Figures
Abstract
Aim
The estrogen receptor coactivator Amplified in Breast Cancer 1 (AIB1) has been associated with an improved response to adjuvant tamoxifen in breast cancer, but also with endocrine treatment resistance. We hereby use metachronous contralateral breast cancer (CBC) developed despite prior adjuvant tamoxifen for the first tumor as an “in vivo”-model for tamoxifen resistance. AIB1-expression in the presumable resistant (CBC after prior tamoxifen) and naïve setting (CBC without prior tamoxifen) is compared and correlated to prognosis after CBC.
Methods
From a well-defined population-based cohort of CBC-patients we have constructed a unique tissue-microarray including >700 patients.
Results
CBC developed after adjuvant tamoxifen more often had a HER2-positive/triple negative-subtype and a high AIB1-expression (37% vs. 23%, p = 0.009), than if no prior endocrine treatment had been administered. In patients with an estrogen receptor (ER) positive CBC, a high AIB1-expression correlated to an inferior prognosis. However, these patients seemed to respond to tamoxifen, but only if endocrine therapy had not been administered for BC1.
Conclusions
Metachronous CBC developed after prior endocrine treatment has a decreased ER-expression and an increased HER2-expression. This is consistent with endocrine treatment escape mechanisms previously suggested, and indicates metachronous CBC to be a putative model for studies of treatment resistance “in vivo”. The increased AIB1-expression in CBC developed after prior tamoxifen suggests a role of AIB1 in endocrine treatment resistance. In addition, we found indications that the response to tamoxifen in CBC with a high AIB1-expression seem to differ depending on previous exposure to this drug. A different function for AIB1 in the tamoxifen treatment naïve vs. resistant setting is suggested, and may explain previously conflicting results where a high AIB1-expression has been correlated to both a good response to adjuvant tamoxifen and tamoxifen resistance.
Citation: Alkner S, Bendahl P-O, Ehinger A, Lövgren K, Rydén L, Fernö M (2016) Prior Adjuvant Tamoxifen Treatment in Breast Cancer Is Linked to Increased AIB1 and HER2 Expression in Metachronous Contralateral Breast Cancer. PLoS ONE 11(3): e0150977. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150977
Editor: William B. Coleman, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, UNITED STATES
Received: December 11, 2015; Accepted: February 22, 2016; Published: March 9, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Alkner et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by the Swedish Breast Cancer Association (BRO) (2011, 2014, SA); the Skåne University Hospital foundation (2014-94413, SA); the Percy Falk Foundation (2011, SA); the Swedish Cancer Society (13 0499, MF); the Swedish Research Council (B0262601, 521-2011-3021, MF); the Gunnar Nilsson Cancer Foundation (2013, 2014, MF); the Mrs. Berta Kamprad Foundation (11/2014, MF); the Anna and Edwin Berger’s Foundation (2014, MF); Skane County Council’s Research and Development Foundation (REGSKANE-434091, 286421, SA and LR); the Swedish Cancer and Allergy Foundation (150423/2014, MF); and the Governmental Funding of Clinical Research within the National Health Service (2011-2014, MF). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Adjuvant tamoxifen improves survival after estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast cancer. However, recurrences still occur, and in the metastatic setting patients eventually develop resistance. An interesting biomarker in relation to endocrine therapy is the ER-coactivator “Amplified in Breast Cancer 1” (AIB1) [1–5]. Overexpression of AIB1 is present in 30–60% of human breast cancers and correlates with an aggressive tumor phenotype (HER2-overexpression, DNA-nondiploidy, high histological grade, and high Ki67/S-phase fraction) [1–3, 6–12]. We have, in both a randomized tamoxifen-trial including 349 premenopausal women and in independent cohorts, investigated AIB1’s prognostic and treatment predictive value for tamoxifen [13, 14]. We found patients with AIB1-high tumors to respond very well to tamoxifen. Patients with low AIB1, on the other hand, had a better prognosis from the beginning but this was not further improved by tamoxifen. Without tamoxifen, a high AIB1 was consistently a negative prognostic factor. These results have been confirmed in another randomized tamoxifen-trial including 910 postmenopausal women [15].
Hence, a high AIB1-expression seems to predict tamoxifen response. However, a deregulation of coactivators including AIB1 has also been suggested to be of importance for tamoxifen resistance. A few studies have shown increased AIB1 in tamoxifen-resistant cell lines [16–18], while others have found cell lines with increased ER/AIB1-expression to respond well to tamoxifen [19, 20]. A high AIB1 has also been associated with a worse disease-free survival in unselected tamoxifen treated cohorts [7, 9, 21]. These conflicting results could indicate a different role of AIB1 in the treatment naïve vs. the resistant setting. Possible explanations for this are considered in the “discussion section” below.
A new model to study endocrine treatment escape mechanisms “in vivo” is metachronous contralateral breast cancer (CBC) developed despite adjuvant treatment given for the first tumor (BC1), and hence presumably resistant to this treatment. Indeed, CBC developed after prior endocrine therapy is to a larger extent ER-negative, and prior endocrine therapy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy have all been associated with a worse prognosis once diagnosed with CBC [22–25]. From a well-defined population-based cohort of CBC-patients we have constructed a unique tissue-microarray (TMA) including >700 patients with metachronous CBC. For each patient, detailed epidemiological, tumor and treatment information is available.
We now use this unique material to investigate AIB1-tumor-expression in the treatment naïve (CBC without prior tamoxifen) vs. the presumably resistant setting (CBC despite prior tamoxifen), and correlate this to prognosis after CBC. Considering our previous studies we expect AIB1 to be a negative prognostic factor in patients not given tamoxifen for an ER-positive CBC. However, ER-positive CBC with high AIB1 should respond well to tamoxifen if not previously exposed to this drug. On the other hand, increased AIB1-expression after previous tamoxifen may instead represent an endocrine treatment escape mechanism, and these tumors would then presumably be resistant to tamoxifen.
Since inhibitors of AIB1 are currently being explored as a possibly future breast cancer treatment [26], we find it important to further investigate the function of AIB1 in relation to different tumor characteristics and treatment settings, and we think this study contributes to that knowledge.
Patients and Methods
Tissue microarray
Inclusion criteria, data abstraction, and TMA-construction have been described before [23]. Briefly, all patients within the Southern Swedish Healthcare Region with two breast cancers in the Swedish Cancer Registry (BC2 diagnosed 1977–2007) were included. Clinical data were abstracted from individual charts and paraffin-embedded tissue collected. We focused on metachronous CBC (≥3 months between tumors), excluding patients with synchronous CBC, distant metastasis or another malignancy diagnosed before BC2, or with BC2 found only in the axilla. For the remaining 764 patients, paraffin-blocks were available for 643 BC1 and 685 BC2 (both tumors in 600 cases), giving a total of 728 patients included in the TMA (Fig 1). Prognosis and hormone receptor status in relation to both tumors and treatment has been presented before [25]. Since all patients with another malignancy before their CBC were excluded, no patients had received chemotherapy or endocrine therapy prior to diagnosis of their first breast cancer. However, 6 patients had received previous radiotherapy towards the chest due to benign afflictions. Neoadjuvant treatment was given to 5 of the 62 patients that received chemotherapy for BC1, and to 2 of the 47 patients that received chemotherapy for BC2. Patient and tumor characteristic in relation to AIB1 are described in Table 1.
In analysis 36 patients with a local/regional recurrence of BC1 before diagnosis of BC2 were excluded in order not to confuse the results by eventual treatment given for the recurrence. We also excluded 3 patients with ambiguous distant metastasis-status and 1 patient with BC2 diagnosed at autopsy. Abbreviations: AIB1 Amplified in breast cancer 1, BC1 first breast cancer, BC2 second breast cancer, TMA tissue microarray
The project was approved by the Regional Ethical Review Board of Lund University (LU240-01) and carried out in accordance with the code of ethics of the World Medical Association. Since the study handles saved paraffin material, often several decades old, informed consent was not possible to retrieve from all patients. However, all data was analyzed and presented anonymously. In addition a note was published in the local paper, informing all previous breast cancer patients about the possibility to contact the research group if they did not want their tumor tissue to be used in scientific studies. This procedure was accepted by the Regional Ethical Review Board.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed in an Autostainer-Plus, Dako (Ki67 M7240-Dako, ER RM-9101 ThermoScientific, progesterone receptor (PR) M3569-Dako) as previously descried [14]. For HER2 the Ventana Benchmark system was used (Ventana 790–2991). ER, PR, HER2, and Ki67 were reevaluated by a pathologist (AE). In line with Swedish clinical standard during this period tumors with ≥10% stained nuclei were considered ER-/PR-positive. HER2 3+ was considered HER2-positive, and Ki67-expression in >20% of cell nuclei considered Ki67-high.
As primary antibody for AIB1 detection a mouse-monoclonal IgG antibody was used at 1:100 dilution (Cat no #611105 BD Bioscience, CA, USA), as previous described [7, 14]. This antibody has been used in several previous clinical trials [2, 7, 8], and its specificity has been confirmed by Western blot, Northern blot, and in situ hybridization [2, 8, 27]. IHC-staining (nuclear) was examined by two independent viewers blinded for clinical/tumor-characteristics (SA, KL). Each sample was semi-quantitative scored from 0–3 for percentage of stained nuclei and staining intensity. Proportion score 0 represented no stained nuclei, 1: 1%–10%, 2: 11%–50%, and 3: 51%–100%. Staining intensity 0 represented negative staining, 1 weak, 2 moderate, and 3 intense staining [7, 13, 14]. Proportion and intensity scores were added to a total score ranging from 0 to 6. When scores differed more than one step between viewers (6%) cases were reexamined to reach consensus, otherwise the mean score was used. In case of discrepant staining between the two cores from the same patient, the highest score was used. Surrogate definitions of intrinsic subtypes were defined using IHC-annotated biomarker according to the St Gallen-guidelines [28].
Statistical analysis
Survival-data and cause of death was retrieved from the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (March 2014), and breast cancer mortality (BCM) chosen as primary end-point. BCM was defined as breast cancer death or death after metastasis. Event-free survival was measured from CBC-diagnosis.
For statistical calculations, the software package Stata 11.2 (StataCorp, USA) was used. Associations between AIB1-values/prior tamoxifen and patient/tumor-characteristics were evaluated with the χ2-test or the χ2-test for trend. Prognosis after BC2 was summarized graphically as cumulative BCM and cause-specific Cox-regression, treating competing events as censoring, was used to estimate hazard ratios (HR). Assumptions of proportional hazards were checked graphically. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for developing a CBC with certain features. 95% confidence intervals (CI), corresponding to a p-value threshold of 0.05, were used to summarize variability in estimated effects.
Approximately 90% of patients with endocrine therapy for BC1 received tamoxifen (Table 1). Patients with other endocrine treatment than tamoxifen for BC1 were excluded from analyses regarding tamoxifen. Other prior adjuvant treatment did not significantly differ between patients with vs. without tamoxifen for BC1 (radiotherapy 61% vs. 63%, chemotherapy 6% vs. 11%). All analyses were repeated for patients receiving only tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for BC1 vs. patients without any prior adjuvant treatment with similar results.
Multivariable analyses were adjusted for characteristics and treatment of both tumors (calendar period of diagnosis, age, time-interval to BC2, TNM-stage, ER, AIB1, HER2, Ki67, endocrine treatment, chemotherapy and radiotherapy). Regarding calendar period, the material was divided in thirds by diagnosis-date of BC1.
Results
AIB1 expression and cut-off
We have previously used a cut-off of ≥5 to define high vs. low AIB1, which in previous cohorts has identified roughly 50% of tumors as AIB1-high. However, in this cohort several tumors had medium-high scores (5 and 5.5), giving us 65% of BC1 and 73% of BC2 with AIB1-scores ≥5. In addition, analyses below showed tumors with medium-scores to often express features in-between those with low and high AIB1. Due to this, and in order to make our analysis more comparable to previous studies, where often only the highest quartile of AIB1-expression was regarded “high AIB1” [8, 9], we chose to analyze AIB1-expression in three stages–low (score <5), medium (score 5 or 5.5) and high (score 6).
AIB1 in relation to patient and tumor characteristics
In both BC1 and BC2 a high tumor AIB1-expression was associated with ER- and/or PR-negativity, HER2-overexpression, and high Ki67 (Table 1). The AIB1-level of BC1 also correlated to that of BC2 (χ2-test for trend, p = 0.004). In BC2 a high AIB1 correlated to a high TNM-stage. Higher AIB1-levels were also observed with a later calendar-period of diagnosis.
Effect of adjuvant treatment on AIB1-, HER2- and Ki67-expression in metachronous CBC
CBC developed after prior tamoxifen more often had a high AIB1- and/or HER2-expression than if no prior tamoxifen had been given (Table 2), and especially so in ER-negative CBC. CBC after prior tamoxifen was also more often of the HER2-postive or triple negative subtype. Ki67 in BC2 did not differ in relation to prior tamoxifen in the whole cohort, although significantly lower levels were observed in ER-negative CBC after prior tamoxifen. Correlations between prior tamoxifen and biomarker-expression in BC2 were even stronger when considering only CBC diagnosed within a short time-interval from BC1 (<5 years) (data not shown).
No significant change in percentage of CBC with high AIB1, HER2 or Ki67 was observed when comparing patients with only prior radiotherapy (N = 275) vs. no prior adjuvant treatment (N = 190). Patients with only prior chemotherapy were too few to analyze alone (N = 11). However, in patients receiving chemotherapy +/- radiotherapy (N = 57, patients with endocrine therapy excluded), prior chemotherapy correlated to a high CBC AIB1-expression (31% vs. 22%, p = 0.03) and in ER-positive CBC also to HER2-overexpression (10% vs. 3%, p = 0.02). No difference was seen for Ki67.
A multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted as described above showed only prior tamoxifen to be an independent risk factor for developing a CBC with high AIB1-expression (OR 2.0, 95%CI 1.1–3.5, p = 0.02).
AIB1-expression in relation to prognosis after development of CBC
A high AIB1-expression was associated with a worse prognosis in ER-positive CBC (Fig 2A and 2B, Table 3). Although there seemed to be a trend for a worse survival with a high AIB1 also in ER-negative CBC, this did not reach statistical significance. This may be due to the smaller number of patients in this subgroup. AIB1 in BC1 did not affect prognosis after diagnosis of BC2.
Breast cancer mortality in relation to AIB1-expression in the CBC A. ER-positive CBC. B. ER-negative CBC. C. ER-positive CBC not previously exposed to tamoxifen. D. ER-positive CBC developed despite prior tamoxifen. A high AIB1-expression was associated with a worse BCM in ER-positive CBC (A), but not in ER-negative CBC (B). However, in ER-positive CBC not previously exposed to tamoxifen, a worse BCM with a high-AIB1 was only seen if tamoxifen was not given for the CBC (C). If treated with tamoxifen, on the other hand, AIB1-high CBC had an equally good prognosis as tumors with lower AIB1-expression. This is consistent with previous studies, and indicates a response to tamoxifen in AIB1-high tumors. Conversely, no difference in prognosis was seen in relation to tamoxifen treatment in ER-positive AIB1-high CBC developed despite prior tamoxifen (D). This could reflect an unresponsiveness and possible resistance to tamoxifen in these tumors. All plots were curtailed when <5 individuals remained at risk.
A high AIB1-expression correlated to a worse prognosis in ER-positive CBC regardless of prior tamoxifen treatment. However, in patients not previously exposed to tamoxifen a high-AIB1 was only associated with a higher BCM if tamoxifen was not given for BC2 (Multivariable analysis: HR 2.5, p = 0.04, 95%CI 1.1–6.1). While patients with high AIB1-tumors receiving tamoxifen for their CBC, had an equally good prognosis as those with lower AIB1-levels (Fig 2C). In patients developing ER-positive CBC despite prior tamoxifen, on the other hand, high AIB1 was linked to a higher BCM regardless if tamoxifen was given for the CBC or not (Fig 2D). However, this did not reach significance in these smaller subgroups. Results were repeated for patients developing CBC within 5 years of BC1 with similar results, although these patients were too few for reliable subgroup analyses (data not shown).
Discussion
CBC diagnosed after prior adjuvant treatment is presumably resistant, and could hence be used as an “in vivo”-model for studies of adjuvant treatment resistance. Using a unique TMA including >700 CBC-patients we hereby investigate if CBC AIB1-expression is increased after previous tamoxifen treatment, possibly reflecting a treatment escape mechanism. We also evaluate AIB1-expression in relation to prognosis and tamoxifen response after diagnosis of CBC, both in the treatment naïve (CBC without prior tamoxifen) and presumably resistant setting (CBC despite prior tamoxifen).
CBC developed after prior tamoxifen was more often of the HER2-positive or triple negative-subtype, and had a significantly higher AIB1. This is in accordance with previously suggested endocrine treatment escape mechanisms such as loss of ER-dependence and/or activation of an alternative proliferative pathway such as HER2/neu. Indeed, the ER and HER2 signaling pathways interact on several levels, their co-expression is associated with relative endocrine therapy resistance, and dual targeting has demonstrated a clinical benefit [29].
These results are also in line with preclinical studies showing increased AIB1-expression in tamoxifen-resistant cell lines [16–18]. However, previous results regarding AIB1 in relation to endocrine treatment are conflicting. We have in an adjuvant randomized trial and in independent cohorts shown a high AIB1 to improve tamoxifen response [13, 14]. These results have also been confirmed in another randomized tamoxifen trial [15]. Conversely, high AIB1 has also been associated with endocrine treatment resistance [8, 9]. This may possibly be explained by differences in AIB1-function in different treatment settings. In the naïve setting a high AIB1 seems to correlate to improved tamoxifen response, possibly since it indicates a functional, active ER-signaling pathway which is effectively blocked by tamoxifen. However, overexpression of AIB1 in the resistant setting might instead indicate reactivation of ER-signaling, now irresponsive to tamoxifen. Another possibility is an interaction between AIB1 and other signaling pathways [30–33], inducing hormone-independent proliferation. Indeed, AIB1 has been speculated to be the limiting factor for several pathways (including the ER), deciding which one is activated [34, 35]. When one pathway is blocked, the other takes over.
In accordance with our previous studies in the adjuvant setting for a primary breast cancer, we found tamoxifen to improve survival in ER-positive AIB1-high CBC not previously exposed to the drug. Though ER-positive AIB1-high CBC developed despite prior tamoxifen had an equally bad prognosis regardless if tamoxifen was given or not. Consistent with previous studies, tamoxifen to patients with AIB1-low tumors did not further improve prognosis, regardless if this drug had been given or not before. However despite the large initial cohort, numbers were markedly reduced in subgroup analyses, reducing statistical power.
As in previous studies AIB1 correlated to a more aggressive tumor-phenotype (ER- and/or PR-negativity, HER2-overexpression, high Ki67, and a high TNM-stage) [7–12]. Previous studies have suggested a relationship between AIB1 and HER2 [8, 9, 36], although this has been investigated only in a few clinical trials [8, 9]. One reason for this may be that AIB1+HER2+ tumors are only a small subgroup of the total number of breast cancers. In the study by Osborne et al. there were 10 AIB1+HER2+ patients in the cohort with no adjuvant therapy (n = 119) and 25 in the tamoxifen treated cohort (n = 187), while Kirkegaard’s study of a tamoxifen treated cohort (n = 402) contained only 20 AIB1+HER2+ patients. In this study HER2 and AIB1 were each associated with a worse prognosis, regardless of concomitant expression of the other factor. However, as in previous studies, HER2-positive AIB1-positive/negative patients were few (Table 1), and conclusions possible to draw limited due to lack of statistical power.
Interestingly, the largest changes in AIB1, HER2, and Ki67-expression in relation to prior tamoxifen were observed in ER-negative CBC. This could be due to several treatment escape mechanisms being activated simultaneously. In addition, the lower Ki67 in ER-negative CBC after prior tamoxifen may reflect a gradual shift from an ER-positive phenotype with lower proliferation to a more aggressive ER-negative phenotype.
The present cohort represents, to our knowledge, the largest existing cohort with available tumor material from both breast tumors. Previous CBC-studies are instead either based on only register data or small patient cohorts. Register data is often incomplete, uncertain, and does not allow studies of new tumor markers such as AIB1. In regard to previous CBC-studies based on available tumor material, these include as few as 10–60 patients [37–46], with several even less than 15 patients [38, 39, 41, 43]. Hence, from a CBC-perspective, this is a unique and very large cohort. However, some potential sources of bias should still be considered. For example, even with a large initial cohort numbers are quickly reduced as subgroups are constructed in relation to treatment and tumor characteristics. Hence, subgroup analysis will include fewer events, reducing statistical power. In addition, analyses showed a higher percentage of AIB1-low tumors in the earlier calendar periods. Reasons may be increased use of adjuvant treatment over time, but also methodological changes in tumor fixation and/or antigen degradation in the oldest samples. However, the proportion of AIB1-high tumors remained relatively consistent, and analyses were adjusted for calendar period of diagnosis. Hence, this possible misclassification between medium and low AIB1 should not significantly affect our results. Finally, compared to previous studies this cohort included many tumors with medium AIB1-scores. Hence, we chose to analyze AIB1-expression in three stages instead of using one cut-off (<5 vs. ≥5). Reasons could again be older tumor-samples making evaluation more difficult. However, another possibility is a true higher expression in this unique cohort. CBC-patients likely have an increased breast cancer risk due to genetic and environmental factors, and this may affect tumor AIB1-expression. In addition, prior treatment may increase AIB1-levels of BC2.
In conclusion, CBC developed after prior tamoxifen show loss of ER-expression and activation of alternative proliferative pathways such as HER2/neu. This is consistent with resistance mechanisms previously suggested, and indicates CBC arising despite prior treatment to be a putative “in vivo”-model for studies of adjuvant treatment resistance. Previous studies regarding AIB1-expression in relation to tamoxifen have shown conflicting results. A high AIB1-expression has been correlated to both a good response to tamoxifen and tamoxifen resistance. As in previous studies we hereby found a high AIB1-expression to correlate to a worse prognosis in ER-positive breast cancer. Also in concordance with our previous studies in the adjuvant setting for primary breast cancer [13, 14], CBC with a high AIB1-expression not priory exposed to endocrine treatment seemed to respond well to tamoxifen. However, AIB1-high CBC developed after prior tamoxifen seemed to have an equally bad prognosis regardless if tamoxifen was given or not. In addition, previous tamoxifen was associated with increased CBC AIB1-expression, possibly reflecting a role of AIB1 in development of endocrine treatment resistance. These seemingly conflicting results in our study, as well as in previous studies, may possibly be explained by a different function of AIB1 in the treatment naïve and resistant setting. On explanation could be if a high AIB1 in the naïve setting indicates a functional, active ER-signaling pathway which is effectively blocked by tamoxifen. While overexpression of AIB1 in the resistant setting instead may indicate reactivation of ER-signaling, now irresponsive to tamoxifen. However, this theory needs further exploration in both preclinical and clinical studies. Patients receiving aromatase inhibitors were in this study few, but AIB1-expression in relation to response to these drugs is another very interesting question that warrants further investigation.
Acknowledgments
We want to thank Gunilla Chebil for locating and collecting paraffin blocks, and Sara Baker for data base construction and collection of paraffin blocks. In addition, we are indebted to the South-Swedish Oncological Centre providing us with data from the Cancer Register, and to the skilled and helpful staff at the surgical, oncological and pathological clinics, and at the medical archives in Lund, Malmö, Helsingborg, Ängelholm, Landskrona, Ystad, Trelleborg, Kristianstad, Växjö, Ljungby, Halmstad, Karlshamn and Karlskrona. Without their help this study could never have been accomplished. We are also indebted to Per Hall and Kamila Czene, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm for providing us with the protocol used for data abstraction from patients’ charts.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: SA POB LR MF. Performed the experiments: SA AE KL. Analyzed the data: SA POB LR MF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SA AE KL MF. Wrote the paper: SA POB AE KL LR MF.
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