Figures
Abstract
Background
Dyslipidemia was present in most of the patients with coronary heart disease. Epidemiological evidence suggests that anthocyanin has some effects on the serum lipid. However, these results are controversial. This study aimed at collecting current clinical evidence and evaluating the effects of anthocyanin supplementation on total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in dialysis patients.
Methods
The search included PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database (up to July 2015) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the association between anthocyanin and serum lipids. RevMan (version 5.2) was used for Meta-analysis. Meta-regression analysis, sensitivity analysis and Egger’s weighted regression tests were performed by using STATA software (version 12.0; StatCorp, College Station, TX, USA).
Results
Six studies (seven arms) involving 586 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that anthocyanin supplementation has significant effects on TC [MD = -24.06, 95% CI(-45.58 to -2.64) mg/dL, I2 = 93%], TG [MD = -26.14, 95%CI(-40.20 to -3.08) mg/dL, I2 = 66%1], LDL-C [MD = -22.10, 95% CI (-34.36 to -9.85) mg/dL, I2 = 61%], and HDL-C(MD = 5.58, 95% CI (1.02 to 10.14) mg/dL;I2 = 90%).
Conclusion
Anthocyanin supplementation significantly reduces serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in patients with dyslipidemia, and increases HDL-C. Further rigorously designed RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the effectiveness of anthocyanin supplementation for dyslipidemia, especially hypo high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia.
Citation: Liu C, Sun J, Lu Y, Bo Y (2016) Effects of Anthocyanin on Serum Lipids in Dyslipidemia Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE 11(9): e0162089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162089
Editor: Giuseppe Danilo Norata, Universita degli Studi di Milano, ITALY
Received: January 21, 2016; Accepted: August 17, 2016; Published: September 2, 2016
Copyright: © 2016 Liu et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This work was supported by Zhengzhou Scientific and technical Bureau (No. 153PRKXF232).
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
1 Introduction
Mortality and disease burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increasing globally[1]. According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 17.3 million people died of CVDs in 2008, representing 30% of all global deaths[2]. Besides, almost 25 million people worldwide will die of CVDs per year by 2020[3]. Dyslipidemia was present in 90.1% of patients with coronary heart disease[4]. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concluded that a 40% reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with a 30% increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) could lower the risk cardiovascular by 70%[5]. To date, several classes of lipid-modulating agents have been introduced: ezetimibe, monoclonal antibody anti-PCSK9bile, acid consolidation agent, inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA, for example, statins), and so on, which have considerable benefit for improving serum lipids profile but also have a number of drawbacks. For example, statins are known to give rise to some serious adverse effects such as inflammatory (dermatomyositis/ polymyositis) and necrotizing myopathies[6]. Due to these concerns, there has been an increasing attempts to use functional natural products as alternatives to the conventional lipid-modulating treatments, which are often more acceptable to patients.
Anthocyanin, one of the largest groups of water-soluble red, purple, and blue natural pigments, is the most common class of phenolic compounds, which are largely distributed in the human diet through crops, beans, fruits, vegetables, and red wines[7]. They have a complex structure of an aliphatic or aromatic three-ring molecular area, one or more attached sugar, and sometimes acyl groups attached to sugar, which is very reactive towards reactive oxygen species (ROS) and have been reported to have positive effects on the treatment of various diseases[8]. Anthocyanin was prescribed as medicines in many countries. A large amount of researches suggested that anthocyanin can improve dyslipidemia[9], antioxidant capacity[10], visual function[11], and microcirculation[12], prevent insulin resistance[13], reduce inflammatory reaction[14], and incidences of urinary tract infection inhibit the replication of virus and cell growth of cancer. Its role of improving lipid profile was concerned by researchers. But the findings are contradictory.
Several studies have reported that anthocyanin supplementation reduced TC and TG. However, others failed to show the effects. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to evaluate the effects of anthocyanin supplementation on lipid profile in patients with dyslipidemia based on RCTs.
2 Materials and Methods
The meta-analysis was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) Guidelines. Even though the strategy for this review was discussed and agreed, no official protocol was published or registered.
2.1 Search strategy
The PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang Database (up to July 2015) were searched to identify eligible studies. The following combination of search terms were used in databases in both English and Chinese: (anthocyanin OR anthocyanin extract OR cyanidin OR pelargonidin OR delphindin OR peonidin OR petunidin) AND (hyperlipidemia OR dyslipidemia OR hyperlipidemic OR hypolipidemic OR hypercholesterolemic OR hypercholesterolemia OR dyslipidemic OR hypocholesterolemic OR cholesterol OR triglycerides OR hypertriglyceridemia OR hypotriglyceridemic OR ‘‘high-density lipoprotein” OR ‘‘low-density lipoprotein”). Detailed processes of search strategy are shown in S1 Text.
2.2 Data selection
Two investigators (Changfeng Liu and Yacong Bo) independently screened the titles and abstracts of the articles to evaluate eligibility for inclusion until consensus was reached. Articles included should meet all the following criteria: (1) the studies should be designed as RCTs; (2) the participants should be dyslipidemic adults aged 18 years or older; (3) the intervention of interest was purified anthocyanin or anthocyanin extract administered; (4) the duration of intervention should be at least 4 weeks; (5) lipid profile (TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C) data at baseline and after intervention of anthocyanin were available.
2.3 Data extraction
Two authors (Changfeng Liu and Yacong Bo) independently extracted the following data from each eligible study: publication year, administrated daily dose of anthocyanin, study design, duration of treatment period, type of study population, age, means and standard deviations (SDs) of serum lipid profiles at the baseline and at the end of trials, and number of participants. Discrepancies were resolved by a third investigator.
2.4 Assessment of risk of bias
Two reviewers (Changfeng Liu and Yacong Bo) independently assessed the risk of bias as recommended by the Cochrane Hand book for Systematic Reviews of Interventions[15]. The following methodological domains were considered: random sequence generation, allocation concealment, blinding of participants and personnel, blinding of outcome assessment, incomplete outcome data, selective reporting, and other potential threats to validity. We explicitly judged each of the domains as having high risk, low risk or unclear risk of bias.
2.5 Data analysis
The unit of serum lipid levels was mmol/L which was converted into mg/dL by multiplying 38.67 (TC, HDL-C and LDL-C) or 88.545 (TG) respectively.
The mean difference (MD) for net change and 95% CI was used to determine the effect of anthocyanin supplementation on TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in this meta-analysis[15]. The following formula was used to calculate the Mean difference for the net changes Mean difference = Meanpre-treatment—Meanpost-treatment. And the following formula was used to calculate the standard deviations (SDs) for the net changes: SD = square root [(SD pre-treatment)2 + (SD post-treatment)2 - (2R × SD pre-treatment × SD post-treatment)], assuming a correlation coefficient (R) = 0.5[16, 17]. Studies were assessed for statistical heterogeneity by using the χ2 tests and the amount of heterogeneity was estimated using I2 statistic. A fixed-effect model was used if pooling seemed appropriate in view of clinical and methodological similarities between studies where I2 was below 50%. While when I2 was beyond 50%, a randomized-effect model would be adopted[15].
Meta-regression analysis was used to determine potential effect modification of variables including age, BMI, dose of anthocyanin supplementation, intervention duration, sample size, baseline concentration of serum lipids in response to supplementation. Besides, a stratified analysis by country was also performed. In order to evaluate the influence of each study on the overall effect size, sensitivity analysis was conducted using the leave-one-out approach. Potential publication bias was explored by using Begg’s funnel plot and Egger’s weighted regression tests. All statistical analyses were conducted using RevMan (version 5.2) and STATA software (version 12.0; StatCorp, College Station, TX, USA). P< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3 Results
3.1 Description of studies
As shown in Fig 1, a total of 623 articles were found in the initial search, 559 papers were assessed after removing 64 duplicate articles. Five hundred and one articles were reviewed in full after reviewing the title and abstract. A total of 8 were found to be eligible following the included criteria. Two trials were excluded for having the same population with one included study[18]. At last, six articles were included in the meta-analysis[9, 18–22]. Among them, one study reported data on TG by Geometric mean[18] and one trail did not report LDL-C[20]. Four studies were conducted in China, the other two studies come from Iran. The main characters of these studies are presented in Table 1.
Flow chart of number of studies identified and included into the review.
3.2 Risk of bias in included studies
The assessment of risk of bias was presented in the ‘Risk of bias assessment of included studies’ (Fig 2). All trials were described as randomized trial design, while three of six studies did not show the detail information about random sequence generation[9, 20–22], and five trials did not describe the methods of allocation concealment[9, 18–20, 22]. Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) were considered to be unclear in two trials[20, 22].
In order to judge the risk of bias for incomplete outcome data (attrition bias), we considered whether intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis was conducted for primary outcomes. None of the six trials carried out ITT analysis. Among them, the dropout rates for 3 trails ranged from 2.2% to 7.41%, while one trail was 23.81%, which may affect the estimation[21]. The other five trials have almost equal number of dropout from each intervention group. We focused on baseline comparability for other potential sources of bias. In all trials the intervention and control groups were reported to be comparable at baseline for the lipid levels.
3.3 Effects of interventions
The effects of anthocyanin supplementation on the levels of TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C in all studies are shown in Fig 3. Overall, the pooled analysis showed that the anthocyanin supplementation group had lower levels of TC [MD = -24.06, 95% CI(-45.58 to -2.64) mg/dL, I2 = 93%] (Fig 3A), TG [MD = -26.14, 95%CI(-49.20 to -3.08) mg/dL, I2 = 66%1] (Fig 3B), LDL-C [MD = -22.10, 95% CI (-34.36 to -9.85) mg/dL, I2 = 61%](Fig 3C) than the placebo group. However, anthocyanin supplementation can significantly increase the level of HDL-C [MD = 5.58, 95% CI (1.02 to 10.14) mg/dL; I2 = 90%] (Fig 3D) compared with placebo group. When we carried out the stratified analysis by country, significant results of TC were observed among both Iranian population (MD = -50.58, 95% CI(-86.52 to -14.64) mg/dL, I2 = 89%) and Chinese population (MD = -6.59, 95% CI(-12.44 to -0.73) mg/dL, I2 = 1%).
3.4 Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis
Results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the observed lack of difference for any of the evaluated lipid parameters could not be attributed to a single study. There was a significant heterogeneity for the impact of anthocyanin supplementation on serum lipids levels. Meta-regression with age, BMI, dose of anthocyanin supplementation, intervention duration, sample size, baseline concentration of serum lipids, and country showed no significant impact on between-study heterogeneity (P>0.05). The leave-one-out analysis showed that the key contributor to this high heterogeneity was one study conducted by Kianbakht et al[21]. After excluding it, the heterogeneity was reduced to I2 = 70% for TC, I2 = 0% for LDL-C, and I2 = 41% for HDL-C. But significances of the pooled changes were not altered, which demonstrated that the results were robust.
3.5 Publication bias
Egger’s regression test and funnel plots were used to detect the potential publication bias. Egger test showed no evidence of significant publication bias for the effects of anthocyanin supplementation on each parameter: including TC (t = -2.98, P = 0.059), TG (t = -2.60, P = 0.122), LDL-C (t = -0.27, P = 0.813), and HDL-C (t = 0.84, P = 0.461). The funnel plots were provided in S1 Fig.
4 Discussion
Our meta-analysis showed supplementation with anthocyanin was associated with a decrease in TC, TG, and LDL-C, but an increased effect on HDL-C compared with controls. Funnel plots and Egger’s regression test showed no publication bias for all the parameters. To our knowledge, the present study is the first meta-analysis to explore the association between anthocyanin supplementation and serum lipid based on RCTS.
Epidemiological studies suggested that the consumption of anthocyanin-rich foods and beverages has vaso protective effects in human. A growing body of studies suggests that oxidative stress is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a number of chronic inflammatory disease processes including atherosclerosis. However, it remains unclear what their mechanism of action is. Several potential mechanisms might explain the inverse association between anthocyanin supplementation and TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. Firstly, anthocyanins reduced plasma TC possibly mediated by increasing fecal excretion of both neutral sterols and acidic, moreover, anthocyanin could down-regulate the gene expression of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase, which inhibited the synthesis of cholesterol [23]. Secondly, the TG-lowering effect of anthocyanin may be ascribed to the reductions in serum apo B–and apo C-III–containing TG rich particles[13]. Thirdly, anthocyanin supplementation in dyslipidemic patients had a beneficial effect on the decreasing in LDL-C concentrations, which may be partially mediated via the inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CEPT)[9], a plasma protein that mediates the removal of cholesteryl esters from HDL in exchange for a TG molecule derived primarily from either LDL, VLDL, or chylomicrons[24]. In addition, anthocyanin increased the expression of LDL-receptor and cholesterol excretion in feces [25], which resulted in an improved clearance of plasma LDL-C.
There was a significant heterogeneity for the impact of anthocyanin supplementation on serum lipids levels. The leave-one-out analysis showed that the key contributor to this high heterogeneity was one study conducted by Kianbakht et al[21]. After excluding it, the heterogeneity was reduced to I2 = 70% for TC, I2 = 0% for LDL-C, and I2 = 41% for HDL-C. By comparing these six studies, we found that follow-up rate for this study is only 80%, whereas the follow-up rate of the other studies are all more than 90%. Therefore, we infer that the follow-up rate might be partly responsible for the heterogeneity.
Several limitations should be acknowledged. Firstly, the present meta-analysis focused only on papers published in Chinese and English, the ones that reported in other languages may increase heterogeneity in the present results. Secondly, the subjects included in this study came from China and Iran. Due to this limitation, the results are applicable to the population in these two countries, but cannot be extended to populations elsewhere. Thirdly, due to the limitation of sample size, we could not conduct subgroup analyses. Further rigorously designed RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the effectiveness of anthocyanin supplementation for dyslipidemia.
5 Conclusion
The present meta-analysis demonstrated that anthocyanin supplementation significantly reduces serum TC, TG, and LDL-C levels in patients with dyslipidemia, but an increased effect on HDL-C compared with controls. Further rigorously designed RCTs with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm the effectiveness of anthocyanin supplementation for dyslipidemia, especially hypo high density lipoprotein cholesterolemia.
Supporting Information
S1 Fig. Funnel plot for publication bias of anthocyanin supplementation and serum lipids (A: total cholesterol, B: triglycerides, C: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, D: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol).
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162089.s001
(EPS)
Author Contributions
- Conceived and designed the experiments: CFL JFS.
- Performed the experiments: CFL JFS YL.
- Analyzed the data: CFL YCB.
- Wrote the paper: CFL.
- Revised the paper: JFS.
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