Figures
Abstract
Aims
To determine the prevalence and clinicopathological characteristics of BRAF V600E mutation and HER2 exon 20 insertions in Chinese lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) patients.
Methods
Given the fact that the driver mutations are mutually exclusive in lung ADCs, 204 EGFR/KRAS wild-type cases were enrolled in this study. Direct Sanger sequencing was performed to examine BRAF V600E and HER2 exon 20 mutations. The association of BRAF and HER2 mutations with clinicopathological characteristics was statistically analyzed.
Results
Among the 204 lung ADCs tested, 11 cases (5.4%) carried HER2 exon 20 insertions and 4 cases (2.0%) had BRAF V600E mutation. HER2 mutation status was identified to be associated with a non-smoking history (p<0.05). HER2 mutation occurs in 9.4% of never smokers (10/106), 8.7% of female (8/92) and 2.7% of male (3/112) in this selected cohort. All four BRAF mutated patients were women and three of them were never-smokers. No HER2 mutant patients harbor BRAF mutation.
Conclusions
HER2 and BRAF mutations identify a distinct subset of lung ADCs. Given the high prevalence of lung cancer and the availability of targeted therapy, Chinese lung ADC patients without EGFR and KRAS mutations are recommended for HER2 and BRAF mutations detection, especially for those never smokers.
Citation: Shan L, Qiu T, Ling Y, Guo L, Zheng B, Wang B, et al. (2015) Prevalence and Clinicopathological Characteristics of HER2 and BRAF Mutation in Chinese Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma. PLoS ONE 10(6): e0130447. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130447
Editor: Karl X. Chai, University of Central Florida, UNITED STATES
Received: February 13, 2015; Accepted: May 19, 2015; Published: June 23, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Shan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This work was supported by the Youth Backbone Program (to JY) of Cancer Hospital, CAMS, Beijing, China (http://www.cicams.ac.cn/), National Natural Science Foundation of China (to LS), Grant No. 81402464 (http://www.nsfc.gov.cn/), and the National Key Scientific and Technological Project (to JY), Grant No. 2011ZX09307-001-01 (http://www.most.gov.cn/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide [1]. Adenocarcinoma (ADC), the most common type of lung cancer, is diagnosed in 1 million patients each year [2]. Targeted therapies have been succeeded in a subset of lung ADC patients with driver oncogenic mutations [3,4]. Currently a higher than 50% estimated frequency of actionable oncogenic drivers have been identified in lung ADCs. Sensitizing EGFR mutations occur in 30% -50% of Asian lung ADC patients, who are potential responders for EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) treatment. ALK and ROS1 rearrangements, targeted by crizontinib, appear in approximately 6%-10% of lung ADC patients. Testing for somatic EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements is now in clinical routine for advanced lung ADC patients. Another two actionable targets, BRAF and HER2 mutations, have been identified in approximately 3% and 2% of lung ADC patients, respectively [5–7]. Vemurafenib, the selective BRAF kinase inhibitors, has been approved and succeed for the treatment of melanoma patients harboring BRAF V600E mutation. It provided a rationale for testing BRAF mutation in lung ADC patients. Very recently, dramatic response of Vemurafenib and Dabrafenib treatment has been observed in lung ADC patients with BRAF V600E mutation [8–10]. Meanwhile, HER2 exon 20 insertions in lung ADC patients were identified to indicate efficacy of HER2-targeted drugs, i.e. trastuzumab and afatinib [11,12]. As a result, the importance of screening for BRAF and HER2 mutations in lung ADC patients is recognized in clinical practice. However, as only a few patients would harbor the BRAF and HER2 mutations, it is not plausible to examine these mutations in all lung ADC patients. Although efforts have been made to identify the clinicopathological factors of the lung ADC patients harboring the BRAF or HER2 mutations, the studies were performed predominately on white and Japanese patients [7,11,13–16]. For Chinese lung ADC patients, HER2 and BRAF mutations have been selectively examined in never-smokers [17–19]. Given the fact that the epidemiology and clinical behaviors of lung cancer is different between East Asians and Caucasians [20], we examined the BRAF V600E mutation and HER2 exon 20 insertions in Chinese lung ADC patients in order to determine the frequency of these two mutations and identify their clinicopathological characteristics.
Materials and Methods
Patient selection
All included patients had received curative surgery and diagnosed as primary lung ADC. Mutation testing of EGFR and KRAS genes had been routinely performed for all the samples at the Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS), Beijing, China. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained (HE) sections of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue were reviewed for each sample to identify the section with the highest tumor density (at least 50% tumor content). Genomic DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Mini Tissue kit (Qiagen, Germany) following the manufacturer’s standard protocol. Clinical testing for EGFR was carried out using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) (Beijing ACCB Biotech Ltd., China) for the detection of small indels in exons 19 and 20, the G719X mutation in exon18, the T790M mutation in exon 20 and the L858R and L861Q mutation in exon 21. KRAS testing was performed using qRT-PCR for the detection of the G12X and G13D mutations (Beijing ACCB Biotech Ltd., China). All DNA samples were kept in -80°C freezer after the mutation testing for long-term storage and the EGFR and KRAS mutation status were recorded electronically. According to the record, 215 cases were negative for EGFR (exons 18–21) and KRAS (G12 and G13) mutations between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012. Two hundred and four cases had enough stored DNA for HER2 and BRAF mutation analysis. The clinicopathological records of these patients were retrospectively collected from the Department of Pathology, CAMS, including sex, age, smoking history, tumor size, histological subtype, pT, pN and pTNM stages. Two of the most predominant histological subtypes for each tumor were used to further analysis. This study is retrospective and the data were analyzed anonymously. No images and private information of the patients were released. The Institute Review Board of the Cancer Hospital, CAMS, agreed to waive the need for consent for this study and approved the study protocol.
BRAF and HER2 mutation analysis
BRAF V600E and HER2 exon 20 mutation analysis was carried out using direct Sanger sequencing. Briefly, the BRAF V600E mutation was examined though amplifying the exon 15 using forward primer, 5’- TCATAATGCTTGCTCTGATAGGA-3’ and reverse primer, 5’- GGCCAAAAATTTAATCAGTGGA-3’. The entire coding region of HER2 exon 20 was amplified using forward primer, 5’- GCCATGGCTGTGGTTTGTGATGG-3’ and reverse primer, 5’-ATCCTAGCCCCTTGTGGACATAGG-3’. The Refseq accession number for HER2 gene analyzed in this study is NM_001289937.
Statistical analysis
The statistical analysis of the tumors’ size and age was carried out using Student’s t tests. The values are shown as mean ± SD. The relationship between HER2 mutation and clinicopathological variables was analyzed with the chi-square test. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05.
Results
BRAF and HER2 mutations
According to the known mutually exclusive nature of driver mutations, 204 lung ADC cases without activating EGFR (exons 18–21) and KRAS (G12 and G13) mutations were selected for BRAF and HER2 mutation analysis. Among the 204 lung ADCs tested, 11 cases (5.4%) were with HER2 exon 20 insertions and 4 cases (2.0%) were identified with BRAF V600E mutation. All HER2 mutations in exon 20 were in-frame insertions ranged from 3 to 12 bp between codon 775 and 780 (Fig 1). The 12 bp insertion was the most common mutation (45.5%, 5/11). All these cases showed a duplication/insertion of 4 amino acids (YVMA) at codon 775. The 3 bp insertion at codon 776 was the second most common mutation (36.4%, 4/11). This insertion resulted in a replacement of codon 776 (G) by 2 amino acids (VC). Two cases (18.2%, 2/11) were identified with 9 bp insertion and resulted in a duplication/insertion of 3 amino acids (GSP) at codon 780.
(A) Wild-type sequence. (B) A 12-bp duplication/insertion of the amino acid sequence YVMA between codon 776 and 779. (C) A 3-bp insertion of the amino acid sequence VC at codon 776. (D) A 9-bp insertion of the amino acid GSP between codon 781 and 783.
Clinicopathological characteristics of patients with HER2 or BRAF mutations in EGFR/KRAS wild-type lung ADCs
The clinicopathological characteristics of the HER2 and BRAF mutations in EGFR/KRAS wild-type lung ADCs are summarized in Table 1. Compared to HER2 wild-type group, although not significant, the patients with HER2 mutations tend to be more in women (8/11) than men (3/11). All BRAF mutations occurred in women (4/4) in this cohort. In 92 female patients, 13% of them carried either HER2 or BRAF mutations. Patients with HER2 mutations were more likely to be never smoker (90.9%, 10/11) compared to ever smoker (9.1%, 1/11) (p<0.05). In 106 never smokers, 12.3% of patients carried either HER2 or BRAF mutant tumors. There were no significant differences of HER2 or BRAF mutations regarding tumor size, pT, pN factors or pTNM stages. The predominant histological subtype of HER2 mutated patients was acinar in 10/11 (90.9%) of cases, solid pattern in 6/11 (54.5%), papillary in 4/11 (36%), and micropapillary in 4/11 (36%). No HER2 mutant patients harbor BRAF mutation.
Discussion
HER2 and BRAF genes represent relatively new biomarkers for NSCLC. HER2 (also known as EGFR2, ERBB2 or NEU) belongs to the ERBB family. Like other family members, HER2 is structurally constituted by three domains: an extracellular domain responsible for ligand binding and homo/heterodimers formation, a transmembrane domain that makes a single pass through the plasma membrane and a tyrosine kinase (TK) domain responsible for activation of two key signaling pathways, namely, the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway, which stimulates proliferation, and the PI3K/Akt pathway, which promotes tumor cell survival. HER2 mutations occur in the TK domain to cause a conformational change, which lead to an increased kinase activity compared to the wild-type form. Both in-vitro and in-vivo studies have confirmed the oncogenic potential of these mutations [21–23]. Given the fact that the driver mutations are mutually exclusive in lung ADCs [13,24], we selected 204 cases negative for the activating EGFR and KRAS mutations in this study. The frequency of HER2 exon 20 mutations was 5.4% in this cohort. The incidence of HER2 mutations has been reported previously to range from 1% to 6% in NSCLC, and the vast majority of HER2 mutations were represented by a 12 bp duplication/insertion of the amino acid sequence YVMA in exon 20 at codon 776 [7,11,13,25,26]. The highest frequency described was 5% in EGFR/KRAS wild-type and 6% in EGFR/KRAS/ALK wild-type populations, respectively [13]. In Chinese lung ADC patients, HER2 mutation was identified in 6% of never-smokers [18]. Although the incidence of HER2 mutation in EGFR/KRAS wild-type NSCLC patients in this study was similar to others in white patients, there is a difference regarding the frequencies of different mutation subtypes. The most common mutation subtype of HER2 was still the 12 bp duplication/insertion of the amino acid sequence YVMA in exon 20 at codon 776 in this study, however, the frequency of this mutation subtype (45.5%) was lower compared to other studies in white patients (~80%). The result in this study could not compare to those performed on Asian lung ADC patients, in which the detailed information of insertion site in exon 20 of HER2 gene was absent [7,17,18,27]. In vitro studies have shown that tumor cells harboring the most prevalent HER2YVMA are able to activate EGFR in a ligand-independent fashion and irrespective of the presence of an activating EGFR mutation [22,28]. In addition, the tumor cells harboring HER2YVMA mutations have been demonstrated to be resistant to reversible EGFR-TKIs such as gefitinib and erlotinib, while they remain sensitive to HER2 and dual EGFR/HER2 inhibitors [28]. In the largest published series, Mazieres et al. reported an impressive response rate of nearly 60% for HER2YVMA mutation positive subjects receiving trastuzumab and chemotherapy [11]. However, it is still not clear if other two mutations, HER2V and HER2GSP, would benefit from trastuzumab. Thus, further clinical trials are required.
Based on published studies, the presence of HER2 mutations seems associated with female gender and never smokers in lung ADC patients [11,29,30]. In this study, HER2 mutations were confirmed to be associated with never smokers (90.9%, 10/11) (p<0.05) and more in women than men (72.7% vs. 27.3%). In this EGFR/KRAS wild-type lung ADC patient cohort, HER2 mutation occurs in 9.4% of never smokers (10/106), 8.7% of female (8/92) and 2.7% of male (3/112).
BRAF mutations have been reported in 2% to 4.9% of white patients and less than 1% of Asian patients with NSCLC [6,14,19,25,31,32]. In this selected patient cohort, the frequency of BRAF mutation only reached to 2% (4/204). Therefore, it seems that BRAF mutation is more common in the white NSCLC patients than in the Asian. Due to the low frequency, there is no agreement so far regarding BRAF mutations associated clinicopathological characteristics including sex and smoking history. In a study with the largest series of patients with BRAF mutant lung cancers, most patients were identified to be heavy smokers [33]. However, in this study, all four BRAF mutated patients are female and three of them are never-smokers.
In summary, HER2 and BRAF mutations identify a distinct subset of lung ADCs. In Chinese EGFR/KRAS wild-type lung ADCs, 7.4% of the patients and 12.3% of never smokers carry HER2 or BRAF mutations. Given the high prevalence of lung cancer and the availability of targeted therapy, Chinese lung ADC patients without EGFR and KRAS mutations are recommended for HER2 and BRAF mutations detection, especially for those never smokers.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: LS JY. Performed the experiments: LS TQ YL LG BZ BW WL LL. Analyzed the data: LS JY. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: LS BZ BW. Wrote the paper: LS JY.
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