Figures
Abstract
Introduction
This study investigated the clinical characteristics and predictive factors for developing acute extended radiation pneumonitis with a focus on the presence and radiological characteristics of preexisting interstitial lung disease.
Methods
Of 1429 irradiations for lung cancer from May 2006 to August 2013, we reviewed 651 irradiations involving the lung field. The presence, compatibility with usual interstitial pneumonia, and occupying area of preexisting interstitial lung disease were retrospectively evaluated by pretreatment computed tomography. Cases of non-infectious, non-cardiogenic, acute respiratory failure with an extended bilateral shadow developing within 30 days after the last irradiation were defined as acute extended radiation pneumonitis.
Results
Nine (1.4%) patients developed acute extended radiation pneumonitis a mean of 6.7 days after the last irradiation. Although preexisting interstitial lung disease was found in 13% of patients (84 patients), 78% of patients (7 patients) with acute extended radiation pneumonitis cases had preexisting interstitial lung disease, which resulted in incidences of acute extended radiation pneumonitis of 0.35 and 8.3% in patients without and with preexisting interstitial lung disease, respectively. Multivariate logistic analysis indicated that the presence of preexisting interstitial lung disease (odds ratio = 22.6; 95% confidence interval = 5.29–155; p < 0.001) and performance status (≥2; odds ratio = 4.22; 95% confidence interval = 1.06–20.8; p = 0.049) were significant predictive factors. Further analysis of the 84 patients with preexisting interstitial lung disease revealed that involvement of more than 10% of the lung field was the only independent predictive factor associated with the risk of acute extended radiation pneumonitis (odds ratio = 6.14; 95% confidence interval = 1.0–37.4); p = 0.038).
Citation: Ozawa Y, Abe T, Omae M, Matsui T, Kato M, Hasegawa H, et al. (2015) Impact of Preexisting Interstitial Lung Disease on Acute, Extensive Radiation Pneumonitis: Retrospective Analysis of Patients with Lung Cancer. PLoS ONE 10(10): e0140437. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0140437
Editor: Marc Vooijs, University of Maastricht (UM), NETHERLANDS
Received: May 22, 2015; Accepted: September 25, 2015; Published: October 13, 2015
Copyright: © 2015 Ozawa et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The authors have no support or funding to report.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Classic radiation pneumonitis (cRP) clinically emerges 3–4 months after radiotherapy (RT), and it is restricted to the irradiated area. The dose and area of irradiation have been demonstrated to be related to the severity of cRP, and the proportion of the total lung volume irradiated with >20 Gy (V20) or >30 Gy (V30) and the mean lung dose (MLD) are widely used as predictive markers of symptomatic cRP [1,2]. Being different from cRP, cases of acute radiation pneumonitis, which develop within a few days or weeks after chest irradiation with new-onset bilateral extensive ground glass opacity or infiltration, have been reported [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. Such cases of acute extended radiation pneumonitis (AERP) have been reported using non-standardized definitions and names such as extensive acute lung injury, severe radiation pneumonitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease (ILD), and this condition has remained unexplored collectively.
ILD, including pulmonary fibrosis, has been repeatedly reported to be associated with the risk of lung cancer [12,13,14]. Based on our previous study, the cumulative incidence of lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis is 3.3% after 1 year and 15.4% after 5 years [15], and it is not rare to find preexisting ILD (pre-ILD) in patients with lung cancer. Several studies previously revealed that the presence of pre-ILD is a significant risk factor for severe radiation pneumonitis [4,11,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. However, most of these studies defined radiation pneumonitis as a shadow restricted to the irradiated area or did not refer to the extent of radiological findings. To our knowledge, only Makimoto et al. defined “severe radiation pneumonitis” as a shadow expanded out of the irradiated area and explored risk factors, identifying the presence of pre-ILD as a significant risk factor for “severe radiation pneumonitis.” However, this study included only 111 patients, and it did not evaluate the radiological features of pre-ILD [4].
Of numerous types of ILD, usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) patterns on chest computed tomography (CT) are reported to be associated with the risk for acute exacerbation of ILD in several conditions. According to Kenmotsu et al., patients with UIP-pattern ILD on chest CT had a higher frequency of acute exacerbation of ILD than those with non-UIP-pattern ILD (30% vs. 8%, p = 0.005) [23]. Regarding pulmonary resection, Sugiura et al. reported that 6/49 (13.6%) patients with typical honeycombing, which is reminiscent of the UIP pattern [24], as detected by chest CT, experienced acute exacerbation, in contrast to 0/83 patients (0%) without honeycombing [25]. Although these findings indicated the importance of the pretreatment evaluation of pre-ILD by chest CT, there is little information regarding the association between CT findings of pre-ILD and radiation-associated lung injury. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the clinical characteristics and predictive factors of AERP with a focus on the presence and pretreatment chest CT findings of pre-ILD.
Patients and Methods
Patient population
From May 2006 to August 2013, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with lung cancer who received irradiation at our facility with a curative or palliative intent. Of 1429 irradiations occurring from May 2006 to August 2013, 651 involved irradiation of areas including the lung field with chest CT images taken within 6 months prior to irradiation that were available for evaluation, and thus, patients involved in these irradiations were eligible for inclusion in the current study. For the determination of irradiation of areas including the lung field, we first selected cases involving irradiation of the lungs, mediastinum, thoracic spine, costal bone, chest wall, pleura, breast bone, and scapula and subsequently reviewed the 3-dimensional treatment plans. Medical records were reviewed, and clinical, laboratory, and radiological findings before and after irradiation were collected. The current study was approved by the ethics committee of Seirei Mikatahara General Hospital (#14–3). All clinical investigations were performed according to the principles expressed in the Declaration of Helsinki. The data were collected and analyzed anonymously prior to reporting.
RT and dosimetric parameters
From 2006 to 2010, an integrated RT system, including a 3-dimensional RT treatment planning machine (ECLIPSE Ver. 7.3, Varian Co, CA, USA) and linear accelerator (CLINAC 21EX, Varian Co.), were used for RT. The beam energy was 4 or 10 MV, and RT was prescribed at the isocenter using the Batho Power Law as the calculation algorithm. The treatment planning was based on 5-mm-thick and 5-mm interval CT scans obtained in the treatment position. After 2010, Novalis-Tx (Brain LAB AG, Feldkirchen, Germany) and ECLIPSE Ver. 8.9 were installed and employed, and they used a beam energy of 6 MV. Tissue heterogeneity correction using the analytical anisotropic algorithm was applied. The treatment planning was based on 2.5-mm-thicks and 2.5-mm interval CT scans obtained in the treatment position.
To investigate V20, V30, the lung volume spared from receiving a dose greater than 5 Gy (VS5), and MLD, a dose-volume histogram was calculated directly from the physical dose distribution with preserved data. The total lung volume was defined as the volume of both lungs minus the gross tumor volume. No adjustment for fraction size was performed. Dosimetric parameters are summarized in Table 1.
Diagnosis and scoring of ILD by pretreatment CT images
In total, 2 radiologists and 3 physicians specializing in pulmonology independently evaluated CT scans obtained within 6 months prior to irradiation. The images had been acquired with an axial slice thickness of 3–5 mm. Images with 3 mm thickness were available for 612 cases (94%).
Bilateral independent ground-glass abnormalities, reticular abnormalities, traction bronchiectasis, non-emphysematous cysts, and honeycombing were defined as findings indicative of ILD [24,26]. All patients were classified as having definite or possible ILD or no suspicion of ILD according to the CT findings. Definite ILD was defined as having one or more definite ILD-indicative findings, whereas no suspicion of ILD was defined by the absence of any such findings. The term “possible ILD” was allowed when the judges were unable to establish clear distinctions. Three or more concordant classifications were accepted as final. When only 2 assessors reached an agreement, the more severe category was adopted as the final judgment. Patients judged as having definite or possible ILD were considered to have pre-ILD in subsequent analyses.
In patients with pre-ILD, the radiological finding of ILD was measured by the same 5 specialists. Specifically, the lung area affected by pre-ILD was estimated and classified into 4 grades based on the CT findings as follows: 0–10%, 10–25%, 25–40%, and >40% (Fig 1). Furthermore, compatibility with the UIP pattern was evaluated according to the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society consensus statement of 2011 [27]. According to the recommendation, we ranked all pre-ILDs into 1 of 3 grades: definite UIP, possible UIP, and inconsistent with UIP. All ratings were completed independently without any preliminary knowledge about the patients or other specialists’ decisions.
A), B), and C) were scored as 0–10, 10–25, and 25–40%, respectively.
Definition of AERP
We defined AERP according to the following features: (1) bilateral pulmonary ground-glass or infiltrative shadow that extended out of the irradiated area on both sides; (2) newly emerged during the course of or within 30 days after the completion of irradiation; and (3) absence of other explainable causes excluding irradiation, including pulmonary infection and congestive heart failure. Cases of pulmonary infection were excluded from the study based on the results of blood tests, sputum, and/or blood culture and the response to antibiotics.
Statistical analysis
In patients with and without pre-ILD, clinical characteristics and treatment-related factors including age, sex, smoking status, concurrently administered chemotherapy, World Health Organization performance status (PS), baseline pulmonary function test (% vital capacity [VC]), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1.0), % diffuse lung capacity of carbon monoxide (% DLCO), and pretreatment serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were compared using the χ2 or Mann–Whitney U test. To investigate predictive factors, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with logistic regression models using the following factors: age, sex, pack-year smoking, concurrent systemic chemotherapy, PS (0 or 1 vs. ≥2), irradiation dose per fraction, presence of pre-ILD, area occupied by pre-ILD (<10% vs. ≥10%), UIP compatibility of pre-ILD (definite or possible UIP vs. inconsistent with UIP), purpose of irradiation (radical vs. palliative), target organ (lung or mediastinum vs. others), pretreatment %FVC, pretreatment FEV1.0, and pretreatment serum LDH and CRP levels. The total irradiated dose, the mean lung dose, V20, V30, and VS5 were excluded from predictive factor analysis because irradiation was terminated in 5/9 patients with AERP because AERP developed in the middle of RT. The % DLCO was also excluded from the analysis because of the limited number of patients with available data (n = 232). Factors with a probability (p) value < 0.05 in univariate analysis were included in the multivariate analysis. For all analyses, p values were 2-sided, and p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using the PASW Statistics version 18.0 for Windows software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA).
Results
Background of patients and pre-ILD
The clinical backgrounds of all analyzed patients are shown in Table 1. A total of 84 patients (13%) had pre-ILD. Patients with pre-ILD were significantly older (76 years vs. 70 years, p = 0.002), more commonly male (96% vs. 78%, p < 0.001), more commonly had a history of smoking (92% vs. 80%, p = 0.006), and less commonly had a PS of 0 or 1 (63% vs. 74%, p = 0.046). As predicted, %VC (85.1% vs. 89.5%, p = 0.024), % DLCO (n = 232) (79.2% vs. 93.4%, p = 0.0157) and LDH levels (225 vs. 204, p = 0.0013) were also significantly different compared with those in patients without pre-ILD; however, there was no statistical difference in irradiation including the total dose, target organs, or dosimetric parameters (V20, V30, VS5, and MLD). TheV20, V30, and MLD were comparatively low because of the high ratio of palliative RT. In total, 42% of patients (275 patients) received RT for the purpose of palliation. 24% of patients (155 patients) received stereotactic irradiation. Evaluation of pretreatment chest CT revealed that 81% of patients (68 patients) with pre-ILD had less than 10% lung involvement, and 14 (12 patients) and 5% of patients (4 patients) were estimated to have 10–25 and 25–40% involvement, respectively. No patients had pre-ILD involving more than 40% of the lungs. Regarding UIP compatibility, 8 (7 patients), 81 (68 patients), and 11% (9 patients) of the patients with pre-ILD were estimated to have a definite UIP pattern, a possible UIP pattern, and an inconsistent with UIP pattern, respectively.
Clinical characteristics of AERP
In total, 9 of 651 patients developed AERP (1.4%). Representative CT images and detailed clinical data are shown in Fig 2 and Table 2. All patients with AERP were male, and the mean patient age was 71.6 years. Six patients developed AERP following palliative RT. No cases of AERP were caused by stereotactic irradiation Seven patients with AERP had pre-ILD; 2 and 5 of these patients were evaluated as having definite and possible UIP patterns, respectively. The percent area occupied by ILD was 0–10% in 2 patients, 10–25% in 4 patients, and 25–40% in 1 patient.
A) CT image obtained 7 days before irradiation to the thoracic spine showing a mild sub-pleural interstitial shadow and emphysema. B) CT image showing bilateral extended ground-glass abnormality superimposed on the pretreatment interstitial shadow.
The mean number of days to AERP development from the beginning of RT was 6.7 days. Five patients developed AERP in the middle of an RT, and they were forced to terminate RT, which resulted in a low RT intensity in the patients with AERP; on average, the patients with AERP received a total dose of 30 Gy, V20 and V30 were 7.9 and 4.7%, respectively, and the MLD was 4.3 Gy. These values were 39.7 Gy, 9.8%, 7.0%, and 5.7 Gy, respectively, in patients without AERP. For treating AERP, 7 patients required oral or intravenous administration of corticosteroids, and 3 patients received mechanical ventilation. Six patients with AERP died within 90 days of final irradiation, at least four of whom died of respiratory failure; however, the cause of death in the two remaining patients was unclear.
Predictive factors of AERP
We analyzed predictive factors for AERP development using univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, and the results are shown in Table 3. The multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of ILD (odds ratio [OR] = 22.6; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.29–155; p < 0.001) and PS ≥ 2 (OR = 4.22; 95% CI = 1.06–20.8; p = 0.014) were significant predictive factors for the development of AERP. Further analysis was performed in patients with pre-ILD. Using univariate logistic regression, we found that ILD occupying more than 10% of the lung field (OR = 7.22; 95% CI = 1.43–40.8; p = 0.017) and CRP levels at the initiation of RT (OR = 35.3; 95% CI = 1.38–1241; p = 0.032) were significantly associated with the development of AERP (Table 4). Multivariate analysis of these 2 factors revealed that ILD involving more than 10% of the lung field in patients with pre-ILD was the only independent predictive factor (OR = 6.14; 95% CI = 1.07–37.4, p = 0.038) for the development of AERP.
Discussion
The current study illustrated that 1.4% of 651 RT targeting areas involving lung fields led to the development of AERP. The presence of pre-ILD and PS (≥2) at the beginning of RT were predictive of AERP, and furthermore, pre-ILD occupying more than 10% of the lung field increased the risk of AERP by 6-fold compared to pre-ILD occupying less than 10%. The UIP compatibility of pre-ILD was significantly associated with the risk of AERP.
Although several studies previously reported an association between pre-ILD and radiation pneumonitis [4,11,16,17,18,19,20,21,22], our current study is different regarding 2 points.
First, we analyzed patients with AERP. Previously, Morgan, et al. proposed 2 distinct forms of radiation pneumonitis; cRP and sporadic radiation pneumonitis [28]. cRP is caused by radiation-induced local cytokine production. It is confined to the irradiated area of the lung field, and it leads to fibrosis. Sporadic radiation pneumonitis is caused by an immunologically mediated process resulting in bilateral lymphocytic alveolitis that causes an “out-of-field” response to localized pulmonary irradiation, which resolves without sequelae. Sporadic radiation pneumonitis rarely causes radiological abnormality of the lungs; however, several cases of respiratory failure with bilateral “out-of-field” ground-glass opacity or infiltration have been reported, and the fatal ratio of reported cases was 7–25% despite aggressive treatments including corticosteroids [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. According to these reports, AERP could be considered a severe case of sporadic radiation pneumonitis, and it is not surprising that AERP has its own predictive factors that differ from those of cRP.
Second, we explored the impact of CT findings of pre-ILD. Although the association between UIP compatibility and chemotherapy- or pulmonary resection-related lung injury was reported [25,29], little is known regarding RT. To our knowledge, only 1 study reported that the absence of the honeycombing was associated with an OR of 0.083 for symptomatic radiation pneumonitis, although the study only patients who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy [19]. In the current study, although patients with pre-ILD judged as having definite or possible UIP patterns exhibited a higher frequency of AERP (29%) than patients with ILD regarded as inconsistent with UIP (0%), UIP compatibility was not identified as a statistically significant predictive factor for AERP. On the contrary, the area occupied by pre-ILD, when it exceeded 10%, was revealed to be significantly associated with a risk of AERP (OR = 6.14; 95% CI = 1.07–37.4; p = 0.038). Kudoh et al. reported that a normal lung area on chest CT was associated with a risk of chemotherapy-related acute ILD [29]. However, to our knowledge, no previous studies investigated the association between the area occupied by pre-ILD and radiation-associated lung injury.
It was also noticeable that 4% of patients who received palliative RT developed AERP, including 2 patients who received RT targeting the thoracic spine, compared with only 1% of patients who underwent curative RT. It is unclear why patients who received palliative RT were more likely to develop AERP; however, our analysis illustrated that poor PS (≥2) was significantly associated with the risk of AERP, and patients who receive palliative RT are considered to have a poorer condition than those who receive curative RT. It has been reported that cancers associated with inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 are associated with deterioration of patient PS [30,31]. Together with the finding that CRP was significantly associated with AERP on univariate analysis in patients with pre-ILD, underlying inflammatory conditions may play a crucial role on the development of AERP.
Furthermore, although dosimetric parameters were not analyzed in the current study because of early termination of RT as a result of the development of AERP, the radiation dose was lower in patients who developed AERP than in those who did not develop AERP, which may indicate that the area or dose of irradiation might be less important for AERP development than for cRP [1,2].
Our study had some limitations. The presence of and area occupied by pre-ILD were determined semiquantitatively by the specialists, and the final decision was made depending on the discussion and majority. Recently, automated quantification of CT findings in pulmonary fibrosis was reported to be useful for survival prediction [32,33], and analysis with these more objective methods is expected in the future. The number of patients with AERP was small, and this could cause weak power for the detection of potential predictive factors. Possible differences related to racial or genetic background were not explored because most analyzed patients were of Japanese descent. Further studies with greater numbers of patients with AERP will be required to confirm the current results.
Conclusion
A total of 1.4% of patients who underwent RT targeted to areas involving the lung field developed AERP. PS and pre-ILD, particularly when affecting more than 10% of the lung field, were associated with the risk of developing AERP. Pretreatment chest CT should be cautiously evaluated for the presence of and the area occupied by pre-ILD for safer irradiation.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: YO. Performed the experiments: YO TA MO TM MK HH YE TI. Analyzed the data: YO TA. Wrote the paper: YO. Supervised the study: K. Yamada NI K. Yokomura TS.
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