Figures
Abstract
Objective
Aims of the study were to investigate health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in adult patients with former diagnosis of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA), to compare their HRQOL with the general population and to identify factors related to a poor outcome.
Methods
In 2012, a cross-sectional survey was performed by mailing a questionnaire to a large cohort of former and current patients of the German Centre for Rheumatology in Children and Adolescents. Only adult patients (≥18 years) with a diagnosis compatible with JIA were included (n = 2592; response 66%). The questionnaire included information about HRQOL (EQ5D), disease-related questions and socio-demographics. Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of problems with mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain and anxiety/depression were standardized to the German general population. Factors associated with low HRQOL in JIA patients were identified using logistic regression models.
Results
Sixty-two percent of the study population was female; age range was 18–73 years. In all dimensions, JIA patients reported statistically significantly more problems than the general population with largest differences in the pain dimension (JIA patients 56%; 95%CI 55–58%; general population 28%; 26–29%) and the anxiety/depression dimension (28%; 27–29% vs. 4%; 4–5%). Lower HRQOL in JIA patients was associated with female sex, older age, lower level of education, still being under rheumatic treatment and disability.
Citation: Barth S, Haas J-P, Schlichtiger J, Molz J, Bisdorff B, Michels H, et al. (2016) Long-Term Health-Related Quality of Life in German Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis in Comparison to German General Population. PLoS ONE 11(4): e0153267. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153267
Editor: Michael Nurmohamed, VU University Medical Center, NETHERLANDS
Received: November 16, 2015; Accepted: March 25, 2016; Published: April 26, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Barth et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: The “Verein Hilfe für das rheumakranke Kind” has provided financial support for this study (http://www.kinderrheuma.info/). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic, inflammatory, rheumatic disease in childhood and adolescence [1, 2]. It is defined as a form of arthritis with unknown etiology that begins before the age of 16 years and persists at least six weeks [3]. First symptoms may occur as early as 3–6 years of age [4]. The international annual incidence of JIA varies between 0.8 and 22.6 per 100.000 children. The global prevalence is reported between 7 and 401 per 100.000 children [5]. In Germany about 7 of 100.000 children are newly diagnosed each year [6].
Patients with active JIA often live with chronic or recurrent pain and disability [7, 8]. Outcome in adults is variable but a considerably high number of children have ongoing disease in adulthood associated with limitation in everyday life [7–13]. As so far there is no cure of JIA, treatment primarily aims to improve health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by decreasing inflammation, preserving joint function and reducing pain and recurrence [14–17]. HRQOL is a useful marker for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment and moreover is helpful in informing patients and their families regarding the prognosis of their disease. Quality of life (QOL) is defined as individual perception of life in the context of culture and value system and in relation to the individual goals, expectations, standards and concerns [18]. HRQOL concerns the physical, emotional and social aspects of QOL which are influenced by a present disease and its treatment [18]. Several studies found an impaired HRQOL in children and adolescents with JIA [19–23] as well as in JIA-affected adults [13, 24–26] however, most of these studies investigated only small cohorts of patients and did not consider long-term HRQOL [23].
The aim of this study was to investigate HRQOL in adult JIA patients with a wide age range. We compared HRQOL in JIA patients with data from German general population and identified factors associated with poor HRQOL.
Methods
Study design and study population
A single-centre hospital-based cross-sectional study was performed, including current and former rheumatic patients that had been admitted to the German Centre for Rheumatology in Children and Adolescents (DZKJR) between 1952 and 2010 (n = 10,580). The DZKJR is treating children with inflammatory rheumatic diseases since 1952 and is Europe`s largest specialized department for pediatrics and adolescent rheumatology. The DZKJR is established for their holistic therapy concept that comprises medical care, nursing, physiotherapy and occupational therapy as well as social-psychological aspects. A self-administered standardized questionnaire was sent in January 2012. When letters were undeliverable, addresses were researched at local registration offices (n = 5970); registration is mandatory in Germany. Written informed consent was given by participants or in case of children by their parents. Information of patient records was anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. The ethics committee of the University Hospital of Munich (LMU) approved the study in September 2011.
Questionnaire
The 23-item self-administered questionnaire assessed
- socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex, level of education, and current occupation) [27, 28],
- HRQOL by means of the EQ5D-3L questionnaire (German language version 1.0) and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) [29–31]. The EQ5D-3L questionnaire evaluates the HRQOL in the five dimensions mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression on a three-point Likert scale ranging from no problems, moderate problems to severe problems. The EQ-VAS measures current overall state of health using a 15 cm long scale labelled from 0 to 100. Participants are asked to mark their current state of health on the scale with zero being the worst and 100 being the best possible state of health.
- Details on rheumatic disease (treatment, drugs, disability, psoriasis) to evaluate long-term outcome of the disease.
The latter questions had to be newly designed for the study and were face-validated by two experts. In addition, a pilot test was performed with six patients of the Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine of the University Hospital of Munich (LMU). Thereafter, we tested logistics and acceptance of the questionnaire by sending out 100 questionnaires to a random sample of the target population.
Data extraction from the patient files
In addition to the questionnaire data, date of admission to DZKJR and date of first symptoms were extracted from the medical records for all participants (Fig 1).
Furthermore, based on the patient files we identified JIA patients and excluded those suffering from other (rheumatic) diseases. As the definition of childhood chronic arthritis was changed several times since 1952 [3, 32, 33] we had to re-diagnose patients treated before 1997, the year when the current definition of JIA was put into place. This procedure has formerly been performed in order to evaluate the ILAR criteria for JIA [34]. In our definition, we intended to be as specific as possible, including only the 3698 patients with one of the following diagnoses in their record:
- diagnosis of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA), Juvenile Chronic Arthritis (JCA) or Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
- diagnosis of Spondylarthritis or Psoriatic Arthritis, (as these diagnoses are included in the definition of JIA but were not included in JRA and JCA definition)
- diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) or Still`s disease with onset before the age of 16 years, disease duration of at least six weeks and no known cause of the symptoms.
Variable definition
Data were double entered by two independent persons using SurveyMonkey (SurveyMonkey Inc., USA); verification was done with Synchronizer 10.0 (2000–2014, XL Consulting GmbH, Switzerland).
As socio-demographic measures we used age (years), sex (male/female) and level of education. We summarized education into high (higher school certificate, university, or college degree), medium (secondary school leaving certificate, or comparable degree) and low level of education (lower secondary education level or no degree). For pupils (n = 5) and in case of missing values (n = 48) parents highest education was used as a proxy. In case the parental level of education differed between mother and father, we used the higher level.
For details on the rheumatic disease, we asked for current treatment (yes/no), taking drugs (yes/no), having a disability card (yes/no) and if so what level of disability was registered. As common practice in Germany level of disability was measured on a scale between 0 and 100, where ≥50 indicated severe disability.
For each of the five dimensions of the EQ5D-3L questionnaire, problems were defined as either being present (moderate or severe problems) or absent (no problems). Additionally, for multiple analyses the responses to the five dimensions were summarized into the EQ5DIndex using the scoring algorithms (VAS-value set) of the German validation study [35]. The resulting index ranges from -1 (worst possible health status) to +1 (best possible health status). We used the first decile of the study population as cut-off to define low HRQOL. Likewise, we analyzed the responses to the EQ-VAS as continuous outcome as well as the a-priori at the first decile of the study population dichotomized EQ-VAS.
Statistical analyses
Analyses were restricted to JIA patients being 18 years and older, as the EQ5D-3L questionnaire was only validated for adults (≥18 years) and to questionnaires which were completed by the participants themselves (Fig 1).
Socio-demographic and disease-related data as well as HRQOL were described using absolute and relative frequencies. For continuous data measures of central tendency (median values) and measures of dispersion (1.-3. quartile and range) were calculated.
In bivariate analyses, HRQOL was stratified by age, according to categories suggested by König et al. [18–24; 25–34; 35–44; 45–54; 55–64; 65–74; 75+ years) and sex and was compared to EQ5D reference data from the German general population. König et al. investigated HRQOL in 3552 adult Germans (1660 men and 1892 women). [36]. In addition, age and sex standardized prevalence with 95% confidence intervals of all HRQOL dimensions were calculated using the German general population [36] as reference.
Subsequently, we developed logistic regression analyses to identify factors associated with poor HRQOL within the population of JIA patients. For these analyses, the dichotomized EQ5DIndex as well as the dichotomized EQ-VAS were used as outcome variables. All socio-demographic and disease-related variables associated with the respective outcome (pChi²<0.10) were simultaneously entered into the models. To rule out multi-collinearity the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) was calculated and multi-collinearity was assumed when VIF>2 [37].
In sensitivity analyses, the five dimensions of EQ5D were used as outcome variables. Additionally, the multiple logistic regression models were repeated including one by one variables previously excluded from the final model due to multi-collinearity. Furthermore, stratified analyses for the diagnoses (JRA/JCA/JIA) were performed to investigate potential differences between these patient groups. As there are two different German value sets to calculate the EQ5DIndex and as recommended by the EuroQol Office for sensitivity analyses we used the German TTO-value set [38] instead of the VAS-value set [35] to generate the EQ5DIndex.
Stata software version 12.1 (StataCorp LP, USA) was used to perform the described statistical analyses.
Results
Questionnaires and written informed consent were returned from 6127 patients (response 66%). Of these, 3698 (60%) were JIA patients and thus eligible. Of them, 2592 patients (70%) were adults, had completed the questionnaire themselves and could therefore be included in the analyses (Fig 1). Of all included study participants 16% initially had a diagnosis of JRA (n = 427), 49% a JCA (n = 1258) and 35% had a diagnosis of JIA (n = 907) (Fig 1). For 82% of the patients the subgroup of their disease was available. The most frequent subgroup was oligoarthritis (55%), followed by polyarthritis (30%) and the systemic form (6%). All other subgroups each represented less than 4%.
Descriptive data
Age of the patients ranged from 18 to 73 years with more than half of the patients being younger than 35 years (60%). Sixty-two percent were female and 50% had a high level of education. First symptoms occurred at a median age of 8 years (1.-3. quartile: 4–11; range: 0–15) and first admission to DZKJR was at a median age of 12 years (1.-3. quartile: 8–15; range: 1–44). Average disease duration from first symptoms until the time of the survey was 27 years (1.-3. quartile: 15–40; range: 3–70). More than half of the patients (52%) were currently receiving medical treatment because of ongoing rheumatic disease; 50% were taking medication for JIA treatment. One third of participants reported to have a disability; of these, 30% indicated a severe disability (Table 1).
Health-related quality of life in JIA patients compared to the German general population
Regarding HRQOL, overall age and sex standardized prevalence of problems in JIA patients was highest in the pain dimension (56%), followed by anxiety / depression (28%), limitations in usual activities (26%) and limited mobility (25%). All EQ5D dimensions were statistically significantly worse in JIA patients than in the general German population (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig 2).
Age and gender standardized prevalence of problems in the five EQ5D dimensions with 95% confidence intervals.
Differences between JIA patients and the general population were found to be more pronounced in women than in men (Table 2). With respect to age, problems in the pain dimension were constantly increased in JIA patients independent of age. Although at a lower level, differences in problems in mobility remained stable with increasing age. In contrast, the differences regarding the ability to carry out usual activities increased for men and women with increasing age. Differences in problems with self-care and anxiety/depression were higher in older than in younger women while they remained stable over the different age groups in men.
Factors associated with lower health-related quality of life in JIA patients
When comparing HRQOL of JRA, JCA and JIA patients, no statistically significant differences were found (data not shown). Stratification by status of disease (active/inactive disease) revealed more problems in patients with active diseases in all dimensions of the EQ5D (p<0.001) (S2 Table).
The median EQ5DIndex of the study population was 0.902 (1.-3. quartile: 0.737–1; range 0.036–1), the EQ-VAS value 80 (1.-3. quartile: 70–90; range 0 to 100). The first decile, a priori used as cut-off to define lower HRQOL, was 0.622 for the EQ5DIndex and 50 for the EQ-VAS values.
As in the analyses of the single items of the EQ5D, women and older patients more often reported a lower HRQOL than men and younger patients (p<0.001). This was true for both the EQ5DIndex and the EQ-VAS. Likewise, a lower level of education was also related with reporting a lower HRQOL (p<0.001). Regarding disease-related factors, we found an association between treatment, taking drugs, having a disability card–especially suffering severe disability–as well as longer disease duration and both measures of lower HRQOL (p<0.001). Age at first symptoms was weakly (EQ5DIndex, p = 0.04), respectively not (EQ-VAS, p = 0.34) associated with HRQOL. Finally, patients reporting psoriasis were more likely to report a lower HRQOL (statistically significant only for EQ5DIndex, p = 0.002) (Table 4 and S1 Table). After mutual adjustment, associations were confirmed; however, Odds Ratios (OR) slightly decreased (Table 4). Associations for particular EQ5D dimensions were similar to those for the overall EQ5DIndex (S1 Table). Including variables previously excluded due to multi-collinearity in the multivariate models, the results did not change considerably (data not shown). Applying the German TTO-value set instead of the German VAS-value set to form the EQ5DIndex, only resulted in a slightly change of the median (0.887 vs. 0.901) (data not shown).
Discussion
Our study population of JIA patients retraced in adulthood reported more problems in all five dimensions of the EQ5D than the general population. This was especially true for the pain domain. In total, half of all patients were still in treatment and taking drugs because of their disease. One third of participants reported having a disability card, 30% of them indicated a severe disability. Socio-demographics (female, older age, lower education) and disease-related factors (being in treatment, taking drugs, having a disability) were main predictors of lower HRQOL.
In order to assess HRQOL in the general population we compared our results to reference data from German general population [36]. After direct standardization using the general population as reference, JIA patients still showed more problems in all EQ5D dimensions. Therefore, we concluded that JIA patients are impaired with regard to HRQOL. Nevertheless, differences in study design especially in data assessment have to be considered; we did a paper survey and König et al. [36] conducted computer-assisted personal interviews, this might result in some social desirability bias in the study by König et al. and thus under-reporting of symptoms. However, it is unlikely to explain the huge differences found between the two populations.
Some former studies which compared HRQOL of JIA patients with general population or healthy controls among children and adolescents [20, 22, 23] found an impairment of patients with JIA. In adults, there are far fewer studies that investigated HRQOL in comparison with healthy controls or general population [7, 24, 25]; their results are contradictory; moreover, only small cohorts were investigated. The variation in the results might be due to different study designs. It should be considered that most of the HRQOL studies in JIA patients used different quality of life measurement instruments and investigated different determinants; therefore a comparison of HRQOL between these studies is difficult. The cohorts differ regarding age of participants and therefore disease duration as an important predictor for HRQOL [21]. Moreover differences in the national health systems concerning treatment strategies might be relevant [39] as well as changes in treatment within the last decade.
Only one previous study by Marra et al. [40] used the EQ5D to investigate HRQOL in adult RA patients but did not compare data to general population. Overall they found, compared to our data, even lower values for HRQOL (EQ5DIndex mean values: 0.66 in [40] vs. 0.84 in our population). It has to be taken into account that they included only patients under current treatment who were considerably older than our patients (mean age: 62 in [40] vs. 33 years in our population). When we restricted our analyses to those patients who were currently under treatment, we obtained a mean EQ5DIndex of 0.77 which is rather similar to the value obtained by Marra et al. [40].
Previous studies that investigated determinants for HRQOL in adults also found that female gender [24], being older [41] and disability [25, 26] were associated with a lower HRQOL. In our cohort patients being under medical treatment and currently taking medications for JIA disease demonstrated a significant impairment of their HRQOL. Using these variables as a proxy for having an active disease, our results are in line with previous studies [10, 24]. Moreover, pain has been shown to be primarily responsible for poor HRQOL in adults [42]; for children, high levels of depression symptoms were found to be a main predictor [43]. Both are consistent with our result as patients mainly reported problems in these domains.
We found no statistically significant differences when comparing HRQOL of JRA, JCA and JIA patients. The different nomenclature (JRA/JCA/JIA) depends on when diagnosed. Therefore, one could have expected that younger patients which were more recently treated with more effective medications had a better HRQOL. However, with our data we could not confirm this hypothesis. JIA patients had an impaired HRQOL independent of age and of diagnosis (JRA/JCA/JIA).
Due to multi-collinearity we had to exclude disease duration, age at first symptoms and severe disability from the multiple logistic regression models. Although duration of disease might be a considerable determinant of HRQOL we used age as a proxy mainly because of the high number of missing values in the other two variables (each n = 1521). The many missing values occurred since date of onset of disease is difficult to define.
The EQ5D was used to describe HRQOL. The EQ5D is a standardized, non-disease-specific and easy-to-use instrument with high reliability and validity [31, 44]. Since collection and interpretation of EQ5D data is completely standardized, high objectivity of the results can be assumed. As one focus of our study was to compare HRQOL of JIA patients with that of the general population, a generic instrument appeared to be an appropriate tool. Moreover the EQ5D was previously validated for the German population [38] as well as for RA [45].
Limitations of our research may include that we may have overestimated HRQOL as we excluded the potentially more severe cases that were not able to fill out the questionnaire on their own or patients with a particular severe disease might have died in the mean-time. This was unavoidable as the EQ5D version used is not validated for proxy assessment. On the other hand we may have a priori included more severe cases and consequently underestimated HRQOL as we recruited our patients in a specialized hospital and by a possibly increased response from particularly severe cases. However, distribution of subgroups with Oligo- and Polyarthritis as the most common subgroups in our study population was similar to that of the general population. In addition, our results are not valid for patients <18 years. In future studies the now available EQ5D-Y could be used [46]. A further limitation was the cross-sectional data assessment: We illustrated long-term HRQOL by including patients with a broad age range and thus disease duration. Thereby, we cannot assess time course of HRQOL in JIA patients as this can only be assessed prospectively.
The main strength is the large study population and the relatively high participation rate. Our findings provide current data on the HRQOL of JIA patients in the age range of 18–73 years. This is a valuable basis in order to perform periodically updates considering the impact of new treatment approaches in the future [12]. Moreover, we did an age and sex standardized comparison with reference data and therefore provide valid conclusions with regard to HRQOL of JIA patients in comparison to general population.
Conclusion
Our findings suggest that HRQOL of JIA patients is considerably lower than in the general population. Additionally older age, female gender, level of education, disability and still being under rheumatic treatment were the main predictors of poor HRQOL. New therapeutic schemes available today might help to improve HRQOL in future.
Supporting Information
S1 Table. Determinants of reporting problems in EQ5D dimensions.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153267.s001
(DOCX)
S2 Table. Health-related quality of life stratified by status of JIA (active/inactive disease).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153267.s002
(DOCX)
Acknowledgments
The authors thank all participants for supporting this study and Lisa Hager and Barbara Hartmann for assistance with data collection. Further thanks to Mrs. Huber, Mrs. Jocher and all colleagues from DZKJR in Garmisch-Partenkirchen for the great support during fieldwork.
Author Contributions
Conceived and designed the experiments: KR JPH BB HM. Performed the experiments: SB JS JM BB BH KR. Analyzed the data: SB JPH HM KR. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SB JPH JS JM BB HM BH KR. Wrote the paper: SB JPH JS JM BB HM BH KR.
References
- 1. Ravelli A, Martini A. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. The Lancet 2007;369:767–778.
- 2.
Wagner N, Dannecker G. Pädiatrische Rheumatologie. 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer; 2014.
- 3. Petty RE, Southwood TR, Manners P, Baum J, Glass DN, Goldenberg J, et al. International League of Associations for Rheumatology classification of juvenile idiopathic arthritis: second revision, Edmonton, 2001. The Journal of Rheumatology 2004;3:390–392.
- 4. Davidson J. Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a clinical overview. Eur J Radiol 2000;33:128–34. pmid:10711514
- 5. Manners PJ, Bower C. Worldwide prevalence of juvenile arthritis why does it vary so much? The Journal of Rheumatology 2002;29:1520–1530. pmid:12136914
- 6. von Koskull S, Truckenbrodt H, Holle R, Hormann A. Incidence and prevalence of juvenile arthritis in an urban population of southern Germany: a prospective study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2001;60:940–5. pmid:11557650
- 7. Arkela-Kautiainen M, Haapasaari J, Kautiainen H, Vilkkumaa I, Malkia E, Leirisalo-Repo M. Favourable social functioning and health related quality of life of patients with JIA in early adulthood. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:875–80. pmid:15897308
- 8. Ostlie IL, Aasland A, Johansson I, Flato B, Moller A. A longitudinal follow-up study of physical and psychosocial health in young adults with chronic childhood arthritis. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2009;27:1039–46. pmid:20149328
- 9. Minden K, Kiessling U, Listing J, Niewerth M, Doring E, Meincke J, et al. Prognosis of patients with juvenile chronic arthritis and juvenile spondyloarthropathy. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2256–63. pmid:10990244
- 10. Zak M, Pedersen FK. Juvenile chronic arthritis into adulthood: a long-term follow-up study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2000;39:198–204.
- 11. Minden K, Niewerth M, Listing J, Biedermann T, Bollow M, Schontube M, et al. Long-term outcome in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:2392–401. pmid:12355487
- 12. Oen K. Long-term outcomes and predictors of outcomes for patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2002;16:347–60. pmid:12387804
- 13. Foster HE, Marshall N, Myers A, Dunkley P, Griffiths ID. Outcome in adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: a quality of life study. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48:767–75. pmid:12632431
- 14. Prince FH, Otten MH, van Suijlekom-Smit LW. Diagnosis and management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. BMJ 2010;341:c6434. pmid:21131338
- 15. Dueckers G, Guellac N, Arbogast M, Dannecker G, Foeldvari I, Frosch M, et al. Interdisziplinäre S2-Therapieleitlinie der Juvenilen Idiopathischen Arthritis (2. Auflage). Klin Padiatr 2011;223:386–394.
- 16. Brunner HI, Giannini EH. Health-related quality of life in children with rheumatic diseases. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2003;15:602–612. pmid:12960488
- 17. Ilowite NT. Current treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Pediatrics 2002;109:109–15. pmid:11773549
- 18.
Strand CV, Russell AS. WHO/ILAR Taskforce on quality of life; 1997.
- 19. Brunner HI, Klein-Gitelman MS, Miller MJ, Trombley M, Baldwin N, Kress A, et al. Health of children with chronic arthritis: Relationship of different measures and the quality of parent proxy reporting. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2004;51:763–773.
- 20. Oliveira S, Ravelli A, Pistorio A, Castell E, Malattia C, Prieur AM, et al. Proxy-reported health-related quality of life of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: the Pediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organization multinational quality of life cohort study. Arthritis Rheum 2007;57:35–43. pmid:17266064
- 21. Amine B, Rostom S, Benbouazza K, Abouqal R, Hajjaj-Hassouni N. Health related quality of life survey about children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2009;29:275–9. pmid:18690442
- 22. Gutierrez-Suarez R, Pistorio A, Cespedes Cruz A, Norambuena X, Flato B, Rumba I, et al. Health-related quality of life of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis coming from 3 different geographic areas. The PRINTO multinational quality of life cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46:314–20.
- 23. Haverman L, Grootenhuis MA, van den Berg JM, van Veenendaal M, Dolman KM, Swart JF, et al. Predictors of health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from a Web-based survey. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:694–703.
- 24. Flato B, Lien G, Smerdel A, Vinje O, Dale K, Johnston V, et al. Prognostic factors in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a case-control study revealing early predictors and outcome after 14.9 years. J Rheumatol 2003;30:386–93. pmid:12563700
- 25. Peterson LS, Mason T, Nelson AM, O'Fallon WM, Gabriel SE. Psychosocial outcomes and health status of adults who have had juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a controlled, population-based study. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40:2235–40. pmid:9416862
- 26. Packham JC, Hall MA. Long-term follow-up of 246 adults with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: functional outcome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2002;41:1428–35.
- 27. Weiland SK, Bjorksten B, Brunekreef B, Cookson WO, von Mutius E, Strachan DP, et al. Phase II of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC II): rationale and methods. Eur Respir J 2004;24:406–12. pmid:15358699
- 28.
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY RESPIRATORY HEALTH SURVEY II—MAIN QUESTIONNAIRE In.
- 29. EuroQol G. EuroQol—a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy 1990;16:199–208. pmid:10109801
- 30. Brooks R. EuroQol: the current state of play. Health Policy 1996;37:53–72. pmid:10158943
- 31.
J.-Matthias Graf von der Schulenburg CC, Wolfgang Greiner, Andrea Uber. The German Version of the EuroQol Questionnaire. Zeitschrift fürs Gesundheitswesen 1998.
- 32.
EULAR. EULAR Bulletin No. 4: nomenclature and classification of arthritis in children. Basel: National Zeitung AG 1977.
- 33. Duffy CM, Colbert RA, Laxer RM, Schanberg LE, Bowyer SL. Nomenclature and classification in chronic childhood arthritis: time for a change? Arthritis Rheum 2005;52:382–5. pmid:15692991
- 34. Krumrey-Langkammerer M, Hafner R. Evaluation of the ILAR criteria for juvenile idiopathic arthritis. J Rheumatol 2001;28:2544–7. pmid:11708431
- 35.
Claes C GW, Uber A, Graf von der Schulenburg JM. An interview-based comparison of the TTO and VAS values given to EuroQol states of health by the general German population. In: Greiner W J-M, Graf v.d. Schulenburg , Piercy J, editor. EuroQol Plenary Meeting, 1–2 October 1998. Discussion papers. Centre for Health Economics and Health Systems Research. Germany: Uni-Verlag Witte; 1999. p. 13–39.
- 36. Konig HH, Bernert S, Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H, Martinez M, Vilagut G, et al. Comparison of population health status in six european countries: results of a representative survey using the EQ-5D questionnaire. Med Care 2009;47:255–61. pmid:19169128
- 37.
Allison PD. Logistic Regression Using the SAS System: Theory and Application: John Wiley & Sons; 2001.
- 38. Greiner W, Claes C, Busschbach JJ, von der Schulenburg JM. Validating the EQ-5D with time trade off for the German population. Eur J Health Econ 2005;6:124–30. pmid:19787848
- 39. Hugle B, Haas JP, Benseler SM. Treatment preferences in juvenile idiopathic arthritis—a comparative analysis in two health care systems. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2013;11:3. pmid:23320607
- 40. Marra CA, Woolcott JC, Kopec JA, Shojania K, Offer R, Brazier JE, et al. A comparison of generic, indirect utility measures (the HUI2, HUI3, SF-6D, and the EQ-5D) and disease-specific instruments (the RAQoL and the HAQ) in rheumatoid arthritis. Soc Sci Med 2005;60:1571–82. pmid:15652688
- 41. Hinz A, Klaiberg A, Brahler E, Konig HH. [The Quality of Life Questionnaire EQ-5D: modelling and norm values for the general population]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2006;56:42–8. pmid:16453241
- 42. Stinson JN, Luca NJ, Jibb LA. Assessment and management of pain in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pain Res Manag 2012;17:391–6. pmid:23248812
- 43. Stevanovic D, Susic G. Health-related quality of life and emotional problems in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Qual Life Res 2013;22:607–12. pmid:22485026
- 44. Moock J. Präferenzbasierte Lebensqualitätsmessung: Der EQ-5D Fragebogen. Phys Rehab Kur Med 2008;18:245–249.
- 45. Hurst NP, Kind P, Ruta D, Hunter M, Stubbings A. Measuring health-related quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis: validity, responsiveness and reliability of EuroQol (EQ-5D). Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:551–9. pmid:9189057
- 46. Wille N, Badia X, Bonsel G, Burstrom K, Cavrini G, Devlin N, et al. Development of the EQ-5D-Y: a child-friendly version of the EQ-5D. Qual Life Res 2010;19:875–86. pmid:20405245