Figures
Abstract
Objective
Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) for diagnosis of a parotid gland tumor is widely used but its sensitivity is low and non-diagnostic rate is relatively high. In contrast, core needle biopsy (CNB) has a higher sensitivity and lower rate of sampling errors but has a higher risk of injury to adjacent organs such as facial nerve than FNAC. Screening of patients with parotid gland tumors to identify cases of pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and Warthin tumor (WT) may allow CNB to be confined to patients without PA and WT. We established an algorithm for preoperative diagnosis and management of parotid gland tumor using diffusion-weighted MRI and 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. This algorithm was developed with the goal of maximal reduction of the number of patients in whom CNB is required. The purpose of the study is to validate our algorithm prospectively.
Methods
A prospective study was conducted in 71 cases who were newly diagnosed with parotid gland tumor and 53 cases were enrolled in the study. In the algorithm, PA (high apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mean≥1.5×10−3 mm2/s) and non-PA (low ADCmean<1.5×10−3 mm2/s) cases are first distinguished based on the ADCmean on diffusion-weighed MRI. Second, among suspected non-PA cases, WT and non-WT are distinguished using technetium-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy. CNB is then performed only in probable non-PA and non-WT cases.
Results
Although CNB was only required in 40% (21/53) of all cases, we made a preoperative histopathological diagnosis with an accuracy of 87% (46/53) and we correctly diagnosed whether a tumor was benign or malignant with an accuracy of 96% (51/53). Preoperative surgical planning had to be changed during surgery in only one case (2%)
Citation: Kikuchi M, Koyasu S, Shinohara S, Imai Y, Hino M, Naito Y (2016) Preoperative Diagnostic Strategy for Parotid Gland Tumors Using Diffusion-Weighted MRI and Technetium-99m Pertechnetate Scintigraphy: A Prospective Study. PLoS ONE 11(2): e0148973. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148973
Editor: Pei-Yi Chu, School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, TAIWAN
Received: September 16, 2015; Accepted: January 26, 2016; Published: February 5, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Kikuchi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper.
Funding: This study was supported by the Kasahara Fund for Promotion of Cancer Research and MK. received the funding. The funder had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Surgical excision of a parotid gland tumor has a risk of facial nerve injury. Thus, an accurate preoperative histopathological diagnosis of a parotid lesion is important in establishing a surgical indication and for preoperative surgical planning. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is widely used for diagnosis of a parotid gland lesion and can predict if the lesion is benign or malignant with an accuracy of 81–98%[1]. The advantages of this method are well documented[1, 2], but its limitations include low sensitivity (about 80%[3]), compared with its high specificity (about 95%[3]), and a relatively high non-diagnostic rate of about 10% due to sampling errors[3–5].
Core needle biopsy (CNB) has been introduced as an alternative to FNAC for preoperative assessment of a salivary gland lesion[3, 6, 7]. In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, Witt et al. found that CNB of salivary gland lesions has a high sensitivity of 96% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 87–99%), a high specificity of 100% (95% CI = 84~100). The non-diagnostic rate for CNB is only 1.6%[3]. Therefore, CNB may be an alternative with a better diagnostic outcome compared to FNAC. In contrast, CNB may have the higher possibility of damaging adjacent organs such as the facial nerve or vessels and seeding tumor cells, because CNB needs a larger needle than FNAC. Although CNB has been reported to be safe with no notable complications, this may be due to the publication bias. In addition, this risk also increases for tumors located in a deep portion of the parotid gland[8]. To reduce this risk as much as possible, it would be advantageous to select patients in whom CNB is required[9], based on a high probability of a malignant tumor. Malignant tumors comprise only about 20% of all parotid gland tumors, and therefore effective pre-test screening for a malignant parotid gland tumor is required for selection of patients who should undergo CNB.
A low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in diffusion-weighted MRI indicates decreased diffusion of water molecules in tissue. Therefore, a tumor with low ADC contains a greater number of cellularity than the one with high ADC. This means that ADCs of malignant tumors tend to be lower than those of benign tumors, and thus the ADC is useful to detect malignant head and neck tumors[10, 11]. We took advantage of these features of ADC quantification and hypothesized that selection of patients who need CNB for parotid gland tumors may be possible by evaluating the tumors using the ADC value derived from diffusion MRI.
Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) is the most frequent benign tumor of the parotid gland and usually has a myxoid matrix retaining an abundance of free water molecules, which leads to a high ADC[12–16]. This indicates that CNB may be spared in patients with tumors with a high ADC. Warthin tumor (WT), the second most frequent benign parotid gland tumor, has high cellularity due to epithelial proliferation with lymphocytic infiltration[17], which leads to a low ADC[13, 14, 17, 18]. This prevents retaining use of ADC for differentiation of WT from malignant tumors because the ADC of WT usually overlaps with that of a malignant tumor[13, 14, 17, 18]. However, technetium-99m (99mTc) pertechnetate scintigraphy is useful for diagnosis of WT[19, 20]. Hence, we additionally hypothesized that the candidate for CNB can be further reduced by screening WT with 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy among tumors with a low ADC value.
To verify these hypotheses, we established an algorithm for preoperative diagnosis and management of parotid gland tumor using diffusion-weighted MRI and 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. This algorithm was developed with the goal of minimizing the candidate for CNB. The purpose of the current study is to validate this algorithm prospectively.
Materials and Methods
Patients
A prospective study was conducted in 71 patients who were newly diagnosed with parotid gland tumor between June 2011 and September 2013 at our hospital. The inclusion criteria were a newly diagnosed tumor in the parotid gland detected on MRI with contrast enhancement. The exclusion criteria were (a) surgery not performed (n = 3; rejected by patient, n = 3; poor condition of patient, n = 2; f/u because of small tumor with the largest diameter <10 mm); (b) <20 years old (n = 1); (c) pure cyst or tumor with a necrotic/cystic component >50% of the total lesion volume (n = 4); (d) MRI or 99mTc scintigraphy not performed (n = 2); (e) pain or facial paralysis that were strongly suggestive of malignancy (n = 1); and (f) withdrawal of consent (n = 2). Thus, a total of 53 patients were enrolled in the study.
Bulk necrosis and cystic degeneration of tumors usually increase diffusivity by the free movement of water molecules within those histological changes and may contribute to a higher tumor ADC than the actual ADC for characterization of tumors[16]. This is why tumor with bulk necrotic/cystic component was excluded in this study. The histopathology of the 4 excluded cystic tumors confirmed by surgery were WT (n = 1), PA (n = 1), lymphoepithelial cyst (n = 1) and salivary ductal cyst (n = 1).
Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital Institutional Review Board approved the study (the approval number is 1105–8) and written informed consent for participation was signed by all 53 patients.
Algorithm for preoperative diagnosis and management of parotid gland tumor
We formalized an algorithm (Fig 1) for preoperative diagnosis and surgical planning. First, an average ADC value (ADCmean) was calculated for each tumor.
In previous reports[12, 14], DWI is useful for distinguishing PA and non-PA cases with an ADCmean cut-off of 1.315 to 1.4×10−3 mm2/s. Based on these cut-off values, we established our cut-off of 1.5×10−3 mm2/s. Patients with tumors with high ADCmean (≥1.5×10−3 mm2/s) were categorized in group 1, based on strong suspicion of a benign tumor (PA), and underwent surgery (partial parotidectomy with exposure and preservation of the facial nerve) without preoperative biopsy. Patients with tumors with low ADCmean (<1.5×10−3 mm2/s) underwent 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy (males ≥40 years old) or CNB (males <40 years old and all females). Patients with a positive result in 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy were categorized in group 2, based on diagnosis of probable WT, without preoperative biopsy and underwent surgery (enucleation or extracapsular dissection without exposing the facial nerve). Patients with a negative result in 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy underwent CNB. All patients who received CNB were categorized in group 3 and underwent surgery based on the histopathological results of CNB.
MRI analysis
Diagnostic MRI scans were performed using a 1.5 T scanner (Avanto, Siemens AG, Healthcare Sector, Erlangen, Germany). Non-contrast enhanced T1-weighted images (T1WI), T2-weighted images (T2WI), and diffusion-weighted images (DWIs) with b-values of 0 and 1000 s/mm2 were acquired in the axial plane. T2WI with the fat saturation technique using short inversion time inversion-recovery (STIR) were acquired in the coronal plane. Transaxial and coronal plane of T1WI with gadolinium contrast agent were also acquired. For each DWI sequence, a pixel-by-pixel ADC map was automatically calculated, with the ADC value expressed in mm2/s. A region of interest (ROI) drawn freehand including as large an area of tumor as possible was manually placed on each slice of the tumor with the largest diameter on an axial ADC map. Localization of each ROI was confirmed using morphologic T1WI, T2WI, and contrast-enhanced images with visual exclusion of large cystic or necrotic areas and large vessels such as the retromandibular vein. Delineation of tumors on ADC maps was performed by a board-certified radiologist (K.S.) with consensus with a board-certified head and neck surgeon (K.M.), and the ADCmean per ROI was measured.
99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy
Twenty minutes after intravenous administration of 185 MBq 99mTc pertechnetate, planar scintigraphy imaging (anteroposterior image and lateral images on both sides) of the parotid gland was performed. After the first scans, salivary gland secretion was stimulated with oral Cinal (1 g: ascorbic acid 200 mg, calcium pantothenate 3 mg). Two minutes after Cinal administration, second scans of washout planar images were acquired. Immediately after these scans, SPECT using a dual-head gamma camera (Millennium VG, GE Healthcare; until June 2011) or SPECT/CT using a hybrid SPECT/CT scanner combining a dual-head gamma camera and a helical CT scan for attenuation correction (Infinia Hawkeye 4, GE Healthcare; from July 2011) was performed. Images were prospectively evaluated based on consensus by board-certified nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists (H.M. and K.S.).
Core needle biopsy
CNB was performed freehand (for superficial large tumors) or with ultrasound guidance (for deep or small tumors) by board-certified head-and-neck surgeons (K.M. and S.S.). An 18-gauge (1.2 mm) needle was used without local anesthetic. CNB was attempted once or twice. Neither a cytologist nor a technician was present in the outpatient clinic at the time of sampling. CNB was performed manually using a 20-ml sterile disposable plastic syringe with the 18-gauge needle held by an aspiration gun, rather than with a commercial needle device or automated biopsy device.
Histopathological analysis
Specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and evaluated by one experienced pathologists (I.Y.).
Validation of the algorithm
The accuracy of preoperative histopathological diagnosis was evaluated as the primary endpoint. To determine the diagnostic accuracy for PA, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for classification of patients into group 1 (suspected PA). Similarly, the diagnostic accuracy for WT was evaluated based on the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for classification of patients into group 2 (suspected WT). CNB was performed for patients in group 3. The accuracy for determining whether the tumor was benign or malignant and the diagnostic accuracy of histopathology were analyzed respectively.
Results
Patient characteristics, preoperative data, and postoperative histopathology
Fifty-three patients (male:female = 28:25, age 21 to 84 years old, median: 54 years old) were enrolled in the study. The patient characteristics are shown in Table 1. Preoperative data and histopathological diagnosis and the final histopathological diagnosis are shown in Table 2. ADCmean ranged from 0.61 to 2.11 (median: 1.13) × 10−3 mm2/sec. A scatter plots of ADCmean for each histopathology is shown in Fig 2.
The ADC ranges for pleomorphic adenoma, Warthin tumor, other benign tumors, carcinoma, and malignant lymphoma were 1.07 to 2.11 (median: 1.60) × 10−3, 0.78 to 1.27 (0.87) × 10−3, 0.62 to 1.51 (0.93) × 10−3, 0.97 to 1.98 (1.13) × 10−3, and 0.61 to 0.69 (0.69) × 10−3 mm2/sec, respectively.
Nineteen patients underwent 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. Planar images were acquired for all 19 patients and SPECT/CT images were acquired for all but one patient (case 2), who underwent SPECT. Twelve of the 19 cases showed positive findings. Twenty-one of the 53 patients (40%) underwent CNB. No cases of tumor seeding, facial nerve palsy, infection, or hematoma occurred after CNB. In 7 cases, insufficient tissue was collected in CNB, and diagnosis was subsequently based on cytology (cases 9, 13, 24, 36, 39, 40 and 44).
Final histopathology after surgery showed that 28 cases (53%) were PA; 12 (23%) were WT; and 13 (24%) were other tumors, including 7 malignant tumors.
Validation of the algorithm
Diagnostic accuracy for PA: There were 28 PA cases at the final diagnosis. The ADCmean of these cases ranged from 1.07 to 2.11 mm2/sec, with a median of 1.60 × 10−3 mm2/sec, and 18 had an ADCmean ≥1.5 × 10−3 mm2/sec and were categorized in group 1. Based on a true-positive being a patient in group 1 with a final diagnosis of PA, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 64%, 92%, 90%, and 70% respectively (Table 3). Representative MRI findings for PA cases are shown in Fig 3.
Tumors on the right side are reversed to the left side for easier viewing). Case A showed typical MRI findings of pleomorphic adenoma: homogenous T1 low-intensity, homogenous T2 hyperintensity, well-circumscribed borders, solid contrast enhancement, and a high signal on the ADC map. In contrast, cases B to E had indeterminate imaging features of heterogenous intermediate to low-intensity on T2WI, which overlap with malignant lesions. Note that even such indeterminate cases had a relatively high signal on the ADC map, suggestive of pleomorphic adenoma. Case F showed atypical images of pleomorphic adenoma with homogenous T1 low-intensity, heterogenous T2 intermediate to low-intensity, and a low signal on the ADC map, suggestive of non-pleomorphic adenoma. Cases A to D were classified into group 1, whereas cases E and F were classified into group 3. A: Case 12 (60-year-old man), B: Case 26 (84-year-old woman), C: Case 7 (50-year-old woman), D: Case 32 (44-year-old man), E: Case 48 (61-year-old man), F: Case 25 (61-year-old woman)
Diagnostic accuracy for WT: Twelve patients had a final diagnosis of WT, including 11 males over 40 years old and one female of age 69 years old (case 21). Only the female patient did not undergo 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy, which led to a false-negative result. Among 33 patients with ADCmean <1.5 × 10−3 mm2/sec, 19 were males ≥40 years old who underwent 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. Of these 19 patients, 12 had positive results (including one false-positive) and were categorized in group 2. Based on a true-positive being a patient in group 2 with a final diagnosis of WT, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 92%, 95%, 92% and 95%, respectively (Table 3). Representative MRI and 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy images for WT are shown in Fig 4.
Warthin tumor on the left side of a 60-year-old man (case 14). (A) Axial MRI (white arrowheads) showed heterogenous (low to high) intensity on T1WI, heterogenous (low to intermediate) intensity on T2WI, strong gadolinium enhancement, and a low signal on the ADC map (ADCmean 0.94 × 10−3 mm2/sec). (B) A fusion image (bottom left) and planar scans (bottom middle and right) in 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy showed intense uptake (white arrows) in the tumor.
Diagnostic accuracy of CNB: Of the 33 patients with ADCmean <1.5×10−3 mm2/sec, 21 (7 with negative results on 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy and 14 who did not undergo 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy) were categorized in group 3 and received CNB. Thus, 40% (21/53) of all patients underwent CNB. Of these 21 cases, 10 (48%) were PA and 1 (4%) was WT, all of which were diagnosed correctly by CNB, and 10 (48%) were non-PA and non-WT. CNB showed 100% accuracy for determining whether a tumor was benign or malignant, while the diagnostic accuracy of histopathology was 81% (Table 3). Representative MRI findings are shown in Fig 5.
(A) Images of a diffuse large B cell lymphoma in the left parotid gland in a 48-year-old man (case 49). Axial MRI (white arrowheads) showed low intensity on T1WI, isointensity on T2WI, strong gadolinium enhancement, and a very low signal on the ADC map (ADCmean 0.69 × 10−3 mm2/sec). (B) Images of basal cell carcinoma in the right parotid gland in a 69-year-old man (case 13). Axial MRI (white arrows) showed low intensity on T1WI, heterogenous (low to moderately high) intensity on T2WI, heterogenous gadolinium enhancement with poorly defined margins, and a low signal on the ADC map (ADCmean 1.13 × 10−3 mm2/sec).
Accuracy of preoperative diagnosis based on the algorithm: Overall, we made a preoperative histopathological diagnosis with an accuracy of 87% (46/53) and we correctly diagnosed whether a tumor was benign or malignant with an accuracy of 96% (51/53) (Table 3). Preoperative surgical planning had to be changed during surgery (enucleation to total parotidectomy) in only one case (2%) (case 2).
Discussion
In the algorithm used in this study, PA and non-PA cases were first distinguished using ADCmean measured on diffusion-weighed MRI. Next, among suspected non-PA cases, WT and non-WT cases were distinguished by evaluation of epidemiology and subsequent 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. Finally, to make a histopathological diagnosis, CNB was performed with an 18-gauge needle only in patients who were found to be likely to be non-PA and non-WT cases in screening. This approach resulted in performance of CNB in only 40% of all patients, while the accuracy of the preoperative histopathological diagnosis was 87%. These results indicate that our algorithm for preoperative histopathological diagnosis and surgical planning for parotid gland tumors may be clinically useful with less risk of CNB procedure than a plan of just doing CNB on all parotid gland tumors.
Conventional MRI without DWI is useful for preoperative diagnosis of PA, with a high specificity of 95%[21] and PPV of 86–96%[21, 22]. If MRI findings for parotid gland tumors show homogenous T2 hyperintensity, well-circumscribed borders and solid contrast enhancement[22], diagnosis of PA is straightforward. However, a significant proportion of PA cases have indeterminate imaging features (heterogenous intermediate to low-intensity on T2WI), which overlap with those for malignant lesions, and this explains the low sensitivity of 43.9%[21].
Quantification of ADC using mapping is a useful diagnostic imaging method for differentiation of PA from non-PA because it allows diagnosis of a tumor with intermediate to low-intensity on T2WI, which may suggest a malignant tumor, as PA if the tumor has a high ADCmean[13–15, 23]. The average reported ADCmean for PA ranges from 1.74 to 2.15×10−3 mm2/s[12–15], and our median value of 1.60×10−3 mm2/s is close to this range. DWI may also be useful for distinguishing PA and non-PA cases with an ADCmean cut-off of 1.315 to 1.4×10−3 mm2/s[12, 14], which is slightly lower than our cut-off of 1.5×10−3 mm2/s. In this study, we performed surgery without preoperative biopsy in patients with high ADCmean (≥1.5×10−3 mm2/s) who were classified in group 1 based on suspected PA. Thus, we had to set the threshold at a higher level than that in previous reports[12, 14] to avoid classifying patients with malignant tumors into group 1. Thus, the sensitivity for diagnosis of PA using ADCmean was relatively low (64%), but the specificity was high (92%). The false-negative rate (36%) was also high, but this was acceptable because all false-negative cases were diagnosed correctly by subsequent CNB. Quantitative estimation of ADC is practical clinically and is not as time-consuming as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI, which is also useful for improved histological diagnosis of a parotid gland tumor[14, 24].
WT has a low ADCmean of 0.72 to 0.96×10-3mm2/s[13, 14, 17, 18] due to its high cellularity caused by epithelial proliferation with lymphocytic infiltration[17]. Therefore, WT cannot be differentiated from malignant tumors using ADCmean. Thus, quantitative analysis of parotid gland tumors using ADCmean permits differentiation of PA from non-PA, but cannot differentiate benign from malignant tumors. Epidemiologically, WT is more common in males over 40 years old[25] with a male-to-female ratio of 5 to 6.5:1[20, 25, 26]. 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy is useful for diagnosis of WT, with Miyake al. finding a sensitivity for detection of WT on 99mTc pertechnetate scintigrapy after lemon juice stimulation of 94%, a specificity of 94%, and an accuracy of 94%[19]. 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy is not specific for WT, and false-positive results may occur due to partial obstruction of the parotid gland, while false-negative results may be due to large cystic changes[27]. However, even if WTs have relatively large cystic components, the sensitivity of 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy becomes nearly 100% using tracer uptake patterns, such as non-homogenous (alternating hot and warm areas) and mixed (hot and cold areas), as positive results[20]. Therefore, it should be possible to diagnose WT among tumors with low ADCmean (tumors diagnosed as non-PA by ADCmean analysis) by evaluating the epidemiology (males ≥40 years old) and performing 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy.
The sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of WT based on the ADCmean, sex and age, and 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy (if done) were 92% and 95%, respectively in this study. There was only one false-negative case: a female who did not undergo 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy, but was diagnosed correctly by subsequent CNB. Therefore, we reduced the number of patients who underwent 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy by evaluating ADCmean, sex and age. Indeed, for diagnosis of WT, we were able to increase the pretest probability from 23% (12/53) to 63% (12/19). This suggests that our algorithm for diagnosis of WT is useful, cost-effective and helpful for avoiding unnecessary radiation exposure.
Using the algorithm, we were able to identify patients with tumors that were likely to be non-PA and non-WT, and in whom CNB was required, thereby avoiding unnecessary CNB for patients with PA or WT. Of the 21 patients who underwent CNB (group 3), 10 (48%) were PA cases and 1 (5%) was WT, all of which were diagnosed correctly by CNB. Ideally, cases in group 3 should all have been non-PA and non-WT tumors, but only 48% (10/21) of cases in group 3 were non-PA and non-WT. Using a threshold of 1.4×10−3 mm2/s to differentiate PA from non-PA, 4 PA cases in group 3 would have been categorized in group 1, and the rate of non-PA and non-WT cases in group 3 would have increased from 48% to 59% (10/17). Thus, the number of patients who needed CNB would have been reduced from 40% (21/53) to 32% (17/53), and diagnosis of PA by ADCmean would have been improved (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 71%, 92%, 91% and 74% respectively) using a threshold of 1.4×10−3 mm2/s, which suggests that this value may be more appropriate than 1.5×10−3 mm2/s.
CNB for the 21 patients in group 3 had 100% accuracy in determining whether a tumor was benign or malignant, but the diagnostic accuracy using histopathology was only 81%, which is lower compared to previous studies[3, 6, 7]. We did not perform CNB using a commercial needle device with a special cutting edge, but with a regular hollow 18-gauge needle. Thus, we may not have obtained as much tissue as that in CNB using a special cutting edge, and this may account for our slightly poorer outcomes in histopathological diagnosis. Although no cases of tumor seeding, facial nerve palsy, infection, or hematoma occurred in our study, there is a need to refine our CNB technique to improve the accuracy of preoperative diagnosis.
Of the 20 patients in group 1 diagnosed with PA before surgery, 2 were diagnosed with another type of tumor after surgery: schwannoma (case 28, Table 2) and acinic cell carcinoma (case 31, Table 2). Case 28 underwent extracapsular removal of the tumor, which was located in the deep portion of the parotid gland, and had an uneventful postoperative course. Case 31 underwent partial superficial parotidectomy and had a good postoperative course for 2 years. Chuang et al.[28] obtained a low ADCmean for solid vestibular schwannomas, with an average of 1.06±0.17×10-3mm2/s. The case of schwannoma (case 28) in the current study had an ADCmean of 1.51×10-3mm2/s, which might have been increased by micro-cysts in the tumor. Regardless, facial nerve schwannoma in the parotid gland is a relatively rare disease that does not have specific findings on MRI, and hence it is not practical to screen for such a rare benign tumor by DWI. Habermann et al. found a low mean ADCmean of acinic cell carcinoma (n = 10), with an average of 0.79±0.33×10−3 mm2/s. In microscopic findings, micro-cysts, hemorrhage and necrosis are common in acinic cell carcinomas[29], and hence it is likely that these tumors with significant cystic or necrotic components will have a high ADCmean. We tried to place a ROI within solid portions of tumors (excluding clear necrotic or cystic regions with no enhancement on contrast-enhanced MRI) to obtain an appropriate estimation of ADCmean. However, in analysis of MRI of the acinic cell carcinoma (case 31) retrospectively, the tumor was not well enhanced, and had many micro-cysts in microscopic findings. Hence, this case should have been excluded from the study and we believe that it is unlikely that such a malignant tumor will normally fall into group 1 in our algorithm.
Of the 12 patients in group 2 (diagnosed with WT before surgery), one was diagnosed with salivary ductal carcinoma by intraoperative frozen section. This case (case 2) had a T1-low, T2-low to intermediate, and heterogeneously enhanced tumor in the deep portion of the gland, and the ADCmean was 0.97×10-3mm2/s. The tumor displayed a mixed scan pattern (hot and cold areas)[20] in planar 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy, which led to diagnosis of WT. Retrospectively, this false-positive scan seemed to result from partial obstruction of the parotid gland. This was the only case diagnosed using planar images; all subsequent cases were diagnosed by SPECT/CT. In general, SPECT/CT images allow more accurate identification of lesions and thus we propose to use this method preoperatively to diagnose WT. Moreover, CNB should be performed in a case with equivocal findings on 99mTc scintigraphy.
The current study has several limitations. First, regarding the exclusion criteria, we excluded patients with pure cyst or tumor with a necrotic/cystic component >50% of the total lesion volume (n = 4) and patients with pain or facial paralysis that were strongly suggestive of malignancy (n = 1). It may have led to patient selection bias. However, we previously reported that most of the parotid gland tumors which show cystic change are benign WT[30]. As we mentioned before, even if WTs have relatively large cystic components, the sensitivity of 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy would become nearly 100% regarding tracer uptake patterns such as non-homogenous and mixed as positive results. This means that excluding tumors with a necrotic/cystic component>50% would not have influenced the diagnostic performance of the scintigraphy for WTs in the study. In addition, among malignant parotid gland tumors, most of the tumors which show cystic degeneration are low grade carnicoma such as acinic cell carcinoma and low grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma[30]. This indicates that patients who have tumors with predominant cystic formation may not need the CNB procedure because those tumors are not likely to be high grade carcinoma, which should be thoroughly diagnosed before surgery using CNB. In cases who represent pain or facial paralysis that are strongly suggestive of malignancy, we suppose they should be undergone CNB as soon as possible in order not to be late for therapy.
Second, the population of malignancy is rather small in this study (13%, 7/53). This might restrict the statistical power of the sensitivity for diagnosing malignant lesions. In fact, two malignant tumors were misclassified as benign tumors, making the sensitivity values for malignant lesion were only 71.4%. In addition, our algorithm seems to be extreme because 60% of patients did not undergo any biopsy including FNAC before surgery. If we would have performed FNAC on all parotid tumors, instead of our algorithm, the two tumors might have been truly classified as malignant tumors. We don’t think it’s necessary to perform FNAC on all parotid gland tumors because most of PA can be diagnosed by ADC analysis and most of WT can be diagnosed by ADC analysis and 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy. In order not to misclassify malignant tumor as benign tumor, however, we may perform FNAC or CNB additionally for patients in group 1 or 2 with indeterminate findings of MRI (i.e. when ADC is close to the cut-off value or when it is difficult to differentiate tumor from cystic lesion) or 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy (i.e. when the degree of uptake is equivocal).
Third, the cut-off value of 1.5×10-3mm2/s for PA and non-PA in our algorithm may not have been evidence based. The previous papers reported that an ADCmean cut-off of 1.315 to 1.4×10−3 mm2/s is useful for distinguishing PA and non-PA[12, 14]. We set the cut-off value at slightly higher level to decrease the possibility of classifying patients with malignant tumors into group 1, however, the choice of preset value might be arbitrary. It would have been better if set at 1.4×10-3mm2/s, based on the previous report[14, 31], as that appeared in the discussion.
Fourth, we performed 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy only on patients who were males ≥40 years old for distinguishing WT and non-WT. This is because 93% of WT patients are ≥40 years old and a male-to-female ratio is high (male:female = 5.5~6.5:1) in Japan[25, 26]. However, increasing incidence for females has also been reported (male:female = 2:1) in other countries[31, 32], which suggests that the prevalence and epidemiology of WT may be variable among different races. Therefore, our algorithm of distinguishing WT and non-WT may not be in clinical use in other countries.
Finally, it was difficult in some cases to obtain perfect image registration between the different image sequences. We performed the DWI exams with conventional EPI sequence, which sometimes causes geometric distortion. In the future study, a recently developed technique, readout segmented EPI could help to reduce the distortion and to improve the image quality[33, 34].
However, the study is of value as what we believe to be the first prospective examination of a preoperative diagnostic strategy using diffusion-weighed MRI with calculation of ADCmean and 99mTc pertechnetate scintigraphy in parotid gland tumors. Use of an algorithm for preoperative screening of patients with parotid gland tumors that were likely to be non-PA and non-WT permitted CNB to be performed in only 40% of patients, while giving a preoperative histopathological diagnosis with an accuracy of 87%. These results suggest that our algorithm is reliable, efficient and possessing less risk of CNB procedure than a plan of just doing CNB on all parotid gland tumors. Its clinical utility requires further evaluation in larger studies.
Acknowledgments
I would like to express my gratitude to Hiroshi Yamazaki, Risa Tona, Yuji Kanazawa, Ippei Kishimoto, Hiroyuki Harada and Keizo Fujiwara for their clinical support.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: MK. Performed the experiments: MK SK SS MH. Analyzed the data: MK SK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: MK SK SS YI MH YN. Wrote the paper: MK SK MH.
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