Peritoneum has an intrinsic fibrinolytic activity that breaks the peritoneal adhesions. Peritoneal injuries with ischemia interfere this fibrinolytic activity and cause adhesions. Pentoxifylline, a methyl xanthine derivative, improves blood flow by decreasing its viscosity and also increases fibrinolytic activity in plasma. We hypothesized that pentoxifylline would increase peritoneal fibrinolysis and ameliorate adhesions. A rat model of peritoneal adhesion (cecal abrasion with gauze, n = 15 for each group) was used to test this hypothesis and cardinal parameters of peritoneal fibrinolysis were measured in peritoneal samples. No medication was given in control animals, while pentoxifylline was administered intraperitonealy (IP) (25 mg/kg, before abdominal closure to whole abdomen) or intravenously (IV) (25 mg/kg, for 9 days after operation) in the experimental groups. At postoperative day 10, peritoneal biopsies were obtained and adhesions were graded qualitatively. Activities and concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1), tPA/PAI-1 complex and hydroxyproline contents were determined. Total adhesion scores were decreased in both treated groups. Mean levels of tPA concentration and tPA activity were increased in the treated groups compared to controls (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001, respectively). The tPA/PAI-1 complex levels were similar among the three groups. PAI-1 levels were lower in animals receiving IP pentoxifylline compared to control animals and those treated with IV pentoxifylline (p = 0.048, p = 0.015, respectively). Peritoneal hydroxyproline levels were similar among the three groups. Our results suggest that pentoxifylline administration either through IV or IP may reduce peritoneal adhesion formation probably by altering peritoneal fibrinolytic activity.