogen/MD21704USA) at 1:4000 dilution and an the autoimmunostainer (Leica Bond Polymer Refine detection kit/Leica Bond-Max staining system). For assessment of the positivity of immunostaining for each section, only nuclear staining was regarded as positive. We counted tumor cells with clearly brown reaction products in nuclei by monitoring at least 1,000 tumor cells from more than five high power fields where positive cells were present at a relatively uniform density. Two observers evaluated staining results independently and differences in interpretation were resolved by consensus.
Intrinsic subtype classification by IHC
Recently, several studies have reported that the absence of PR is associated with poor prognosis and proposed that PR-negative breast cancer be considered luminal B subtype [3, 11, 12]. Therefore, we classified the patients into four subtype: (luminal A (ER&PR+, HER2-), luminal B (ER+PR- or ER-PR+/HER2- or ER or PR +/HER2+), HER2 enriched (ER-/PR-/HER2+) and triple negative (ER-/PR-/HER2-). To determine the prognostic effect of Ki-67 and p53 expression in luminal A subtype, luminal A was then subclassified by Ki-67 and p53 expression: luminal A (Ki-67-,p53-), luminal A (Ki-67+, p53-), luminal A (Ki-67 -, p53+) and luminal A (Ki-67+, p53+). Low-risk luminal A subtype was defined as negative for both Ki-67 and p53 (luminal A (ki-67-, p53-) and high-risk luminal A subtype was positive for Ki-67 and/or p53 (luminal A (Ki-67+, p53-), luminal A (Ki-67 -, p53+) and luminal A (Ki-67+, p53+)).
Statistical analysis
Comparisons of clinicopathologic characteristics between groups were performed using Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests for categorical variables. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used for univariable and multivariable analyses of prognostic values. To reduce the risk of multicollinearity, some of the closely correlated variables were excluded (TM vs. BCS and radiotherapy, stage and chemotherapy). The strength of the association between these factors were calculated with Cramer's V [13]. Estimation of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) was performed using the Kaplan–Meier method and differences between survival curves were assessed using the log-rank test. The time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method [14] and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated from the ROC curves. The optimal cut-off was chosen as the point with the most significant log-rank P-value for all possible cut-off points. To identify significant clinical factors with Cox’s proportional hazard model, we considered stepwise selection with Akaike’s Information Criterion (AIC). Statistical analysis was executed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and R 3.0.2 (Vienna, Austria; http://www.R-project.org).
Results
Cut-off value of p53 overexpression to predict prognosis (Fig 1)
(A and B) in all patients, and (C and D) in luminal A subtype.
To determine the prognostic role of p53, we first needed to identify the optimal cut-off level of p53 in breast cancer. We calculated the log-rank P-value to choose the optimal cut-off for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). The lowest P-value to predict OS was shown at 10%. For DFS, 35% was the most significant cut-off value; however, 10% of p53 overexpression was also significant (P = 0.000033). The cut-off value for the best predictor in luminal A subtype was also 10% for OS and DFS. Based on these results, we defined negative as absent or ≤10% nuclear staining and positive as > 10% nuclear staining.
The association between overexpression of p53 and clinicopathologic characteristics
The median patient age was 48 years (range 21–90). The median level of Ki-67 was 20.38% (range 0.27–99.86). p53 overexpression was statistically associated with aggressive clinicopathologic features, including higher nuclear grade, advanced pathologic stage, ER and PR negativity and positive HER2 expression. p53 overexpression was most common in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype (56.3% (741/1315)) (Table 1).
From a total of 7739 patients, 3918 (50.6%), 1492 (19.3%), 1014 (13.1%) and 1315 (17.0%) were classified as luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched and TNBC subtypes, respectively. We stratified each subtype by p53 expression and analyzed survival according to p53 expression. Among the four subtypes, the luminal A subtype was only affected by p53 overexpression in OS and DFS (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0232, respectively) (Fig 2).
In this study, the prognostic role of p53 overexpression was only significant in luminal A subtype. As suggested by St.Gallen [2], we re-classified luminal A subtype according to Ki-67 expression. In addition to Ki-67 expression, we evaluated the prognostic role of 53 overexpression in luminal A subtype. Luminal A was subclassified into luminal A (Ki-67-,p53-), luminal A (Ki-67-, p53+), luminal A (Ki-67 +, p53-) and luminal A (Ki-67+, p53+). With the addition of one more criterion (p53 overexpression), we determined the low-risk luminal A subtype that showed the best clinical outcome to be that not expressing either Ki-67 or p53 (luminal A (Ki-67-, p53-) (Fig 3).
Prognostic role of Ki-67 and p53 overexpression with regard to disease progression in luminal A breast cancer
We calculated the predictive power of Ki-67, p53 and the combination (Ki-67 and p53) with the area under curve (AUC) with regard to disease progression in luminal A breast cancer. In the prediction of OS, the combination of Ki-67 and p53 showed the best performance, especially for long-term survival. The predictive power of p53 alone or in combination with Ki-67 was superior to that of Ki-67 alone for long-term overall survival (Fig 4A). In the prediction of DFS, the combination of Ki-67 and p53 was superior to that of either p53 or Ki-67 alone; however, the difference in AUC between Ki-67 alone or in combination with p53 was very small. This indicates that Ki-67 alone is a good predictor of DFS (Fig 4B).
(A) overall survival, (B) disease-free survival.
To know the clinicopathologic factors which predict the prognosis in luminal A subgroup, we performed univariable analysis with Cox-regression analysis. Performing total mastectomy, presence of LVI, higher nuclear grade, high pathologic stage, expression of Ki-67 and p53 were associated with poor outcomes (OS and DFS) (Tables 2 and 3) in univariable analysis. Performing chemotherapy and radiotherapy were not associated with OS. However, performing chemotherapy raised the recurrence ironically in univariable analysis (Table 3). It was probably because of high incidence of chemotherapy in high stage disease. Because endocrine therapy is standard treatment in the luminal A subgroup, there were only 17 patients who did not receive endocrine therapy. Cox-regression analysis of performing endocrine therapy in OS was not possible because there were no events in the group of no endocrine therapy. Endocrine therapy did not affect recurrence (Table 3).
We performed multivariable Cox analysis with stepwise selection to test the usefulness of p53 and Ki-67 and found pathologic factors to be another predictor of OS and DFS. To reduce the risk of multicollinearity, some of the closely correlated variables were excluded for multivariable analysis. The strength of the association between these factors were calculated with Cramer's V [13]. The score of Cremer’s V were 0.7670 (operation methods and radiotherapy) and 0.6081 (stage and chemotherapy). These values imply strong associations between two factors [13]. The final model for OS included pathologic stage, Ki-67 and p53 overexpression. The other factors (NG, LVI and total mastectomy) that were significant in univariable analysis were statistically correlated with each other but were not significant in multivariable Cox analysis (Table 2). The values of AUC over time improved after accounting for disease stage (Fig 5A). After four years of follow-up, the predictive power of the combined measure was better than that of Ki-67 alone (Fig 5A). For DFS, Ki-67, p53, type of operation (TM vs. BCS), presence of LVI, NG and pathologic stage were included in multivariable Cox analysis (Table 3). Overexpression of p53 was not superior to Ki-67 expression in the prediction of DFS (Fig 5B).
(A) overall survival, (B) disease-free survival.
Discussion
In the present study, we identified a prognostic role of p53 overexpression in luminal A (ER+/PR+/HER2-) subtype. With Ki-67 and p53 overexpression, we discriminated the lower risk group of luminal A subtype, which showed the best outcomes. In addition to Ki-67, including p53 overexpression in luminal A breast cancer analysis was more predictive of overall survival, especially long-term survival.
Based on our data, we considered a positive result to be a greater than 10% nuclear staining with p53. With this cut-off value, 28.8% (2227/7739) of total patients and 11.5% (450/2918) of luminal A subtype patients showed p53 overexpression. There have been several previous studies reporting various definitions and rates of overexpression of p53. Some reports have used a scoring system [15–17], positive staining of mutant p53 in a single cancer cell [18] or various cut-off points based on the percent of immunohistochemical staining [8, 12, 19–22]. The reported p53 overexpression rate ranged widely from 14% to 44% [8, 12, 20, 21]. Many studies have used a p53 cut-off value of 10% [8, 12, 19, 20, 22], but few studies provide a reason for the chosen cut-off point. Therefore, in this study, we determined the proper cut-off value to predict the clinical outcomes in 7739 breast cancer patients. Concordant with results from other studies, we observed that the best clinical prediction value was at a p53 overexpression rate of 10% (lowest P-value for OS and significant DFS) (Fig 1). We also determined the best cut-off value in luminal A breast cancer. Kikuchi et al. reported a 50% cut-off value of p53 overexpression in luminal A subtype [21]. In our study, 10% was a cut-off value for best predictive value in luminal A subtype breast cancer.
Overexpression of p53 has been associated with aggressive features of tumor-like presence such as LVI, high nuclear grade, advanced stage, negative HR status and positive HER2 expression (Table 1). Many studies have shown similar results [8, 11, 12, 15, 18, 21–24].
The prognostic significance of p53 overexpression in breast cancer has been reported in several studies [12, 15–17, 22]. In the present study, p53 overexpression was related to poor prognosis in luminal A subtype but not in other subtypes. Many studies have reported that p53-overexpressing luminal subtype breast cancer showed significantly poor prognosis [8, 9, 11, 12, 17, 19, 21, 23]. The prognostic role of p53 overexpression has been shown in diverse clinical settings; pre- [12, 24] and post-menopausal [23] and node-negative [11] and node-positive [20] patients, neoadjuvant setting [22] and metastatic breast cancer [17]. The role of p53 overexpression as a predictive factor in breast cancer has also been suggested. Several studies have suggested that there is a relationship between p53 overexpression and endocrine therapy resistance and/or higher chemotherapy sensitivity [8, 9, 12, 17, 19, 22]. However, Lara et al. [20] showed that p53 overexpression was not a useful predictor of benefit from doxorubicin dose escalation or the addition of paclitaxel in node-positive patients. The poor outcomes of p53-expressing luminal A breast cancer in our study also supports a role of endocrine therapy resistance due to p53 overexpression.
Approximately 60–70% of human breast cancers express hormone receptors (HRs). Although HR-positive breast cancers classified as luminal subtype generally show favorable prognosis, this subtype also often shows late recurrence [25]. Luminal A breast cancer is a molecularly and clinically heterogeneous disease; nonetheless, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying treatment resistance and late relapse [1]. Recently, there have been several efforts to identify low- and high-risk HR-positive breast cancer. Gene tests like MammaPrint, Oncotype DX and PAM50 offer further assessment of risk of recurrence and help in determining the best treatment plan in breast cancer. However, molecular classification for clinical decision-making is limited by high cost. Many researchers have shown a close correlation between the genetic test and the established prognostic marker. Higher Oncotype Dx scores have been shown to be related to high-grade tumor, high Ki-67, negative PR and positive HER2 expression [26–29]. Cuzick et al. also suggested a new score system (IHC4 score) with an immunohistochemical panel of ER, PR, HER2 and Ki67 in conjunction with standard clinicopathological parameters. This score system provides similar prognostic information to the recurrence score in HR+ breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy [30]. Therefore, in practice, instead of expensive genetic testing, immunohistochemical panels could be used as surrogates to identify intrinsic breast cancer subtype. Traditionally, breast cancers are classified by ER, PR and HER2 expression into four subtypes; luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched and TNBC. Among the subtypes, luminal A subtype was re-classified with Ki-67 expression as suggested by St. Gallen [2]. Recently, PR expression was considered to be another criterion for distinguishing the luminal A subtype [3]. In the present study, we defined the luminal subtype based on the expression of both ER and PR. In addition to the prognostic role of Ki-67 and PR, we observed an additional role of p53 overexpression in distinguishing low-risk luminal A subtype.
In the present study, we showed that the combined expression of p53 and Ki-67 was better at discriminating the low-risk luminal A subtype than was expression of Ki-67 or p53 alone (Figs 4 and 5). Several studies have also shown that using overexpression of Ki67 in conjunction with that of p53 is prognostically informative in luminal A subtype breast cancer [11, 17, 19]. We investigated the role of p53 overexpression in luminal A subtype according to disease progression. We found that Ki-67 expression predicted overall survival throughout the course of disease, especially during early periods. The value of AUC increased further when Ki-67 was used in conjunction with p53 (Fig 4). As shown in Fig 4, the predictive power of the combined parameters was still superior to each individually after three years. With TNM staging, which is the traditional predictor, the AUC level increased to 0.8 (Fig 5). This is clinically important for luminal A subtype because of the unique characteristics of this subtype. Unlike other breast cancer subtypes that recur early, usually within five years, the recurrence in luminal breast cancers occurs until late periods [25, 31]. Despite the high incidence of genetic alterations in breast cancer, there is no consensus concerning the clinical role of p53 overexpression. We focused our attention on the association between p53 overexpression and prognosis in luminal A subtype group. Distinguishing the low-risk luminal A group is very important. It would be clinically significant if we could discriminate the patients who might gain an advantage from the anti-hormonal therapy than the usage of chemotherapy with the conventional IHC methods, even in node-positive luminal A patients. Conversely, if we know the high risk luminal A subgroup, we could consider more intensive or longer adjuvant therapy. Several studies also suggested the relationship between p53 overexpression and endocrine therapy resistance and/or higher chemotherapy sensitivity which is in accordance with our results [8, 9, 12, 17, 19, 22]. We think that IHC of p53 overexpression is relatively easy and useful method to help the discrimination of low risk luminal A subtype.
There are some limitations to this study. In our results, we could see the different results of p53 overexpression in DFS and OS. It is probably because of characteristics of breast cancer which survive long even after recurrence. As seen in our results of p53 which predict the long-term results, therefore, p53 did not show the significance in disease free survival. However, we could not explain the exact reason. Another major limitation of this study was the assessment of p53 mutation by IHC. IHC shows the resulting protein accumulation from p53 mutations. Relying only on IHC staining may result in lack of detection of important activation or inactivation within the p53 gene. However, checking of p53 overexpression with IHC is relatively cheap and the use of this easy indicator is also an advantage of this study. The strengths of this study include the relatively large sample size and data completeness. Ahn et al. reported on the prognostic role of p53 overexpression in a large series of 10073 patients who were registered with the Korean Breast Cancer Registry System (KBCRS) [8]. As indicated by Ahn et al., one pitfall of their data was incompleteness because of the inherent limitation of using data from multiple institutes. In contrast to previous studies that do not show the reason for the cut-off value of p53 overexpression, we demonstrated the proper cut-off value and supported it with data. By analyzing the effect of p53 overexpression over time, we were able to discriminate the low-risk luminal A subtype that is predicted to have good long-term survival. To our knowledge, the present study is the first report suggesting a long-term prognostic effect of combined p53 overexpression and Ki-67 expression in luminal A subtype.
Conclusion
In this study, we showed that the overexpression of p53 with Ki-67 could discriminate the low-risk luminal A subtype in breast cancer. Therefore, the combination of p53 and Ki-67 in discriminating low-risk luminal A breast cancer may improve the prognostic power and provide the greatest clinical utility.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SKL SJN SYB JHL SWK JEL. Performed the experiments: SKL JHL HCL HWY WHK SWK. Analyzed the data: SKL SJN SYB JEL. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SKL SJN SYB JEL. Wrote the paper: SKL SJN JEL. Proofread or rechecked the manuscript: SKL JHL HCL HWY WHK SWK.
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