Figures
Abstract
Objectives
The aim of this study was to investigate the combined usefulness of platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in predicting the long-term adverse events in patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a drug-eluting stent (DES).
Methods
798 patients with stable angina, unstable angina and non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) who underwent elective successful PCI with DES were consecutively enrolled. The value of PLR and NLR in predicting adverse coronary artery disease (CAD) events and the correlations between these markers and adverse events (all-cause mortality, cardiac death, and nonfatal myocardial infarction) were analyzed.
Results
The follow-up period was 62.8 ± 28.8 months. When patients were classified into four groups according to the optimal cut-off values for the PLR and NLR on receiver operating characteristic analysis, patients with a high PLR (>128) and high NLR (>2.6) had the highest occurrence of adverse events among the groups. On Cox multivariate analysis, the NLR >2.6 [hazard ratio (HR) 2.352, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.286 to 4.339, p = 0.006] and the PLR >128 (HR 2.372, 95% CI 1.305 to 3.191, p = 0.005) were independent predictors of long-term adverse events after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. Moreover, both a PLR >128 and a NLR >2.6 were the strongest predictors of adverse events (HR 2.686, 95% CI 1.452 to 4.970, p = 0.002).
Citation: Cho KI, Ann SH, Singh GB, Her A-Y, Shin E-S (2015) Combined Usefulness of the Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting the Long-Term Adverse Events in Patients Who Have Undergone Percutaneous Coronary Intervention with a Drug-Eluting Stent. PLoS ONE 10(7): e0133934. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133934
Editor: Antonio Abbate, Virginia Commonwealth University, UNITED STATES
Received: April 17, 2015; Accepted: July 2, 2015; Published: July 24, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Cho et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Previous studies have shown that inflammatory response plays an important role in the progression and destabilization of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases [1,2]. Among the various inflammatory markers, the white blood cell count and its subtypes are associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors [3,4]. Recently, the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which is inexpensive, routinely used, reproducible, and widely available in most hospitals, has been proven to be an important inflammatory marker and potential predictor of cardiovascular risk [5,6]. Although patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) show a strong association between NLR and cardiovascular events including all-cause mortality, few studies have shown an association between NLR and adverse clinical outcomes in patients undergoing elective cardiac revascularization [7–9]. As increased platelet activation plays a major role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis [10], recent studies have also shown the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) to be a new inflammatory marker and predictor of adverse outcomes in various cardiovascular diseases [11–13]. Moreover, a high pre-procedural PLR is reported to be a significant independent predictor of long-term mortality in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) [14,15]. The combined usefulness of PLR and NLR in predicting the long-term adverse events in coronary artery disease (CAD), however, has not been sufficiently evaluated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the combined usefulness of PLR and NLR in predicting the long-term clinical outcomes in patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with a drug-eluting stent (DES).
Materials and Methods
Study population
All consecutive eligible patients hospitalized at our institution between March 2003 and August 2007 due to stable angina pectoris or ACS (unstable angina and non-ST elevated myocardial infarction, NSTEMI) who underwent successful PCI with DES were retrospectively enrolled in this study. NSTEMI was defined as an increased value for cardiac troponin-T or CK-MB defined as a measurement exceeding the 99th percentile of a normal reference population on first assessment and at 6–9 hours later together with symptoms of ischemia, without typical ST elevation in electrocardiography [16].
Patients with systemic diseases and on treatments potentially affecting the white blood cell count, including hematological disorders, malignancies, chemotherapy treatment, evidence of concomitant inflammatory disease, acute infection, chronic inflammatory conditions, history of corticosteroid therapy in the preceding 3 months, history of previous PCI or coronary artery bypass graft, secondary hypertension, heart failure, history of chronic renal or hepatic disease, and cerebrovascular disease were excluded from the study. We defined chronic renal disease as eGFR< 30 ml/min/1.73m2. Out of the 994 eligible patients, 187 patients undergoing primary PCI for ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) and 6 patients with unavailable laboratory data were excluded. Three patients were lost to follow-up after discharge from the hospital. Therefore, the remaining cohort consisted of 798 patients. This study protocol was approved by the Ulsan University Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB) ethics committee and written informed consent was obtained from all participants.
Study procedures
Complete blood counts, which included the total white blood cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and platelets, were obtained from venous sampling at the time of admission. Cardiac enzymes (CK-MB and high sensitivity troponin T), glucose, creatinine, lipid profiles, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were also measured in all patients. The PLR was calculated as the ratio of the platelet count to the lymphocyte count and the NLR was calculated as the ratio of the neutrophil count to the lymphocyte count. All patients were evaluated for the presence of cardiovascular risk factors.
All patients received a 200 mg loading dose of aspirin, a 300 mg or 600 mg loading dose of clopidogrel at least 12 hours before the DES implantation, and an intravenous dose of unfractionated heparin (8000 IU or 100 IU/kg) after arterial puncture. Stents were implanted according to standard techniques. A successful PCI was defined as the attainment of an angiographic residual stenosis diameter of less than 30% and an antegrade flow of TIMI 3. Post PCI patients without contraindications remained on aspirin indefinitely and clopidogrel for at least 12 months.
Study definitions and endpoints
The primary endpoints were all-cause mortality, cardiac death, and nonfatal MI. Secondary outcomes were stroke, target vessel revascularization (TVR) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) based on the Academic Research Consortium (ARC) definition [17]. Cardiac death was defined as death resulting from an evident cardiac cause or any death related to PCI. Nonfatal MI was defined according to the European Society of Cardiology, American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), and World Heart Federation definitions [16]. TVR was defined as any clinically-driven repeat PCI or surgical bypass of any segment within the entire epicardial coronary artery containing the target lesion. TLR was defined as any clinically driven repeat revascularization caused by a 50% stenosis within the stent or within a 5-mm border proximal or distal to the stent.
Statistical analysis
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the evaluation of variable distribution. Continuous data with normal distributions were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, while categorical data is presented as the number of patients (%). The Chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical variables. We compared demographic characteristics and variables among the four groups using ANOVA tests for continuous variables and the Tukey method for post-hoc analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to differentiate the ability of the PLR and NLR to predict adverse events (all-cause mortality, cardiac death, nonfatal MI). Cutoff values, sensitivity, and specificity were derived for each parameter. Survival curves were constructed based on cumulative incidences with Kaplan–Meier estimates and compared using the log rank test. The efficacy of the PLR and NLR in predicting adverse events was analyzed by univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analyses adjusted for the variables with a significance level of p < 0.10 in univariate analysis. The statistical significance threshold was set at p < 0.05. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
A total of 798 patients (64% male, mean age 60.7 ± 10.1 years, age range 29–86 years) were included in the study and the median follow-up period was 62.8 ± 28.8 months. In total 51 adverse events occurred during the follow-up period, 5 adverse events occurred in 90 patients with stable angina and 46 adverse events occurred in 708 ACS patients (562 patients with unstable angina and 146 patients with NSTEMI). Among the 798 patients, 706 patients completed 1 year follow-up (92 patients were under 1 year and there were 16 deaths). Thirty-six patients had between 1–2 years follow-up, and a total of 670 patients completed both the 1 year and 2 years follow-up. Patients lost to follow-up (n = 112) were excluded from the analysis.
On ROC analysis, the PLR and NLR were found to have the largest area under the curve (AUC = 0.605, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.570 to 0.639, p = 0.018 and AUC = 0.633, 95% CI 0.599 to 0.667, p = 0.003, respectively) with an optimal PLR cut-off value of 128 (sensitivity 56%, specificity 65%) and an optimal NLR cut-off value of 2.6 (sensitivity 52%, specificity 75%) for predicting adverse events.
Patients were classified into four groups based on the optimal cut-off values of the PLR and NLR: a low PLR and a low NLR (PLR <128, NLR <2.6, n = 438), a high PLR and a low NLR (PLR >128, NLR <2.6, n = 147), a low PLR and a high NLR (PLR <128, NLR >2.6, n = 70), and a high PLR and a high NLR (PLR >128, NLR >2.6, n = 143). Table 1 shows the baseline clinical characteristics of the study population according to the four groups while Table 2 shows the laboratory findings for each group. Baseline characteristics and clinical data were similar among groups except that patients with a high PLR and a high NLR who were significantly older, were less likely to be a current smoker, had a lower BMI, higher hs-CRP, higher creatinine, lower eGFR, and lower triglycerides (Tables 1 and 2). Although patients with a high PLR and a high NLR have significantly reduced LV ejection fraction compared to the other groups (Table 1), LV ejection fraction was within normal values in all groups.
Medications prior to PCI, both during the in-hospital period and at discharge, including antiplatelets (aspirin and/or clopidogrel), beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, and statins, were similar among the groups. The angiographic characteristics based on groups are shown in Table 3, and there were no significant differences in the presence of ACC/AHA B2C lesions, number of stents, type of stents, stent length, and stent diameter among the groups.
All-cause mortality, cardiac death, and nonfatal MI, as well as the composite primary endpoints, were significantly higher in patients with a high PLR and high NLR compared to the patients with a low PLR and low NLR (Table 4, Fig 1). There were no significant differences in TLR and TVR among the groups. Table 5 shows that both the NLR and PLR were significantly associated with age, body mass index, hs-CRP, stent diameter, all-cause mortality, and cardiac death. LV ejection fraction and nonfatal MI were only significantly associated with NLR.
Kaplan–Meier analysis revealed poor long-term survival and clinical outcomes in patients with a high PLR (PLR >128) (Fig 2A, hazard ratio HR 2.414, 95% CI 1.360 to 4.287, p = 0.0013) and a high NLR (NLR >2.6) (Fig 2B, HR 2.983, 95% CI 1.594 to 5.583, p <0.001). When patients with a combined high PLR and high NLR were examined, an even higher HR was observed (Fig 2C, HR 3.996, 95% CI 1.872 to 8.528, p <0.001). On Cox univariate analysis showed that hs-CRP (p = 0.002), NLR (p< 0.001), PLR (p = 0.07), eGFR (p < 0.001), LV ejection fraction (p < 0.001), hypertension (p = 0.003) and DM (p = 0.030) were significant predictors. On Cox multivariate analysis, a high NLR > 2.6 (HR, 2.352, 95% CI, 1.286 to 4.339, p = 0.006) and a high PLR >128 (HR 2.372, 95% CI 1.305 to 3.191, p = 0.005) were found to be independent predictors of long-term adverse events, and the combination of a high PLR and NLR was the strongest predictor of adverse events (HR 2.686, 95% CI 1.452 to 4.970, p = 0.002, Table 6). Additional significant independent predictors were increased hs-CRP, presence of hypertension and reduced LV ejection fraction (Table 6). When we performed sensitivity analysis separately for stable angina vs. ACS as the multivariate analysis, the results for ACS were consistent with those for the total population, however, for stable angina, none of the parameters are valuable for predicting adverse events (S1 and S2 Tables).
Patients with a high PLR and NLR(C) showed the lowest long-term survival and clinical outcomes compared to the other groups. NLR; neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, PLR; platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio.
Discussion
In the present study, we showed that a high NLR and a high PLR on admission are independent predictors of long-term adverse events after successful PCI with DES in patients with ACS (unstable angina and NSTEMI). Additionally, our results showed that the combination of a high PLR and a high NLR is even more strongly predictive of future adverse events. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the combined usefulness of the PLR and NLR for predicting the long-term adverse outcomes in patients who have undergone PCI with DES.
There has been rapidly growing interest in the association between the NLR and the risk of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing angiography or cardiac revascularization [5–9]. Recently, a meta-analysis of 10 cohort studies showed significant evidence to support the association between a high NLR and an increased risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events [17]. A possible pathophysiological explanation for this relationship is the role of neutrophils in the mediation of the inflammatory response to acute myocardial injury resulting in further tissue damage [7]. Numerous biochemical mechanisms including the release of reactive oxygen species, myeloperoxidase, and proteolytic enzymes facilitate plaque disruption [18,19]. Lymphocytes are involved in the regulatory pathway of the immune system [20] and inflammation increases lymphocyte apoptosis [21]. Therefore, a composite marker of inflammation reflecting high neutrophils and low lymphocytes may provide additive information in the assessment of cardiovascular risk [22]. Most recent trials have targeted the role of the NLR in the long-term outcomes in patients with STEMI undergoing primary PCI [8,9], however, in the present study, we aimed to establish the independent role of the inflammatory markers in cardiovascular outcomes even after elective PCI. So we examined the role of the NLR and PLR in predicting the long-term adverse events in elective patients receiving PCI with DES, and excluded patients with STEMI receiving primary PCI. In our study, we confirmed the predictive value of NLR and PLR in the long term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with unstable angina and NSTEMI, who represent a lesser extent inflammatory response compared to those with STEMI. Taking into consideration the current increase in DES use, our study offers a unique perspective on the combined usefulness of the NLR and PLR in predicting the long-term adverse outcomes of PCI with DES for angina and non-ST-segment elevation MI patients.
Recently, the PLR, another marker of inflammation, has been evaluated as a prognostic marker in many cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, CAD, and occlusive peripheral arterial disease [11–13]. Although the association between the NLR and cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated in numerous studies, the association between the PLR and cardiovascular disease remains unclear, apart from findings from a few clinical studies [14,15, 23,24]. Azab et al. [14] showed that a higher PLR was a significant independent marker of long-term mortality in patients with NSTEMI, while Kurtul et al. [15] showed an association between high PLR and no reflow phenomena in patients undergoing primary PCI [15]. Similar to the NLR, an elevated PLR was also associated with a significant increase in all-cause mortality risk and cardiovascular events after PCI [23, 24]. One possible explanation for the relationship between the PLR and cardiovascular events is an increased inflammatory response. Platelets can increase in number in response to various stimuli such as systemic infection, inflammatory conditions, bleeding, and tumors as acute phase reactants, which can result in the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines that stimulate megakaryocytic proliferation and produce a relative thrombocytosis [25,26]. Higher platelet counts may reflect underlying inflammation and lower lymphocyte counts may represent an uncontrolled inflammatory pathway. Thus, a higher PLR may be a useful inflammatory marker [27]. Another possible mechanism could be that the high platelets represent a prothrombotic state, which is speculated to be a precursor of thrombosis [28]. Higher platelet counts may represent a higher propensity to form platelet-rich thrombi in atherosclerotic plaques, which may lead to worse outcomes. Although the severity of renal insufficiency is known to increase cardiovascular morbidity and mortality [29], the renal insufficiency was not an independent predictor in our study after adjustment of inflammatory markers. The mechanisms by which renal insufficiency adversely affect the poor results of reperfusion therapy of ACS include the stimulation of oxidative stress and inflammation by uremic toxins which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis progression [30]. However, as we excluded patients with a history of chronic renal disease, the impact of renal insufficiency on the long-term outcome has not been clearly elucidated in the present study. Another factor such as the admission or discharge medications which are known to improve survival after MI such as anti-platelets, beta-blockers, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, and statins also did not influence the long-term outcomes in the present study.
Interestingly, from our results, hs-CRP levels were found to be significantly associated with both the NLR and PLR, and were the highest in patients with a high PLR and a high NLR. Moreover, hs-CRP level was also a significant independent predictor for the long-term adverse events in our study. Traditionally, hs-CRP has been well established as an inflammatory marker. However, in our experience, measuring the NLR and PLR is more cost-effective and frequently used than measuring hs-CRP. Considering the thrombosis and inflammation in patients with ACS might be different from those of stable angina [31], we performed sensitivity analysis separately for stable angina vs. ACS as the multivariate analysis, and a high NLR and a high PLR on admission were noted as independent predictors of long-term adverse events after successful PCI with DES only in patients with ACS, and not in those with stable angina.
This study had several limitations. Firstly, the NLR and PLR were based on a single measurement. It would be interesting to see if the NLR and PLR changed over time or if on subsequent tests they remain a predictor of CAD severity. Secondly, despite not crucial to the aim of this study, use of first generation stents only may have been a limitation [32]. Moreover, we did not evaluate the status of HIV infection in our patients, because of the rare prevalence of HIV in Korea. However, considering HIV related inflammation has shown to have a significant influence on the results [33], a lack of these data may be a limitation. More than 10% (n = 112) of the initially enrolled patients were lost to follow-up, and this would be a limitation as well. Finally, we excluded patients with renal or hepatic impairment, previous PCI, coronary artery bypass graft or stroke and therefore, this represents a very selective population.
Conclusions
In conclusion, a high pre-intervention PLR and NLR, especially in combination, are independent predictors of long-term adverse clinical outcomes such as all-cause mortality, cardiac deaths, and myocardial infarction in patients with unstable angina and NSTEMI who underwent successful PCI with DES.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Predictors of composite endpoint (all-cause mortality, cardiac death and non-fatal MI) in patients with unstable angina and non-ST elevated MI by multivariate Cox regression analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133934.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Predictors of composite endpoint (all-cause mortality, cardiac death and non-fatal MI) in patients with stable angina by multivariate Cox regression analysis.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133934.s002
(DOCX)
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: KIC ESS. Performed the experiments: SHA. Analyzed the data: SHA. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: GBS AYH. Wrote the paper: KIC ESS.
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